The document provides an overview of power distribution systems. It discusses how electricity is delivered from power plants to end users through a series of steps including increasing voltage at transmission substations, transporting energy along transmission lines, stepping down voltage at distribution substations, and carrying power along distribution lines to homes and businesses. It also describes the key components of distribution systems including overhead lines, underground cables, transformers, and different types of poles, insulators, and conductors used.
insulators, conductors, transformer and ac motorsChippa Srikanth
it is basic to know of insulator conductor, transformer and ac motors. it is very useful to all electrical engineers. it is not only for engineers it is easily under standed by every one.
This document provides information about electrical installation and maintenance. It discusses key figures in the history of electricity such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison, and Nikola Tesla. It also covers topics like types of electric current and circuits, components of electrical systems like wires and cables, and how to perform splices and joints. Classification of wires, cables, circuits and raceways are described along with diagrams to illustrate concepts.
Comparison of overhead and underground transmission linesahmed usama
Overhead transmission lines and underground cables both have advantages and disadvantages for transmitting electric power over long distances. Overhead lines are cheaper to install and maintain but are vulnerable to weather damage, while underground cables are more reliable but significantly more expensive. The choice between overhead and underground transmission depends on technical, economic and environmental factors for each specific situation.
The document discusses different types of electrical insulators used in power transmission and distribution systems. It describes pin insulators, which are used for voltages up to 33kV and secure the conductor to the pole. For higher voltages, suspension insulators are used and consist of multiple porcelain discs in series. Strain insulators are used at corners, curves, or dead ends to relieve tension on the line. Shackle insulators are used similarly for lower voltage distribution lines.
1. The document provides an overview of a training module on overhead line work. It covers power system structure, design principles of distribution lines, and installing/maintaining electrical equipment.
2. The objectives are to address distribution line problems, energize 33kV lines, develop awareness of installing/maintaining 33kV lines, and discuss insulation and equipment selection.
3. The target group are trainees in categories S1-S4 and W3-W6.
This document discusses different types of insulators used in overhead power lines. It describes pin insulators, suspension insulators, strain insulators, and shackle insulators. Suspension insulators consist of multiple porcelain discs connected in series by metal links. The voltage is not uniformly distributed across the discs of a suspension insulator string due to shunt capacitances. Methods to improve string efficiency include using longer cross arms, grading insulators with different capacitances, and adding a guard ring. The document also provides sample one mark and 12 mark questions related to insulators.
Construction of cables
Parts of a cable
Properties of cable insulators
Properties of conductors
Types of cables
Underground cables
Methods of laying underground cables
Types of cable faults
Comparison between overhead and underground cables
Overhead line insulators are used to electrically isolate power line conductors from each other and supporting structures. They protect transmission lines from over-voltages caused by lightning and switching. The most common insulator materials are porcelain and glass. Pin insulators are used for voltages up to 33kV, while suspension insulators are preferred for higher voltages as they can be scaled more easily. Proper insulator selection and arrangement is needed to achieve uniform voltage distribution across the insulator string. Sag in overhead lines must be properly calculated to limit conductor tension within safe levels while minimizing material usage and clearance heights.
insulators, conductors, transformer and ac motorsChippa Srikanth
it is basic to know of insulator conductor, transformer and ac motors. it is very useful to all electrical engineers. it is not only for engineers it is easily under standed by every one.
This document provides information about electrical installation and maintenance. It discusses key figures in the history of electricity such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison, and Nikola Tesla. It also covers topics like types of electric current and circuits, components of electrical systems like wires and cables, and how to perform splices and joints. Classification of wires, cables, circuits and raceways are described along with diagrams to illustrate concepts.
Comparison of overhead and underground transmission linesahmed usama
Overhead transmission lines and underground cables both have advantages and disadvantages for transmitting electric power over long distances. Overhead lines are cheaper to install and maintain but are vulnerable to weather damage, while underground cables are more reliable but significantly more expensive. The choice between overhead and underground transmission depends on technical, economic and environmental factors for each specific situation.
The document discusses different types of electrical insulators used in power transmission and distribution systems. It describes pin insulators, which are used for voltages up to 33kV and secure the conductor to the pole. For higher voltages, suspension insulators are used and consist of multiple porcelain discs in series. Strain insulators are used at corners, curves, or dead ends to relieve tension on the line. Shackle insulators are used similarly for lower voltage distribution lines.
1. The document provides an overview of a training module on overhead line work. It covers power system structure, design principles of distribution lines, and installing/maintaining electrical equipment.
2. The objectives are to address distribution line problems, energize 33kV lines, develop awareness of installing/maintaining 33kV lines, and discuss insulation and equipment selection.
