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ARGUMENT IN FAVOR OF IMPERIALISM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Senator Alfred Beveridge (R-Indiana)
From a speech in Congress on January 9, 1900.
. . . [Just beyond the Philippines are China's illimitable markets. . . We will
not renounce our part in the mission of our race, trustee of God, of the
civilization of the world. . . Where shall we turn for consumers of our
surplus?. . . China is our natural customer. . . [England, Germany and
Russia] have moved nearer to China by securing permanent bases on
her borders. The Philippines gives us a base at the door of all the East.
. . They [the Filipinos] are a barbarous race, modified by three
centuries of contact with a decadent race [the Spanish]. . . It is barely
possible that 1,000 men in all the archipelago are capable of self-
government in the Anglo-Saxon sense. . . The Declaration [of
Independence] applies only to people capable of self-government.
How dare any man prostitute this expression of the very elect of self-
government peoples to a race of Malay children of barbarism,
schooled in Spanish methods and ideas? And you, who say the
Declaration applies to all men, how dare you deny its application to
the American Indian? And if you deny it to the Indian at home, how
dare you grant it to the Malay abroad. 56](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chapter7becomingaworldpower-221115205300-53d6f83a/85/Chapter-7-Becoming-a-World-Power-pptx-56-320.jpg)
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THEODORE ROOSEVELT (1858-1919)
TWENTY-SIXTH PRESIDENT
1901-1909: REPUBLICAN
"I declined to adopt the view that
what was imperatively necessary
for the Nation could not be done
by the President unless he could
find some specific authorization to
do it. My belief was that it was not
only [a President's] right but his
duty to do anything that the needs
of the Nation demanded unless
such action was forbidden by the
Constitution or by the laws. . . . I
did not usurp power, but I did
greatly broaden the use of
executive power. In other words,
I acted for the public welfare, I
acted for the common well-being
of all our people, whenever and in
whatever manner was necessary,
unless prevented by direct
constitutional or legislative
prohibition."](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chapter7becomingaworldpower-221115205300-53d6f83a/85/Chapter-7-Becoming-a-World-Power-pptx-66-320.jpg)
Chapter 7 Becoming a World Power.pptx
- 1. 1 Chapter 7 1872-1912 Becoming aWorld Power
- 2. 2 Chapter 7 1772-1912 Becoming aWorld Power Section 1: The Imperialist Vision 2
- 3. 3 The policy ofone nation extending its authority over another through territorial acquisition and control over the government and economy in the conquered nation. DEFINITION OF IMPERIALISM
- 4. “NEW” IMPERIALISM •Beginning circa1875 •Renewed race for colonies •Spurred by needs created by the Industrial Revolution •New markets for finished goods •New sources of raw materials Europe began the imperialistic movement first and the US followed not long after.
- 5. •No longer aboutsetting up colonies or exercising direct control over areas •Became largely economic •Possession or control of an area for economic gain •Spheres of influence and extraterritoriality rather than colonial settlement
- 6. ECONOMIC MOTIVES •Markets forfinished goods •new markets to sell goods to •a way around high import tariffs •new businesses and industries to invest money in To protect their investment European countries set up protectorates. A protectorate is country in which the imperial country allows the local rulers to stay in control and protected them against rebellion or invasion. In return these local rulers had to accept advice from the imperial nation about how to run their country.
- 7. POLITICAL MOTIVES •Nationalism –national pride “The sun never sets on the British empire.” •Large empires increased national pride
- 8. MILITARY MOTIVES • Bases •Britishnaval bases • Aden, Alexandria, Cyprus, Hong Kong, Singapore • Manpower •British – Indian sepoys •French – north African troops
- 9. SOCIAL MOTIVES •Surplus population •Japanese in Korea • Italians in Africa •“White Man’s Burden” • Whites morally obligated to bring the “blessings of civilization” to “backward” peoples • Anglo-Saxonism •White •English speaking •Christian
- 10. RELIGIOUS MOTIVES •Conversion toChristianity •End-of-the-century crusading spirit •Missionaries in Africa, Asia, Hawaii, etc. †
- 11. JUSTIFICATIONS •Social Darwinism • InterpretedDarwin’s evolutionary theory in terms of powerful nations •“Only the strong survive” • Powerful nations able to develop areas and resources being “wasted” by native peoples •Racism • Increased feelings of white superiority •Increased feelings of Japanese superiority • Eugenics developed as a branch of science
- 12. CONCEPT OF “RACES”CIRCA 1900
- 13.
