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Ammunition: Composition, Types and Characteristics.pptx
- 1. Ammuniution Nandini Katare Assistant Professor Departmentof Forensic Science
- 2. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 2 Content •Ammunition: Classification • Constructional Features And Characteristics of Different Types of Cartridges • Types Of Primers And Priming Composition • Propellants and Their Compositions • Types of Bullet
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- 4. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 4 Definition Accordingto section 2-1 (b) of Indian Arm Act Of 1959, Ammunition means any Artillery that can be used in combat or warfare . It includes: (i)Rockets, bombs, grenades, and other live missiles (ii)Articles designed for torpedo service and submarine mining
- 5. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 5 (iii)Other articles containing or designed or adopted to contain explosive, fulminating or fissionable material or noxious liquid, gas, etc (iv)Charges of fire arms and accessories for such charges (v)Fuses and friction tubes (vi)Parts of and machinery for manufacturing ammunition
- 6. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 6 History •The first forms of ammunition consisted of loose powder, carried in a flask or horn, and various projectiles which were loaded into the barrel from the muzzle end. • These early projectiles were often irregularly shaped stone balls or arrow -like objects. • By the fifteenth century, ammunition had become fairly standardized and consisted of ‘ black powder ’ propellant (a mixture of charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate), followed by some wadding, a spherical lead ball and further wadding to retain it all in place.
- 7. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 7 Ammunition-Types • Small arms ammunition basically consists of a cartridge case, primer, propellant and some form of missile. • There are really only three types of small arms ammunition in current production: • Rimfire • Centre Fire • Caseless • Blank Ammunition
- 8. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 8 Rimfireammunition • Consists of short brass tube, (0.22 inch in diameter), closed at one end. • The tube contains a charge of propellant and has a bullet at the open end. The closed end of the tube is formed into a flat head with a hollow rim which contains the priming compound.
- 9. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 9 Cont.. •The round is fired when the firing pin strikes the rim, crushing and thus exploding the priming compound. • The flame produced by this explosion ignites the propellant thus driving the bullet from the cartridge case.
- 10. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 10 Centrefire ammunition • Centre fire ammunition is also generally made from brass, but the head is thick and heavy with a central recess or pocket for the primer cap. • A hole leading from the primer pocket into the cartridge allows the flash from the priming compound to reach the propellant thus igniting it.
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- 13. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 13 Caselessammunition • Caseless ammunition consists of a bullet with the propellant formed around the bullet as a single solid piece. • The primer is generally located at the rear of the propellant and is not enclosed in any metallic cup.
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- 16. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 16 Blankammunition • Blank ammunition is exactly the same as bulleted ammunition except for the omission of the missile. • In blank ammunition, the case mouth is sealed by either crimping the metal or inserting a wax plug or paper disc.
- 17. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 17 Cont.. •The wax or paper is usually coloured white or sometimes black. These cartridges are only used for military training, starting races or theatrical purposes, and are only intended to produce a sharp crack on firing. • Blank ammunition is available in all calibres.
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- 19. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 19 Compositionof Ammunition (i) Propellants (ii) Cartridges /Cartridges shell (iii)Primers (iv)Projectiles (v)Wads (vi) Lubricants
- 20. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 20 Propellant •The expression propellant means an agent, which fires the projectiles out from a firearm. • The propellant is a chemical or mixture of chemicals which, when ignited, produces a very large quantity of gas. • This gas, when confined within a barrel and behind a missile, provides the propulsion to drive the missile down the bore and out of the barrel.
- 21. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 21 •In relation to small arms, it is the explosive which fires a projectile from a gun. • The propulsion is achieved by burning a quantity of gun powder in a long tube with one end kept open.
- 22. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 22 Typesof Propellant/ Powder • 1.Black powder (Gun powder) It is the oldest recorded propellant and had been invented by Chinese around the tenth century.It was used for giving signals and fireworks. • The gun powder consists of potassium nitrate, sulphur and charcoal roughly in the proportion of 75:15:10
- 23. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 23 2.Semi-smokeless powder • Semi smokeless powder is mixture of black powder and nitro cellulose. The approximate composition of the powder is as follows: 1. Nitrated wood cellulose 20% 2. Potassium nitrate 60% 3. Carbon 12% 4. Sulphur 8% • This powder produces less smoke than gun powder but mixing process is quite dangerous. This aspect has prevented its extensive reduction and use.