3. The target group are trainees in categories S1-S4 and W3-W6.
This document discusses different types of insulators used in overhead power lines. It describes pin insulators, suspension insulators, strain insulators, and shackle insulators. Suspension insulators consist of multiple porcelain discs connected in series by metal links. The voltage is not uniformly distributed across the discs of a suspension insulator string due to shunt capacitances. Methods to improve string efficiency include using longer cross arms, grading insulators with different capacitances, and adding a guard ring. The document also provides sample one mark and 12 mark questions related to insulators.
Construction of cables
Parts of a cable
Properties of cable insulators
Properties of conductors
Types of cables
Underground cables
Methods of laying underground cables
Types of cable faults
Comparison between overhead and underground cables
Overhead line insulators are used to electrically isolate power line conductors from each other and supporting structures. They protect transmission lines from over-voltages caused by lightning and switching. The most common insulator materials are porcelain and glass. Pin insulators are used for voltages up to 33kV, while suspension insulators are preferred for higher voltages as they can be scaled more easily. Proper insulator selection and arrangement is needed to achieve uniform voltage distribution across the insulator string. Sag in overhead lines must be properly calculated to limit conductor tension within safe levels while minimizing material usage and clearance heights.
Tracking
Treeing
Erosion
Chalking
Crazing
Cracking
Hydrolysis
Puncture
Specified mechanical load (s.m.l)
Tensile load
Routine test load (r.t.l.)
Cantilever load
Compressive load
Maximum working combined loads
Working cantilever load (w.c. L.)
Maximum design rating (mdr)
Proof-test load
Delamination
Dielectric properties of insulation
Insulating material
Properties of insulating material
Porcelain insulator
Glass insulator
Advantages of glass insulator
Disadvantages of glass insulator
Polymer insulator
Core
Housing
Weathersheds
End fitting
Coupling zone
Interface
Characteristics
Advantages of polymer insulator
Disadvantages of polymer insulator
Pin insulator Structure
Petticoats Causes of insulator failures Designing consideration of pin insulator Dimensions for pin insulators Helically formed pin insulator types Post insulator Suspension insulator Advantages of suspension insulator Disadvantages of suspension insulator
Strain insulator Ball & socket type Tongue & clevis type
Stay/guy strain insulator Types of guy insulators Type of insulators for guy insulators Basic insulator level for guy insulators Mechanical strength for guy insulators Shackle insulator or spool insulator
Insulator design
Basic design concepts
Material selection
Core
Weathersheds
End fittings
Insulator design
Pollution consideration
Table-1
Pollution severity levels
Relation between the pollution level and the specific creepage distance
Application of the "specific creepage distance" concept
Parameters characterizing the profile
Influence of the position of insulators
Influence of the diameter
Determination of the creepage distance
Construction of cables
Insulation resistance of a single core cable
Capacitance of a single core cable
Dielectric stress in a single core cable
Grading of Cables-Capacitance grading and Inter sheath grading
Capacitance of 3-Core Cables
Problems
This is the summary to choose main components of Mechanical design of Overhead T/L .
For more contacts: ranjeetkumar13el42@gmail.com
@Fb : fb/ranjeet.ray.42
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domest...maharshi solanki
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domestic installation
Prepared by: Maharshi Solanki
Guided by:Prof. Jaydeep Vanpariya
Mr. Bishnu Charan Parida presented a seminar on the mechanical design of power systems under the guidance of Mr. Rajesh Panda. The presentation covered overhead lines, conductor materials such as aluminum and steel, types of line supports including wooden poles, RCC poles and steel towers. It also discussed insulator materials like porcelain and glass, and types of insulators including pin, suspension, and strain insulators. The presentation provided an overview of key components and considerations for designing power transmission and distribution systems.
Electrical cables come in many forms and are used to transmit electricity or data. Cables can be made of multiple wires twisted or braided together. Some key types of cables include coaxial cables, which have an inner conductor surrounded by insulating and conducting layers; twisted pair cables, which twist two conductors together to reduce interference; and fiber optic cables, which transmit data using light signals through glass fibers. Cables are used widely in power transmission, electronics, communications, and other applications.
1. There are several types of insulators used in overhead power lines including pin, suspension, strain, and shackle insulators.
2. Suspension insulators are made of multiple interconnected discs and are used for high voltage transmission above 33kV. They are more economical than pin insulators for higher voltages.
3. Strain insulators are horizontally suspended suspension insulators used to handle mechanical stresses at corners, curves, and long river crossings of high voltage transmission lines.