- 14.
- 15. 15 PACIFIC ISLANDS “UPFOR GRABS”
- 16. 16 Most of the19th century was spent exploring and settling the western frontier of the United States. This made some Americans believe the U.S. ought to takeover the entire continent. This belief is called Manifest Destiny.
- 17. 17 “Manifest destiny” includedall land of the US but also began to extend beyond the borders of the United States
- 18. 18 REASONS AND RATIONALIZATIONSFOR IMPERIALISM •To gain military bases between the US and Asia or the US and Europe •Missionary zeal-an extreme dedication to certain thing, in this instance conversion of “heathens” to Christianity •To gain more wealth
- 19. 19 Prestige, Racial Theories,Economic Growth, These And Other Factors Increased America's Interest In Overseas Expansion. In Particular, We Had Anglo-Saxonism And The Desire For Military Bases
- 20. 20 Anglo-Saxonism is thebelief that if you are: English Christian White YOU ARE SUPERIOR!!
- 21. 21 Which countries werethe most powerful based on this map alone?
- 22. 22 Great Britain, amajor world power, served as a role model of an imperialist power
- 23. 23 Missionary zeal, thedesire to convert “heathen, non-believers” led to people moving to “uncivilized” areas in hopes of helping natives
- 24. 24 The United Statesbecame an imperialist power to gain more wealth Year Imports Exports 1870 $300 Million $350 Million 1875 $900 Million $800 Million 1880 $1.22 Billion $1.0 Billion 1889 $900 Million $800 Million 1892 $1.2 Billion $1.42 Billion 1899 1.3 Billion 1.35 Billion 1903 1.7 Billion 1.8 Billion 1914 1.6 Billion 2.8 Billion THE UNITED STATES NEEDED NEW MARKETS TO EXPORT THE SURPLUS PRODUCTS OF ITS FARMS AND FACTORIES
- 25. 25 “Today we areraising more than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use... Therefore we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor... Ah! As our commerce spreads, the flag of liberty will circle the globe and the highway of the ocean - carrying trade to all mankind - will be guarded by the guns of the republic. And as their thunders salute the flag, benighted (ignorant) peoples will know that the voice of liberty is speaking, at last, for them... that civilization is dawning at last, for them.” --Senator Alfred Beveridge, 1898
- 26.
- 27. 27 IN 1917 THEUNITED STATES BOUGHT THE VIRGIN ISLANDS: FOR A COALING (REFUELING) STATION FOR MERCHANT AND WAR SHIPS
- 28.
- 29. 29 America’s first attemptat imperialism took place in Samoa
- 30. 30 Which country wasalso trying to intervene in Samoa?
- 31. 31 Missionaries from theU.S. went to Hawaii in the late early 19th century
- 32. 32 Queen Liliuokalani, LAST QUEENOF HAWAII QUEEN LILIUOKALANI WAS FORCED TO ABDICATE
- 33. 33 SANFORD DOLE Became president of the Republic ofHawaii after the queen was overthrown. Hawaii was annexed as part of the U.S. in 1898.
- 34. 34 Chapter 4 1772-1912 Becoming aWorld Power Section 2: The Spanish-American War 34
- 35. 35 •Role of media •U.S.S.Maine •War in Cuba •Teller amendment •Philippines •Differing opinions on imperialism
- 36. 36 PROBLEMS BETWEEN CUBAAND THEIR SPANISH RULERS DOMINATE AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY CUBA
- 37.
