The document discusses ambush marketing, defining it as a strategy where companies associate themselves with an event without official sponsorship to gain visibility. It outlines various tactics used by ambushers, including leveraging athletes and event symbols, and highlights the legal and strategic countermeasures that official event sponsors can employ to prevent such practices. The text presents a debate on the morality of ambush marketing, emphasizing its impact on smaller companies and larger multinational firms involved in event sponsorship.

1. Ambush Marketing
Innovative or Immoral?

2. Michael Phelps of the U.S. arrives for the men's 200m butterfly
semi-finals at the London 2012 Olympic Games at the Aquatics
Centre July 30, 2012.

3. Tom Daley UK Olympic Swimmer

4. Canada's track cyclist Joseph Veloce uses a pair of
Beats by Dr. Dre headphones at the Velodrome
during the London 2012 Olympic Games August 4,
2012.

5. What’s wrong with these
pictures?
The IOC claimed
that Dr. Dre
“ambushed” the
Olympics by giving
away free
headphones to
famous Athletes

7. International Events
“...large-scale events which attract
international audiences and media
attention and meet a variety of
economic objectives for the
destinations in which they are
hosted.”

8. An International Approach
to Events Management
International • Tourism
Activities • International sponsorship
• Differences in laws, technology & politics (PEST)
Intercultural • Differences in cultural values (Hofstede,1991),
Issues customs (Morrison and Conaway, 2006)
communication styles (Hall and Hall, 1990)
• Sustainability
International • Inclusivity and disability policies
Practices • Enhanced security

9. Learning Objectives
At the end of this session you should be able
to:
• Distinguish between sponsorship, ambush
marketing, incidental ambush and other
communication tools
• Understand the benefits of ambush marketing
• List various ambush marketing strategies
• Develop strategies to prevent ambush
marketing opportunities and enhance event-
sponsor partnership

10. What is Ambush
Marketing?
“... a planned effort by an organisation
to associate themselves indirectly
with an event in order to gain at least
some of the recognition and benefits
that are associated with being a
sponsor.”
(Sandler and Shani, 1989: p11)

11. Definitions of Ambush
Marketing
Meenaghan The practice whereby another company, often a
(1994) competitor, intrudes upon public attention surrounding
the event, thereby deflecting attention toward
themselves and away from the sponsor.
CNOSF (French A set of behaviours by which an economic agent lurks in
Olympic the wake of another in order to take advantage, free of
Committee, charge, of his efforts and skills.
2006)
Walliser A technique where an advertiser who does not hold
(2006) official sponsorship rights, notably for an event, tries to
make the public believe the contrary.
Farrelly, Quester Striving to catch an illicit ride on an event’s wave by
and Greyser deceiving or confusing consumers into believing a
(2005) company is an official sponsor.

12. Goals of Ambush
Marketing
• To hijack the intrinsic values of an event and
take advantage, for the least possible cost
• To improve the ambusher’s brand reputation
and transfer the positive aspects of the event
to its brand
• To mislead the public into thinking the
ambush marketer is something it’s not
• To weaken the link between the official
sponsors and the event by creating confusion
about sponsors’ identities

13. The Ambush Marketer’s
Toolkit
• Event broadcasters
• People related to event (e.g. athletes, coach,
team, retired athletes, dead athletes, and
commentators)
• Symbols of the activity (e.g. fields, balls, uniforms
and tickets)
• Symbols of the place (e.g. arenas, cities, countries
and monuments)
• Unprotected symbols of the event (e.g. colours,
generic names, generic sentences, generic goods
and congratulatory messages)

14. Event Broadcasters &
Ambush Marketers
• Many different brands
(ambushers) will claim
to ‘proudly bring’ to
audiences in different
countries the same
event, sponsored by yet
another brand, that of
the official sponsor!