Electrical Engineering (EE) presentation on POWER CABLESPritish Parihar
The document is a seminar report submitted by Mukesh Solanki to fulfill the requirements for a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. The report discusses various types of power cables used for transmission and distribution of electricity, including overhead conductors such as AAC, AAAC, ACSR, ACAR, and underground cables. It provides details on the composition, properties, specifications and applications of different conductor types. The report aims to help understand the characteristics and selection criteria for optimal conductors based on transmission line design requirements.
This document discusses various types of wiring accessories and lighting used in domestic and commercial wiring. It describes common accessories like switches, sockets, plugs, lamp holders and safety devices like fuses and miniature circuit breakers. It also covers different types of lighting including incandescent, fluorescent, LED lights and discusses ambient, task and accent lighting. Various fixtures like pendants, chandeliers, track lighting and lanterns are also mentioned.
Comparison of overhead and underground transmission linesahmed usama
Overhead transmission lines are the lowest-cost method for transmitting large quantities of electricity over long distances. They operate at voltages from low to ultra high and consist of conductors suspended by towers. While overhead lines have lower installation and repair costs and less environmental impact than underground lines, undergrounding provides benefits like reduced outages from severe weather and lower electromagnetic field emissions. However, underground lines have significantly higher construction costs, longer repair times, and greater risks from ground movement.
The document provides information on different types of wires and cables used in electrical installations. It describes wires as single conductor conductors smaller than 8 AWG, while cables contain two or more insulated conductors wrapped in a jacket. Wires and cables can be either stranded, containing multiple twisted conductors, or solid, with a single conductor. The document then lists and describes over 30 specific types of wires and cables used for different applications, including building wiring, appliances, vehicles, communications, and industrial machinery.
Pin insulators are the earliest developed overhead insulators and are still commonly used for power networks up to 33kV. Pin insulators can have one, two, or three parts depending on the application voltage. In 11kV systems, single-part insulators made of porcelain or glass are generally used. Additional rain sheds or petticoats are provided to increase the leakage path and ensure discontinuity of the conducting path during rain. For higher voltages like 33kV and 66kV, multi-part pin insulators with porcelain shells fixed together are used since single-part insulators become too thick to manufacture practically.
This is the simple ppt explaining about the main components of the power systems. especially we are determining the insulators and its types with real time pictures which are attractive,
This document discusses different types of wires and cables used for power transmission. It describes common wire types like PVC wire and MICC wire and their advantages. It also discusses cable structure, classification based on insulation, conducting material and voltage rating. Cable termination and standard wire gauge for measuring current carrying capacity are also summarized.
This document provides definitions and information about various electrical concepts and components. It defines electrical services and discusses their uses in residential, industrial, and commercial buildings. It also defines key electrical terms like current, potential difference, conductors, insulators, and discusses direct and alternating current. The document then covers domestic electric supply systems, wiring components like fuses and circuit breakers, and different types of earthing systems. It concludes by describing various wiring methods and types of wires.
This document discusses different types of domestic wiring systems used in residential buildings, including cleat wiring, CTS wiring, metal sheathed wiring, casing and capping wiring, and conduit wiring. It describes the key features of each system and their advantages and disadvantages. Earthling and its necessity are also explained, highlighting the importance of connecting electrical equipment to earth for safety. Different earthing methods and factors affecting earth resistance are outlined.
This document provides information on electrical wiring systems. It discusses single phase and three phase wiring systems used for domestic and industrial applications. It describes the components of wiring including switches, wires, cables and different types. Factors affecting choice of wiring and specifications of wires are explained. Common wiring methods like cleat wiring, wooden casing and capping wiring, CTS wiring are described along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document contains information presented by Soumadip Ghara about transmission lines and their main components. It discusses conductors, supports such as poles and towers, insulators including pin, suspension, strain, and shackle types. The presentation covers the properties and materials desired for conductors, requirements for line supports, and the uses of different insulator types depending on voltage levels. It concludes by thanking the audience for learning about the various transmission line components that help deliver electric power.
A Training Report Of Saltlake 132/33kv SubstationSubhrajit Ghosh
This document provides a summary of a report on winter training at a 132/33kV substation in West Bengal, India. It defines an electrical substation and introduces the 132/33kV substation. It describes key equipment found at the substation, including busbars, insulators, isolating switches, circuit breakers, protective relays, transformers, direct lightning stroke protection, line isolators, wave traps, and metering instruments. It also discusses site selection, layout, insulation coordination, and common transformer faults and protection schemes.
