This document discusses feedback amplifiers. It describes positive and negative feedback amplifiers, with negative feedback amplifiers being more commonly used. Negative feedback amplifiers have benefits like increased input impedance, decreased output impedance, improved frequency response, reduced noise, and reduced distortion. The document categorizes different types of negative feedback amplifiers based on whether they use voltage or current feedback in series or shunt configurations. It explains how negative feedback impacts properties like gain, gain stability, and input and output impedances. In the end, it answers questions about the type of feedback needed for oscillators and operational amplifiers.
An amplifier is one of the most important applications of transistor. Generally, transistor in CE configuration was used for faithful amplification of signal due to high gain, high input impedance and high power gain. But it has been observed that feedback in an amplifier introduces significant improvement in gain and gives amplified output in required form.
A novel dual-band, dual-polarized antenna-duplexer scheme is intended to use for
WLAN 802.11a and ISM band applications using Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Technology. The antenna consists of two planar SIW cavities of different dimensions where a smaller sized
diamond-shaped cavity is inserted inside the larger rectangular cavity to share the common aperture
area. The diamond-ring shaped slots are etched in each cavity for radiation. The larger diamondring slot is excited with a microstrip feedline to operate at 5.2 GHz while the smaller slot is excited
with a coaxial probe to operate at 5.8 GHz. The antenna produces linear polarization at 5.2 GHz
(5.1–5.3 GHz) due to the merging of TE110 and TE120 cavity modes while circular polarization
around 5.8 GHz due to orthogonally excited TM100and TM010modes (5.68–5.95 GHz). The slots
are excited in an orthogonal fashion to maintain a better decoupling between the ports (i.e. –23 dB).
The performance of the antenna has been verified in free space as well as in the vicinity of the
human body. The antenna offers the gain of 6.2 dBi /6.6 dBi in free space and 5.8 dBi / 6.4 dBi
on-body at lower-/ higher frequency-bands, respectively. Also, the specific absorption rate (SAR)
is obtained<0.245 W/Kg for 0.5 W input power averaged over 10 mW/g mass of the tissue. The
proposed design is a low-profile, compact single-layered design, which is a suitable option for
off-body communication.
This is a presentation of Electronic Devices and Circuits course on Amplifiers with Feedback circuits.
AMPLIFIER:
an electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical signals, used chiefly in sound reproduction.
FEEDBACK:
process of injecting a fraction of output energy of some device back to the input is known as feedback.
Negative amplifiers and its types Positive feedback and Negative feedbackimtiazalijoono
Negative amplifiers
What is Feedback?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Feedback Circuit
Principles of Negative Voltage Feedback In Amplifiers
Gain of Negative Voltage Feedback Amplifier
Advantages of Negative Voltage Feedback
Principles of Negative Current Feedback
Current Gain with Negative Current Feedback
An amplifier is one of the most important applications of transistor. Generally, transistor in CE configuration was used for faithful amplification of signal due to high gain, high input impedance and high power gain. But it has been observed that feedback in an amplifier introduces significant improvement in gain and gives amplified output in required form.
A novel dual-band, dual-polarized antenna-duplexer scheme is intended to use for
WLAN 802.11a and ISM band applications using Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Technology. The antenna consists of two planar SIW cavities of different dimensions where a smaller sized
diamond-shaped cavity is inserted inside the larger rectangular cavity to share the common aperture
area. The diamond-ring shaped slots are etched in each cavity for radiation. The larger diamondring slot is excited with a microstrip feedline to operate at 5.2 GHz while the smaller slot is excited
with a coaxial probe to operate at 5.8 GHz. The antenna produces linear polarization at 5.2 GHz
(5.1–5.3 GHz) due to the merging of TE110 and TE120 cavity modes while circular polarization
around 5.8 GHz due to orthogonally excited TM100and TM010modes (5.68–5.95 GHz). The slots
are excited in an orthogonal fashion to maintain a better decoupling between the ports (i.e. –23 dB).
The performance of the antenna has been verified in free space as well as in the vicinity of the
human body. The antenna offers the gain of 6.2 dBi /6.6 dBi in free space and 5.8 dBi / 6.4 dBi
on-body at lower-/ higher frequency-bands, respectively. Also, the specific absorption rate (SAR)
is obtained<0.245 W/Kg for 0.5 W input power averaged over 10 mW/g mass of the tissue. The
proposed design is a low-profile, compact single-layered design, which is a suitable option for
off-body communication.
This is a presentation of Electronic Devices and Circuits course on Amplifiers with Feedback circuits.
AMPLIFIER:
an electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical signals, used chiefly in sound reproduction.
FEEDBACK:
process of injecting a fraction of output energy of some device back to the input is known as feedback.