15. Sponsors of Athletes &
Other Personalities
• They will often try to
gain some of the
reflected glory of a
major event by running
an advertising campaign
featuring their
sponsored personalities
when those individuals
are participating in that
event

16. Sponsors of Athletes &
Other Personalities

17. Ambushing Symbols
• Associating the
ambushing company/its
brands/its products
with the venue where
the event takes place
• Using or “ambushing”
symbols or themes, or
even musical tunes in
its advertising, typically
used by an the event

18. Other Common
Ambushing Tactics
• Saturating the physical environment of the
event, or any available advertising space
around it
• Seeking a sponsorship association with a
related property, in order to secure access to
an event for which it is not entitled to claim
sponsor status
• Creating a competing and simultaneous
event to coincide and divert from the
sponsored event

19. Ambushers Vs
Official Sponsors
• Although their tactics appear very similar
ambush marketers cannot be confused
with sponsors because they:
– Do not have an official agreement with the
event
– Have no right to use protected imagery of the
event
– Cannot do public relations at event venues
IF AMBUSH MARKETERS ARE FOUND DOING ANY OF
THE ABOVE THE WILL BE GUILTY OF COPYRIGHT
INFRIGEMENT

20. Accidental Ambush
Marketers
• It is also possible for
the confusion that
ambush marketers
seek to create to occur
unintentionally causing
an incidental ambush
marketing effect
PUMA 2010 Advertisement

21. Accidental or
Intentional?
What is this Ad showing?

22. Accidental or
Intentional?

23. Ambushing Right
or Wrong?
THOSE IN FAVOUR THOSE OPPOSED

24. Consider ...
SMALL PRODUCERS SUCH AS BAVARIA BREWERY
HAVE NO CHOICE BUT TO RESORT TO AMBUSH
MARKETING AS THEY WOULD NEVER BE ABLE TO
AFFORD OFFICIAL SPONSORSHIP OF A MEGA-EVENT

25. However ...
The fact is mega-events
such as the Olympic
Games cannot exist
without multi-national
firms and their levels of
investment in them.

26. How Can Event Marketers
Stop Ambushers?
• Legal measures – registering copyright and
trademarks
• Enacting an event act such as the ‘Olympic Marks
Act’ to provide protection for symbols and
phrases which though traditionally cannot be
copyrighted or trademarked will be protected for
a limited time
• Designating event venues as clean zones
• On-site monitoring and patrols
• Name and shaming ambush marketers

27. For Example
The Vancouver Olympics protected ...
• ‘Faster, higher, stronger’
• Canadian Olympic Committee
• International Olympic Committee
• Olympic
• Olympic Games
• 2010 Canada
•

28. For Example
• Forbidding of spectators
wearing clothing with
large logos
• Covering up or
destroying
unauthorised signage,
message or logos
• Restricting the size of
logos on players’
uniforms

29. For Example
• Running public
relations campaigns
about ambush
marketers
• Issuing public
announcements
against companies who
ambush
• Printing of detailed
news paper articles
describing the actions
of ambushers

30. Alternative Approaches
• Long-term sponsorship of events
• Using multiple marketing tools alongside
sponsorship such as:
– Purchasing saturation broadcast coverage and
investing heavily in advertising to activate sponsorship
– Using an event’s identifying elements in packaging
and organising related promotion campaigns and
point-of-sale strategies
– In collaboration with the event organising related
events for its target market

31. References
•Farrelly F. J., Quester P. G. and Greyser S. A. (2005). Defending
the co-branding benefits of sponsorship B2B partnerships: The case
of ambush marketing. Journal of Advertising Research, 45 (3), 339-
348
•French Olympic Committee – CNOSF- (2006). La protection des
marques et du territoire Olympiques, CNOSF Conference, 24th of
January 2006, Paris, France
•Meenaghan, T. (1994).Ambush marketing: immoral or imaginative
practice? Journal of Advertising Research, 34 (5), 77-88
•Sandler, D. M. and Shani, D. (1989) Olympic sponsorship vs.
ambush marketing: who gets the gold?, Journal of Advertising
Research, 29 (4), 9-14
•Walliser B. (2006). Le parrainage - Sponsoring et Mécénat. Paris:
Dunod

32. Further Reading
Balasubramanian, S., Singh, B. and
Singaram,A. (2003). Indian cricketers
encounter ambush marketing 2002.
Global Business Review, 4 (1), 201- 211