2- OHL components - Part 4 - Insulators.pdfssuserbf792e1
Insulators are used to prevent current leakage from conductors to earth. Common insulator materials include porcelain, glass, steatite, and polymers. Porcelain and glass are commonly used up to 25kV, while polymers are used for higher voltages due to their strength. There are several types of insulators including pin, suspension, tension, and spool/shackle insulators. Pin insulators are used below 33kV while suspension insulators are used above 33kV due to their reduced mechanical stress. Insulator failures can occur due to cracking, porosity, flashover, mechanical stresses, short circuits, or dust deposition.
This document provides an overview of components and equipment in an electric substation, including:
1. It describes the basic components and layout of a substation, including bus bars, isolators, protective relays, circuit breakers, power transformers, and other equipment.
2. It provides details on the specific configuration of the 220KV G.S.S. Sanganer substation, including its outdoor design, one and half breaker scheme, incoming and outgoing feeders.
3. It explains protective relays, their purpose in detecting faults on transmission lines and initiating circuit breaker operation to isolate faulty elements from the system.
Tracking
Treeing
Erosion
Chalking
Crazing
Cracking
Hydrolysis
Puncture
Specified mechanical load (s.m.l)
Tensile load
Routine test load (r.t.l.)
Cantilever load
Compressive load
Maximum working combined loads
Working cantilever load (w.c. L.)
Maximum design rating (mdr)
Proof-test load
Delamination
Dielectric properties of insulation
Insulating material
Properties of insulating material
Porcelain insulator
Glass insulator
Advantages of glass insulator
Disadvantages of glass insulator
Polymer insulator
Core
Housing
Weathersheds
End fitting
Coupling zone
Interface
Characteristics
Advantages of polymer insulator
Disadvantages of polymer insulator
Pin insulator Structure
Petticoats Causes of insulator failures Designing consideration of pin insulator Dimensions for pin insulators Helically formed pin insulator types Post insulator Suspension insulator Advantages of suspension insulator Disadvantages of suspension insulator
Strain insulator Ball & socket type Tongue & clevis type
Stay/guy strain insulator Types of guy insulators Type of insulators for guy insulators Basic insulator level for guy insulators Mechanical strength for guy insulators Shackle insulator or spool insulator
Insulator design
Basic design concepts
Material selection
Core
Weathersheds
End fittings
Insulator design
Pollution consideration
Table-1
Pollution severity levels
Relation between the pollution level and the specific creepage distance
Application of the "specific creepage distance" concept
Parameters characterizing the profile
Influence of the position of insulators
Influence of the diameter
Determination of the creepage distance
Construction of cables
Insulation resistance of a single core cable
Capacitance of a single core cable
Dielectric stress in a single core cable
Grading of Cables-Capacitance grading and Inter sheath grading
Capacitance of 3-Core Cables
Problems
This is the summary to choose main components of Mechanical design of Overhead T/L .
For more contacts: ranjeetkumar13el42@gmail.com
@Fb : fb/ranjeet.ray.42
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domest...maharshi solanki
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domestic installation
Prepared by: Maharshi Solanki
Guided by:Prof. Jaydeep Vanpariya
Mr. Bishnu Charan Parida presented a seminar on the mechanical design of power systems under the guidance of Mr. Rajesh Panda. The presentation covered overhead lines, conductor materials such as aluminum and steel, types of line supports including wooden poles, RCC poles and steel towers. It also discussed insulator materials like porcelain and glass, and types of insulators including pin, suspension, and strain insulators. The presentation provided an overview of key components and considerations for designing power transmission and distribution systems.
Electrical cables come in many forms and are used to transmit electricity or data. Cables can be made of multiple wires twisted or braided together. Some key types of cables include coaxial cables, which have an inner conductor surrounded by insulating and conducting layers; twisted pair cables, which twist two conductors together to reduce interference; and fiber optic cables, which transmit data using light signals through glass fibers. Cables are used widely in power transmission, electronics, communications, and other applications.
1. There are several types of insulators used in overhead power lines including pin, suspension, strain, and shackle insulators.
2. Suspension insulators are made of multiple interconnected discs and are used for high voltage transmission above 33kV. They are more economical than pin insulators for higher voltages.
3. Strain insulators are horizontally suspended suspension insulators used to handle mechanical stresses at corners, curves, and long river crossings of high voltage transmission lines.
Electrical Engineering (EE) presentation on POWER CABLESPritish Parihar
The document is a seminar report submitted by Mukesh Solanki to fulfill the requirements for a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. The report discusses various types of power cables used for transmission and distribution of electricity, including overhead conductors such as AAC, AAAC, ACSR, ACAR, and underground cables. It provides details on the composition, properties, specifications and applications of different conductor types. The report aims to help understand the characteristics and selection criteria for optimal conductors based on transmission line design requirements.