- 38. 38 YELLOW JOURNALISM CARTOON WHERE THETERM “YELLOW JOURNALISM” CAME FROM ⮚IN 1898 NEWSPAPERS WERE THE MAJOR SOURCE OF INFORMATION FOR THE PUBLIC. ⮚PEOPLE LACKED THE ABILITY TO VERIFY IF THE STORIES WERE BIASED OR INACCURATE AND THEREFORE RELIED UPON NEWSPAPERS TO TELL THE TRUTH. ⮚PULITZER AND HEARST TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE PUBLIC’S IGNORANCE BY TWISTING THE TRUTH TO SELL MORE NEWSPAPERS. ⮚SENSATIONALIZED STORIES WERE FEATURED HEAVILY IN THEIR NEWSPAPERS SINCE EXCITING HEADLINES INCREASED CIRCULATION.
- 39. 39 NEWSPAPERS FOCUSED ONSPANISH ATROCITIES UPON THE CUBAN PEOPLE TO IGNITE PASSIONS AGAINST SPAIN SPANISH GENERAL WEYLER WAS SEEN AS A “BUTCHER” IN THE U.S. FOR HIS TREATMENT OF THE CUBAN PEOPLE
- 40. 40 The U.S. publicwas especially sympathetic towards women in Cuba. Hearst focused on a young woman, known in the United States as Evangelina Cisneros, who was imprisoned in Havana. Petitions for her freedom were signed by prominent U.S. women and the Pope, and addressed to the Queen Regent of Spain. Evangelina managed to escape with the help of correspondent Karl Decker, who probably bribed her guards. The story presented to the public was that of a heroic "journalist that acts."
- 41. 41 ALL THAT WASNEEDED TO START A WAR WAS A SPARK AND THIS CAME ON FEBRUARY 15, 1898, IN HAVANA HARBOR. USS MAINE IN HAVANA
- 42.
- 43. 43 Yellow journalists werequick to blame the Spanish
- 44. 44 What is themessage of this cartoon?
- 45. 45 WHAT DOES THISCARTOON SUGGEST IS THE SITUATION FOR THE CUBANS?
- 46.
- 47. 47 US GATLING GUNS:AN EARLY TYPE OF MACHINE GUN
- 48. 48 BATTLE SCENE WITHTEDDY ROOSEVELT ON THE HORSE
- 49. 49 THEODORE ROOSEVELT ANDTHE “ROUGH RIDERS” IN CUBA
- 50.
- 51. 51 ARMY NURSES DURINGTHE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
- 52. 52 Teller Amendment, 1898 Jointresolution for the recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the Government of Spain relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba, and to withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into effect. Whereas the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three years in the Island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States, have been a disgrace to Christian civilization, culminating, as they have, in the destruction of a United States battle ship, with two hundred and sixty-six of its officers and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of Havana, and can not longer be endured, as has been set forth by the President of the United States in his message to Congress of April eleventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, upon which the action of Congress was invited: Therefore, Resolved, First. That the people of the Island of Cuba are, of right ought to be, free and independent. Second. That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the Government of the United States does hereby demand, that the Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters. Third. That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the United States, and to call into the actual service of the United States the militia of the several States, to such extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into effect. Fourth. That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said Island except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the Island to its people.