- 24. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 24 3.Smoke less Powder • Single base- Nitrocellulose • Double Base- Nitrocellulose and Nitroglycerine • Triple Base- Nitrocellulose, Nitroglycerine and Nitroguadine
- 25. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 25 Primer •Strong explosives likely to get explode due to shock, heat or friction. 1. Ex: Mercury Fulminate 2. Stibnite (Antimony Sulphide 80 % Antimony Oxide 20%) 3. Potassium Chlorate
- 26. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 26 Percussioncaps/Primer Cap • Manufactured from a sheet of copper, brass, cupro-nickel alloys, guilding metal of required thickness. • A percussion cap is provided with anvil and on being struck, the priming mixture is crushed b/w the anvil and primer cup. • The first real percussion cap was introduced by Joshua Shaw in 1814 and contained mercury fulminate.
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- 28. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 28 Typesof Cup 1. Berdan-developed by col. Berdan, Hiram in the U.S. Ordnance Dept in 1870 2. Boxer- developed by col. Edward M.Boxer in 1860 (consists of a V-shaped metal strip introduced in the cup to serve as an anvil).
- 29. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 29 •Cases that use Boxer primers have a single flash hole in the center. A Berdan-primed case has the anvil as a permanent part of the case, not the primer. These cases have two flash holes, one on either side of the anvil.
- 30. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 30 Projectiles •The ultimate use of a firearm is to hurl a projectile in a particular direction. • Used to hit the Target. • Types: 1) Spherical Projectile ex: shots, pellets 2) Elongated Projectile ex: bullets
- 31. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 31 Basicrequirements of metal used as projectile 1. Cost efficient 2. High specific gravity 3. Easy fabrication 4. Resistant to corrosion 5. Hardness
- 32. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 32 cannelure •Indented ring or series of grooves provided at the base of a bullet around its cylindrical surface. • Helps a bullet in getting it firmly seated in the shell.
- 33. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 33 Ballcartridges • A shotgun ammunition loaded with a single cartridge is known as ball cartridge. • The projectiles are of various types and are used as per target.
- 34. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 34 Types: •Spherical Ball: It’s usually a solid lead ball • Lethal Ball: have couple of circular raised lining over its surface • Rotax ball: elongated and hollow centre with spiral fins.
- 35. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 35 •Nitro-conical ball (Breneke)- spiral grooves along its length. • Paradox slug: Fired from paradox gun • Rifled slug: Rounded nose with grooves
- 36. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 36 Wads •A mass or lump of a soft material, used for padding, stuffing, or wiping. 1. Base wads 2. Over powder wads 3. Filler/Air cushion wads 4. Under shot wads 5. Top shot wads
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- 39. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 39 Cartridgecase (a) Also known as an empty shell (b)housing for various components of the cartridge (c) Made of brass (rifle, pistol and revolver), Paper (shot gun).The base of this paper shell is made of brass. (d)Plastic shells for shotgun are also being manufactured now.
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- 41. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 41 Cartridge •A cartridge or a round is a pre-assembled firearm ammunition packaging a projectile., a propellent and a primer within a metallic or paper/plastic case that is precisely made to fit within the barrel chamber of a gun.
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- 43. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 43 Amodern cartridge consists of the following: 1. the bullet, as the projectile; 2. the case, which holds all parts together; 3. the propellant, for example gunpowder or cordite; 4. the rim, which provides the extractor on the firearm a place to grip the casing to remove it from the chamber once fired; 5. the primer, which ignites the propellant.
- 44. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 44 Differenttypes of cartridge
- 45. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 45 Typesof cartridge • Centerfire • Pinfire • Rimfire • Blank Cartridge
- 46. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 46 PinfireCartridge • A pinfire cartridge is an obsolete type of metallic firearm cartridge in which the priming compound is ignited by striking a small pin which protrudes radially from just above the base of the cartridge.