This document discusses various types of wiring accessories and lighting used in domestic and commercial wiring. It describes common accessories like switches, sockets, plugs, lamp holders and safety devices like fuses and miniature circuit breakers. It also covers different types of lighting including incandescent, fluorescent, LED lights and discusses ambient, task and accent lighting. Various fixtures like pendants, chandeliers, track lighting and lanterns are also mentioned.
Comparison of overhead and underground transmission linesahmed usama
Overhead transmission lines are the lowest-cost method for transmitting large quantities of electricity over long distances. They operate at voltages from low to ultra high and consist of conductors suspended by towers. While overhead lines have lower installation and repair costs and less environmental impact than underground lines, undergrounding provides benefits like reduced outages from severe weather and lower electromagnetic field emissions. However, underground lines have significantly higher construction costs, longer repair times, and greater risks from ground movement.
The document provides information on different types of wires and cables used in electrical installations. It describes wires as single conductor conductors smaller than 8 AWG, while cables contain two or more insulated conductors wrapped in a jacket. Wires and cables can be either stranded, containing multiple twisted conductors, or solid, with a single conductor. The document then lists and describes over 30 specific types of wires and cables used for different applications, including building wiring, appliances, vehicles, communications, and industrial machinery.
Pin insulators are the earliest developed overhead insulators and are still commonly used for power networks up to 33kV. Pin insulators can have one, two, or three parts depending on the application voltage. In 11kV systems, single-part insulators made of porcelain or glass are generally used. Additional rain sheds or petticoats are provided to increase the leakage path and ensure discontinuity of the conducting path during rain. For higher voltages like 33kV and 66kV, multi-part pin insulators with porcelain shells fixed together are used since single-part insulators become too thick to manufacture practically.
This is the simple ppt explaining about the main components of the power systems. especially we are determining the insulators and its types with real time pictures which are attractive,
This document discusses different types of wires and cables used for power transmission. It describes common wire types like PVC wire and MICC wire and their advantages. It also discusses cable structure, classification based on insulation, conducting material and voltage rating. Cable termination and standard wire gauge for measuring current carrying capacity are also summarized.
This document provides definitions and information about various electrical concepts and components. It defines electrical services and discusses their uses in residential, industrial, and commercial buildings. It also defines key electrical terms like current, potential difference, conductors, insulators, and discusses direct and alternating current. The document then covers domestic electric supply systems, wiring components like fuses and circuit breakers, and different types of earthing systems. It concludes by describing various wiring methods and types of wires.
This document discusses different types of domestic wiring systems used in residential buildings, including cleat wiring, CTS wiring, metal sheathed wiring, casing and capping wiring, and conduit wiring. It describes the key features of each system and their advantages and disadvantages. Earthling and its necessity are also explained, highlighting the importance of connecting electrical equipment to earth for safety. Different earthing methods and factors affecting earth resistance are outlined.
This document provides information on electrical wiring systems. It discusses single phase and three phase wiring systems used for domestic and industrial applications. It describes the components of wiring including switches, wires, cables and different types. Factors affecting choice of wiring and specifications of wires are explained. Common wiring methods like cleat wiring, wooden casing and capping wiring, CTS wiring are described along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document contains information presented by Soumadip Ghara about transmission lines and their main components. It discusses conductors, supports such as poles and towers, insulators including pin, suspension, strain, and shackle types. The presentation covers the properties and materials desired for conductors, requirements for line supports, and the uses of different insulator types depending on voltage levels. It concludes by thanking the audience for learning about the various transmission line components that help deliver electric power.
A Training Report Of Saltlake 132/33kv SubstationSubhrajit Ghosh
This document provides a summary of a report on winter training at a 132/33kV substation in West Bengal, India. It defines an electrical substation and introduces the 132/33kV substation. It describes key equipment found at the substation, including busbars, insulators, isolating switches, circuit breakers, protective relays, transformers, direct lightning stroke protection, line isolators, wave traps, and metering instruments. It also discusses site selection, layout, insulation coordination, and common transformer faults and protection schemes.
2- OHL components - Part 4 - Insulators.pdfssuserbf792e1
Insulators are used to prevent current leakage from conductors to earth. Common insulator materials include porcelain, glass, steatite, and polymers. Porcelain and glass are commonly used up to 25kV, while polymers are used for higher voltages due to their strength. There are several types of insulators including pin, suspension, tension, and spool/shackle insulators. Pin insulators are used below 33kV while suspension insulators are used above 33kV due to their reduced mechanical stress. Insulator failures can occur due to cracking, porosity, flashover, mechanical stresses, short circuits, or dust deposition.