- 53. 53 US FORCES CONQUERTHE PHILIPPINES
- 54. 54 U.S. DESTROYS THESPANISH FLEET AT MANILA BAY
- 55. 55 ADMIRAL DEWEY, HEROOF THE NAVAL BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
- 56. 56 ARGUMENT IN FAVOROF IMPERIALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES Senator Alfred Beveridge (R-Indiana) From a speech in Congress on January 9, 1900. . . . [Just beyond the Philippines are China's illimitable markets. . . We will not renounce our part in the mission of our race, trustee of God, of the civilization of the world. . . Where shall we turn for consumers of our surplus?. . . China is our natural customer. . . [England, Germany and Russia] have moved nearer to China by securing permanent bases on her borders. The Philippines gives us a base at the door of all the East. . . They [the Filipinos] are a barbarous race, modified by three centuries of contact with a decadent race [the Spanish]. . . It is barely possible that 1,000 men in all the archipelago are capable of self- government in the Anglo-Saxon sense. . . The Declaration [of Independence] applies only to people capable of self-government. How dare any man prostitute this expression of the very elect of self- government peoples to a race of Malay children of barbarism, schooled in Spanish methods and ideas? And you, who say the Declaration applies to all men, how dare you deny its application to the American Indian? And if you deny it to the Indian at home, how dare you grant it to the Malay abroad. 56
- 57. 57 “…we do notintend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Philippines. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem.” Mark Twain, 1900 “In the forcible annexation of the Philippines our Nation neither adds to its strength nor secures broader opportunities for the American people.” William Jennings Bryan, 1899 Arguments against imperialism in the Philippines
- 58. 58 ONE RESULT OFTHE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR WAS A RECONCILIATION BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH, HELPING END THE LEGACY OF BITTERNESS SINCE THE CIVIL WAR
- 59. 59 U.S. OCCUPIES TWOMORE SPANISH COLONIAL POSSESSIONS
- 60. 60 THE U.S. BECOMESAN IMPERIAL POWER ✔HAWAII: 1898 ✔MIDWAY ISLAND: 1867 ✔WAKE ISLAND: 1898 ✔GUAM: 1898 ✔JOHNSTON ISLAND: 1898 ✔PALMYRA ISLAND: 1898 ✔SAMOA ISLAND: 1899 ✔PHILIPPINES: 1898 ✔PUERTO RICO: 1898 What is happening in this cartoon?
- 61. 61 REACTION TO U.S.IMPERIALISM: ANTI- IMPERIALIST MOVEMENT
- 62. 62 What role doesthe U.S. play?
- 63.
- 64. 64 WHO ARE THETWO FIGURES STARING DOWN AT PRESIDENT MCKINLEY? WHAT DO THEY REPRESENT? “IS HE TO BE A DESPOT?”
- 65. 65 Chapter 4 1772-1912 Becoming aWorld Power Section 3: New American Diplomacy 65
- 66. 66 THEODORE ROOSEVELT (1858-1919) TWENTY-SIXTHPRESIDENT 1901-1909: REPUBLICAN "I declined to adopt the view that what was imperatively necessary for the Nation could not be done by the President unless he could find some specific authorization to do it. My belief was that it was not only [a President's] right but his duty to do anything that the needs of the Nation demanded unless such action was forbidden by the Constitution or by the laws. . . . I did not usurp power, but I did greatly broaden the use of executive power. In other words, I acted for the public welfare, I acted for the common well-being of all our people, whenever and in whatever manner was necessary, unless prevented by direct constitutional or legislative prohibition."
- 67. 67 •Open door policy •Spheresof influence •Boxer rebellion •Japan becomes imperialist
- 68.
- 69. 69 Who do allof the figures represent?
- 70.
- 71. 71 WHO ARE THE LAND GRABBERS? WHYDO YOU THINK UNCLE SAM IS TRYING TO STOP THEM?
- 72. 72 Anti-imperialist cartoon “TAKING OURPLACE AMONG THE NATIONS”
- 73. 73 FOREIGN INTERVENTION INCHINA TAKES CENTER STAGE AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY RUSSIA 1896- 1898 BRITAIN 1898 GERMANY 1898 BRITAIN 1842
- 74.
- 75. 75 THE CHINESE PEOPLEREACT TO IMPERIALISM BOXER REBELLION, 1900 BOXER SOLDIER Boxer rebel
- 76. 76 Boxer troops enteredthe foreign held Peking (Beijing)
- 77. 77 An international force retaliatedand seized control of Peking
- 78. 78 Commodore Perry arrivedin Japan in 1853 and opened it for trade. Japan realized that they must adopt some western ways or become a conquered nation. Scholars were sent abroad to study and within 50 years Japan was an industrial power.