- 47. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 47 Rimfirecartridge • The firing pin of a gun strikes and crushes the base's rim to ignite the primer. • The rim of the rimfire cartridge is essentially an extended and widened percussion cap which contains the priming compound, while the cartridge case itself contains the propellant powder and the projectile (bullet).
- 48. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 48 Centre-firecartridge • A centerfire cartridge is a cartridge with a primer located in the center of the cartridge case head. • Unlike rimfire cartridges, the primer is a separate and replaceable component.
- 49. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 49 BlankCartridge • A cartridge without a projectile is considered as a blank cartridge. • One that is completely inert (contains no active primer and no propellent) is called a Dummy
- 50. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 50 Tear- gas cartridges • Tear - gas cartridges are the same as blank ammunition except they contain a • small quantity of a lachrymatory/sternutatory substance which is either chloracetophenone ( CN ) gas or o - chlorobenzalmalonitrile (CS) gas.
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- 52. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 52 BULLET •A bullet is a kinetic projectile and the component of firearm ammunition that is expelled from the gun barrel during shooting. • Bullets are made of a variety of materials such as copper, lead, steel, polymer, rubber and even wax.
- 53. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 53 FullMetal Jacket (FMJ) They are usually pointy, round, or even flat. Wound channels are typically small and go through a target. Great for the range but not preferred for defensive rounds.
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- 55. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 55 HOLLOWPOINT BULLET • Hollow points are made to expand once they hit something. • They are the go-to round for police officers, concealed weapon carriers, and home defence guns because of their stopping power.
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- 57. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 57 OPENTIP BULLETS • Open-tip bullets look like hollow points since they have an opening at the top, but this is more because of their manufacturing process. • The openings are too small to expand effectively.
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- 59. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 59 BALLISTICTIP • This is what you get when you combine the aerodynamics of an FMJ with the stopping power of a hollow point. • This is a hollow point covered with plastic to mimic the profile of an FMJ. They are usually used in hunting.
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- 61. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 61 SOFTPOINT BULLET • In soft point bullets, part of the lead is exposed at the tip. • The softer lead is designed to flatten better when the bullet hits a target. • But for the most part, ballistic tips have surpassed the performance of soft points.
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- 63. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 63 INCENDIARYBULLET • These bullets are made with an explosive or flammable mixture in the tip that is designed to ignite on contact with a target. • The intent is to ignite fuel or munitions in the target area, thereby adding to the destructive power of the bullet itself.
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- 65. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 65 EXPLODINGBULLET • Similar to the incendiary bullet, this type of projectile is designed to explode upon hitting a hard surface, preferably the bone of the intended target. • Not to be mistaken for cannon shells or grenades with fuse devices, these bullets have only a cavity filled with a small amount of low explosive depending on the velocity and deformation upon impact to detonate. • Exploding bullets have been used on various aircraft machine guns and on anti materiel rifles.
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- 67. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 67 TRACERBULLET • These have a hollow back, filled with a flare material. • Usually this is a mixture of magnesium metal, a per chlorate, and strontium salts to yield a bright red color, although other materials providing other colours have also sometimes been used.
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- 69. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 69 ARMORPIERCING BULLET • Jacketed designs where the core material is a very hard, high-density metal such as tungsten, tungsten carbide, depleted uranium, or steel.
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- 71. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 71 DUMDUM BULLET • These are projectiles designed to expand on impact, increasing in diameter to limit penetration and/or produce a larger diameter wound for faster incapacitation.
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- 73. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 73 SWAGEDLEAD BULLET • In ammunition manufacture, swaged bullets are bullets manufactured by compressing metal at room temperature into a die to form it into the shape of a bullet.
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- 75. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 75 WIREPATCHED BULLET • A wire patched bullet is a cast lead bullet wrapped with wire on the bearing surface to strengthen the bullet and permit higher velocities without stripping or leading the bore.
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- 77. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 77 WADCUTTERBULLET • A wadcutter is a special-purpose flat- fronted bullet specifically designed for shooting paper targets, usually at close range.
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- 79. 09/22/2024 Nandini Katare@KJC 79 RUBBERBULLET • They are intended to be a non-lethal, alternative to metal projectiles.
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