This document provides an overview of components and equipment in an electric substation, including:
1. It describes the basic components and layout of a substation, including bus bars, isolators, protective relays, circuit breakers, power transformers, and other equipment.
2. It provides details on the specific configuration of the 220KV G.S.S. Sanganer substation, including its outdoor design, one and half breaker scheme, incoming and outgoing feeders.
3. It explains protective relays, their purpose in detecting faults on transmission lines and initiating circuit breaker operation to isolate faulty elements from the system.
This document provides an overview of components in an electric substation, including:
- Bus bars that connect multiple feeders operating at the same voltage. Double bus bar arrangements allow maintenance while maintaining power flow.
- Isolators that disconnect equipment for repairs without danger. Different types include those with and without earth blades.
- Protective relays that detect faults by measuring electrical quantities and trigger circuit breakers to isolate faulty elements to protect the system.
- Additional sections cover circuit breakers, power transformers, current transformers, capacitive voltage transformers, transformer oil testing, lightning arrestors and other substation components.
This document provides an overview of components and equipment in an electric substation, including:
1. It describes the basic components and layout of a substation, including bus bars, isolators, protective relays, circuit breakers, power transformers, and other equipment.
2. It provides details on the specific configuration of the 220KV G.S.S. Sanganer substation, including its outdoor design, one and half breaker scheme, incoming and outgoing feeders.
3. It explains protective relays, including how they detect faults on transmission lines and signal circuit breakers to isolate faulty elements from the system.
Electrical wiring involves insulated conductors that carry current and connect domestic appliances like lights and fans to a power supply. Different types of wiring are used depending on the application, such as domestic, commercial, or industrial wiring. Proper earthing of electrical systems is important for safety and to provide an alternative path for fault currents. This involves connecting equipment to the earth, such as through electrodes made of copper plates or pipes buried underground. Earthing helps protect against electric shocks and equipment damage from overcurrent.
This document discusses the different types of insulators used in overhead power lines. It describes pin insulators, which are used for lower voltages up to 33kV and secure directly to cross arms. Suspension insulators are made of multiple interconnected porcelain discs and are more economical for higher voltages above 33kV. Strain insulators are vertically suspended suspension insulators used at line ends or sharp turns to handle mechanical stresses. Shackle insulators support even lower voltages and can mount horizontally or vertically. Stay insulators provide insulation between grounded stay wires and transmission poles.
This document provides an index and overview of the layout of a substation.
1. The index lists 14 topics that will be covered, ranging from bus bars and isolators to transformers and circuit breakers.
2. The introduction explains that electric power is transmitted through a network of substations, which change characteristics of the electric supply like voltage.
3. Outdoor substations like the 220KV GSS Sanganer are described, which have one and half breaker schemes and feed power to locations like KTPS and Sakatpura.
Electrical services WITH WIRING FUSES DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSMADHUMITHA355894
The document discusses electrical services including power generation, transmission, and distribution. It provides information on:
- How electricity is generated at power plants and increased in voltage for transmission through high voltage lines.
- How transmission substations reduce the voltage for further distribution and distribution substations further reduce the voltage for commercial and residential use.
- The components that link generators to end users including transformers, transmission lines, distribution lines, and substations.
This document provides an overview of domestic wiring concepts including electrical supply systems, distribution systems, cable types and ratings, load types, protection devices like fuses and circuit breakers, earthing, and general installation requirements. The three-phase four-wire distribution system is described along with voltage tolerances and cable sizing factors like voltage drop. Resistive, inductive, and capacitive load characteristics are summarized. Protection devices like fuses, MCBs, RCCBs, and ELCBs are explained with their working principles and advantages.
The document discusses various components of power distribution systems including substations, transmission lines, and distribution lines. It provides details on:
1) The components of a pole mounted substation, including the pole structure, transformer, insulators, switches, and earthing equipment.
2) The components of lattice steel transmission towers, including the peak, cross arms, body, and foundation.
3) Types of insulators used in distribution systems, including pin, post, disc, and suspension string insulators.
1. There are several types of insulators used in overhead power lines including pin, suspension, strain, and shackle insulators.
2. Suspension insulators are made of multiple interconnected discs and are used for high voltage transmission above 33kV. They are more economical than pin insulators for higher voltages.
3. Strain insulators are horizontally suspended suspension insulators used to handle mechanical stresses at corners, curves, or long river crossings of high voltage transmission lines.
Transmission & distribution of electrical powerpriyanka1432
This document provides an overview of the course "Transmission & Distribution of Electrical Power" which is divided into 8 modules. Module I introduces basics of power transmission including the necessity of transmitting electricity over long distances at high voltages to reduce losses. It also covers classifications of different transmission systems. Subsequent modules cover components of transmission lines such as conductors, insulators, and their characteristics as well as transmission line parameters and performance. Later modules address extra high voltage transmission, distribution system components, underground cables, and substations.