Negative amplifiers and its types Positive feedback and Negative feedbackimtiazalijoono
Negative amplifiers
What is Feedback?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Feedback Circuit
Principles of Negative Voltage Feedback In Amplifiers
Gain of Negative Voltage Feedback Amplifier
Advantages of Negative Voltage Feedback
Principles of Negative Current Feedback
Current Gain with Negative Current Feedback
Feedback amplifiers-the general feedback structure - effects of negative feedback-Analysis of negative
feedback amplifiers -Stability-study of stability using Bode Plots.
Positive feedback and oscillators - analysis and design of RC phase shift, Wein bridge, LC and crystal
oscillators - stabilization of oscillations-UJT relaxation Oscillators
Feedback amplifiers-the general feedback structure - effects of negative feedback-Analysis of negative
feedback amplifiers -Stability-study of stability using Bode Plots.
Positive feedback and oscillators - analysis and design of RC phase shift, Wein bridge, LC and crystal
oscillators - stabilization of oscillations-UJT relaxation Oscillators
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 02 03 04
Overview about
Feedback Amplifier
Properties of
Negative
feedback
Kind of Negative
voltage and current
feedback
Effect of feedback and
Answer the question
3. Feedback is one of the most basic electrical operations.
It is described as the process of feeding a portion of the
output signal to the input signal as part of the system-
output control.
It is used to make a transistor's operating point
insensitive to both contructive and temperature
differences.
Another sort of feedback is positive or negative
feedback, in which the amplifier's total gain is raise.In
oscillators and constructing the two stable states of a
flip-flop, positive feedback is important.
ed.
1. Overview about Feedback
Amplifier
4. Types of Feedback
Amplifiers
Positive Feedback Amplifier
The input signal, which might be a voltage signal, is increased by the
feedback supplied to it. A direct amplifier is another name for it. However,
these amplifiers are not very excellent at amplification, but they may be
utilised in a variety of oscillators.
Negative Feedback Amplifier
If the amplifier's input signal diminishes as a result of its application, the
feedback signal is applied. Voltage or current signals can be used as
input. A negative sort of feedback is what it's called. An inverse amplifier
is another name for it. The noise created in the circuit is decreased in
this scenario.
5. 2.PROPERTIES OF NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK:
Negative feedback increases the input impedance of the
voltage amplifier.
The output impedance of the voltage amplifier can be
further lowered by negative feedback.
Negative feedback increases the frequency response and
the bandwidth of the amplifier.
Negative feedback increases the linear range of operation
of the amplifier.
Negative feedback causes reduction in noise.
Phase distortion is reduced.
6. 3. Amplifiers Negative
Feedback
Negative Voltage Feedback
The voltage feedback to the amplifier's input is proportionate to
the output voltage in this manner. This is further divided into
two categories:
• Voltage-series feedback
• Voltage-shunt feedback
Negative Current Feedback
The voltage feedback to the amplifier's input is proportionate to
the output current in this manner. This is further divided into
two categories.
• Current-series feedback
• Current-shunt feedback
7. Voltage amplifiers with voltage-series
feedback:
The algebraic sum of the input signal Vs and the feedback signal Vo, where
Vo is the output voltage, equals the basic amplifier's input voltage Vi.
8. Current-Series or Series-Series
Feedback:
The output current Io of a trans-conductance feedback amplifier is
proportional to the input voltage Vs. The voltage Vf is the feedback signal,
which is added to Vs at the basic amplifier's input.
9. Current amplifiers with current-shunt
feedback
The output current Io of the current-shunt feedback amplifier is proportional
to the input current Ii. As a result, it's a current amplifier.
If the input current of the basic amplifier is Ii = Is + If and the output current is
Io = I L, the feedback signal is the current.
10. Voltage-Shunt or Shunt-Shunt
Feedback
The voltage-shunt feedback amplifier, also known as a shunt-shunt feedback
amplifier, generates an output voltage Vo proportional to the input current Is.
The algebraic sum of Equals and the feedback current If is the basic
amplifier's input current Ii.
11. Table the amplifier properties that are
influenced by various forms of negative
feedback.
12. 4. EFFECT OF FEEDBACK ON GAIN,
INPUT AND OUTPUT IMPEDANCES:
The impact of
negative feedback on
an amplifier is
examined in terms of
gain, gain stability,
distortion, noise,
input/output
impedance,
bandwidth, and gain-
bandwidth product.
13. feedback oscillator require?
Why?
Phase with the input signal.Positive feedback improves
amplifier gain while simultaneously increasing distortion,
noise, and instability. Because of these drawbacks,
positive feedback is rarely used in amplifiers. Positive
feedback, on the other hand, is employed in oscillators.
14. What type of feedback does an
operational amplifier require? Why?
Negative feedback is achieved by linking the op-output
amp's voltage to the inverting input. It is the key to creating
a self-stabilizing system (this is true not only of op-amps,
but of any dynamic system in general).
15. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo,
including icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by
Freepik.
THANKS!