- 79. 79 JAPAN ENTERS THEWORLD STAGE AS AN INDUSTRIAL/IMPERIALIST POWER
- 80. 80 JAPAN ENTERS THEWORLD STAGE AS AN INDUSTRIAL/IMPERIALIST POWER Areas controlled by Japan in 1906 are shown in purple Japan’s modern warship
- 81. 81 Japan becomes animperialist power after the Sino-Japanese war with China in 1894- 1895 and the Russo Japanese war with Russia in 1904-1905
- 82. 82 To show thenaval power of the United States, in 1907 Roosevelt sent the great white fleet of ships around the world
- 83. 83 •The need fora canal •Panama revolution •Building the canal
- 84.
- 85. 85 WHAT INTERNATIONAL ROLEDID ROOSEVELT ENVISION FOR THE UNITED STATES?
- 86.
- 87. 87 ROOSEVELT COROLLARY Part ofRoosevelt’s “Big Stick” foreign policy was that the U.S. would support the Monroe Doctrine by keeping European nations out of the Caribbean and South America through direct intervention (military force), if necessary.
- 88.
- 89. 89 U.S. interests turnedtoward Central America and a quicker way of moving ships between the east and west coast of North America 15,000 MILES
- 90. 90 ADVANTAGE OF ANISTHMIAN CANAL 8,000 miles
- 91. 91 SEARCHING FOR POTENTIALSITES FOR A CANAL IN CENTRAL AMERICA
- 92. 92 PANAMA, A PROVINCEOF COLOMBIA, WAS CHOSEN FOR THE SITE OF THE PROPOSED CANAL
- 93.
- 94. 94 TWO POLITICAL CARTOONSON COLOMBIA’S REFUSAL TO ACCEPT TR’S PURCHASE OFFER PRICE OF $40 MILLION IN 2002 $40 MILLION WOULD BE $830 MILLION
- 95. 95 ROOSEVELT’S SOLUTION WASTO SUPPORT A PANAMANIAN REVOLUTION
- 96. 96 WILLIAM C. GORGAS 1905Yellow Fever Quarantine Station 1905 fumigation car eradicating the mosquitoes In Cuba Dr. Gorgas learned yellow fever was transmitted through mosquitoes. His discovery allowed the canal to be built.
- 97.
- 98.
- 99.
- 100.
- 101. 101 1914 Opening ofthe Panama Canal
- 102.
- 103.
- 104. 104 “We have becomea great nation, forced by the fact of its greatness into relations with the other nations of the earth, and we must behave as beseems a people with such responsibilities. We must show not only in our words, but in our deeds, that we are earnestly desirous of securing their good will by acting toward them in a spirit of just and generous recognition of all their rights. But justice and generosity in a nation, as in an individual, count most when shown not by the weak but by the strong. No weak nation that acts manfully and justly should ever have cause to fear us, and no strong power should ever be able to single us out as a subject for insolent aggression.” Roosevelt, 1905 President Theodore Roosevelt Big Stick Diplomacy
- 105. 105 Dollar diplomacy President William HowardTaft “The diplomacy of the present administration has sought to respond to modern ideas of commercial intercourse. This policy has been characterized as substituting dollars for bullets. It is one that appeals alike to idealistic humanitarian sentiments, to the dictates of sound policy and strategy, and to legitimate commercial aims. It is an effort frankly directed to the increase of American trade upon the axiomatic principle that the government of the United States shall extend all proper support to every legitimate and beneficial American enterprise abroad.” Taft, 1912
- 106. 106 “There has beensomething crude and heartless and unfeeling in our haste to succeed and be great. Our thought has been "Let every man look out for himself, let every generation look out for itself," while we reared giant machinery which made it impossible that any but those who stood at the levers of control should have a chance to look out for themselves. We had not forgotten our morals. We remembered well enough that we had set up a policy which was meant to serve the humblest as well as the most powerful, with an eye single to the standards of justice and fair play, and remembered it with pride. But we were very heedless and in a hurry to be great.” Wilson, 1913 President Woodrow Wilson Moral diplomacy
- 107. 107 History Online Self-Check Quiz Visitthe American Vision: Modern Times Web site at tav.mt.glencoe.com and click on Self-Check Quizzes-Chapter 4 to assess your knowledge of chapter content. 107