Main component parts of the overhead line
The most effective method of providing protection to transmission lines against direct lightning strokes is by use of overhead ground wires as shown in Fig 6. For simplicity, one ground wire and one line conductor are shown. The ground wires are placed above the line conductors at such positions that practically all lightning strokes are intercepted by them (i.
e. ground wires). The ground wires are grounded at each tower or pole through a low resistance as possible. Due to their proper location, the ground wires will take up all the lightning strokes instead of allowing them to line conductors. The degree of protection provided by the ground wires depends upon the footing resistance of the tower.
This document discusses transmission line parameters and components. It covers:
- The major components of transmission lines including conductors, towers, earth wires, and insulators.
- Types of transmission lines such as overhead lines, underground cables, and their classifications.
- The four parameters that characterize transmission lines: resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance.
- Factors that influence resistance like skin effect, temperature, conductor material, and bundling.
Earthing of mv and lv distribution linesSouvik Dutta
1) Earthing and bonding of power distribution systems requires balancing safety, reliability, and various fault conditions. Factors like step and touch potentials, fault clearing, lightning protection, and wood pole damage must be considered.
2) Transferring ground potential rise voltages from the MV system to the LV system can be lethal, so the paper focuses on optimally bonding wood poles that carry MV, LV, and other services.
3) Environmental factors like lightning, pollution, and wood properties influence earthing and bonding design choices to prevent equipment and pole damage while maintaining reliability.
EEE- BEE601 - TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION- Dr. V. Jayalakshmi.pdfAnbarasuL1
The document describes the key components of a typical power generation, transmission, and distribution system. It includes:
- Power generation plants that produce electricity which is stepped up by transmission substations and sent through transmission lines.
- Transmission substations that reduce the voltage for distribution, and distribution substations that further reduce voltage for customers.
- Distribution lines that deliver power to residential, commercial, and industrial customers.
The document also provides details on types of transmission line towers, substations, insulators, underground cables, and methods for laying cables underground.
EEE- BEE601 - TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION- Dr. V. Jayalakshmi.pdfKarthikkumar Shanmugam
Foundation of Electrical Engineering: Ability to understand the principles and working of electrical components, circuits, systems and control that are forming a part of power generation, transmission, distribution, utilization, conservation and energy saving. Students can assess the power management, auditing, crisis and energy saving aspects.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
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The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
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2. Books
Power System Analysis by John J Grainger & William D.
Stevenson, McGraw Hill, 1994.
Electrical Power Distribution Engineering by Tarun
Gonen, CRC Press, 2014.
Principles of power systems by V.K mehta and R. Mehta,
3rd edt. 2005
2
3. Grading Policy
Mid Term:30
Final Term: 40
*Sessional Marks: 30
Total: 100
*Sessional marks are to be given on the basis of quizzes &
assignments/class performance.
3
4.
5. 1-When electricity leaves a power plant
2- its voltage is increased at a “step-up” substation
3- Next, the energy travels along a transmission line to the area where the power is needed
4- Once there, the voltage is decreased or “stepped-down,” at another substation
5- and a distribution power line carries the
6- electricity until it reaches a home or business areas.
How Electricity is delivered to
us?
6. Distribution System
Power Distribution
System
is that part of an electric
power system which is
dedicated to delivering
electric energy to end
users. It is part of the
system between
transmission and the
consumer service point.
7. Power Distribution
Power distribution
System is the penultimate
stage in the delivery
(before retail) of
electricity to end users. It
is generally considered to
include medium-voltage
(less than 50 kV) power
lines, electrical
substations and pole-
mounted transformers,
low-voltage (less than
1000 V) distribution wiring
and sometimes electricity
meters.
8.
9. Power Distribution System Development
In the early days of electricity distribution, direct current DC
generators were connected to loads at the same voltage. The
generation, transmission and loads had to be of the same voltage
because there was no way of changing DC voltage levels, other than
inefficient motor-generator sets. Low DC voltages were used (on the
order of 100 volts) since that was a practical voltage for incandescent
lamps, which were then the primary electrical load. The low voltage
also required less insulation to be safely distributed within buildings.
The losses in a cable are proportional to the square of the current, the
length of the cable, and the resistivity of the material, and are
inversely proportional to cross-sectional area. Early transmission
networks were already using copper, which is one of the best
economically feasible conductors for this application. To reduce the
current and copper required for a given quantity of power transmitted
would require a higher transmission voltage, but no convenient
efficient method existed to change the voltage level of DC power
circuits. To keep losses to an economically practical level the Edison DC
system needed thick cables and local generators. Early DC generating
plants needed to be within about 1.5 miles of the farthest customer to
avoid the need for excessively large and expensive conductors.
10. Power Distribution System
Development
The adoption of alternating current (AC) for electricity
generation dramatically changed the situation. Power
transformers, installed at power stations, could be used
to raise the voltage from the generators and
transformers at local substations reduced it to supply
loads. Increasing the voltage reduced the current in the
transmission and distribution lines and hence the size
of conductors required and distribution losses incurred.
This made it more economical to distribute power over
long distances. Generators (such as hydroelectric sites)
could be located far from the loads.
11. Systems of Distribution Lines
According
to
Voltage
According
to
Current
According
to
Service
According
to
Construction
According
to
No. of Wires
According
to
Connection
Scheme
Secondary
Distribution
Primary
Distribution
AC
Distribution
DC
Distribution
Industrial
Domestic Underground
Overhead
3 Wire
2 Wire 4 Wire
Ring
Mains
Radial
Inter-
Connected
12. Overhead and Underground
(According to Construction)
The distribution system can be either overhead or
underground. It is usually overhead, though for higher
load densities in cities or metropolitan areas, it is
underground. The choice between overhead and
underground depends upon a number of number of
widely differing factors, such as the;
importance of service continuity,
improvement in appearance of the area,
comparative annual maintenance cost,
capital cost
and useful life of service
13.
14. Overhead System
In this system, long RCC or steel towers/poles are
erected on the surface of earth, and, with the help of
cross arms and insulators, naked wires are run overhead
at a height, not less than 10m from ground. overhead
lines are exposed to trees, animals and birds , to wind
and lightning, and to traffic and kites, therefore this
system has less reliability.
15. Mechanical Components of O.H Lines:
Line Supports
Line Insulators
Line Conductors
Miscellaneous components like cross-
arms, earth wire, ground wire, bird
guard, stay wire, lightning arrestor, anti-
climbing devices, phase-plates and danger plates etc.
16. Line supports
Line supports, as the name suggest, support the O.H line, cross-arms,
insulators, conductors, earth wire, etc. They should therefore be
mechanically strong, cheap and light in weight for easy transport and long
life. Various types of
(a) Wooden Poles
(b) RCC/PCC Poles
(c) Steel Poles
17. Overhead System
Wooden Poles:
Wooden poles are made of impregnated sal/chir/teak,deodar/kail wood.
The poles are generally 10-11m in length with sufficient base. They may
be of simple design (Fig.1) or having shape ‘A’ (Fig.2) or having shape ‘H’
(Fig.3). The ‘H’ type is stronger.
19. Wooden Poles
The wooden poles may be used upto 11KV. Their use is limited to rural
areas. These poles do not need earthing but their life is short. The
maximum span, for which they are used, is 150 meters. Usually aluminium
cap is provided on the top of these poles to protect the end grains.
20. RCC Poles
The reinforced cement concrete poles are very
much in use in rural as well as urban areas.
(See Fig.4).They are, generally, of square cross
section which goes on reducing towards the
top. They are also 10-11 maters long and are
used up to 33KV with span of 250m.They do not
need earthing. They are more expensive than
wood poles but cheaper than steel poles. They
are preferred where decorative consideration is
predominant Their life is long but have
shattering tendency when hit by a vehicle.
22. Steel Poles
Steel poles are stronger than RCC poles and, therefore, have a long life,
up to 50 years or more, if they are regularly painted and protected against
atmospheric reaction.
They may be
Rail Poles (Rail Track shape)
Tabular Poles (Round)
Rolled steel joint
23. Steel Poles
They are 10-13 meter length and are used upto 33KV
distribution purposes. Their cost is high. They need
earthing and precaution against electric shocks.
Generally they are not buried in in the ground but are
set in concrete foundations.
24. Line Insulators
Line insulators are installed on line supports. These help in avoiding direct
contact of the conductors with poles. Thus, any leakage through the
support to the earth is stopped, and the risk of electric shock from poles is
also minimized.
On the basis of material used, they are of two types.
(1) Porcelain
(2) Glass
25.
26. Comparison of Porcelain and Glass
Insulators
Porcelain Glass
1. It is mechanically stronger It is not strong; it is fragile
2. Its surface may be glazed to
prevent accumulation of water, dust
and dirt, and, thus , surface leakage
can be minimized.
The surface cannot be glazed; it may,
therefore, cause surface leakage.
3. Internal cracks or faults cannot be
easily detected as it is not transparent.
It is transparent; even visual
inspection can detect internal
cracks/faults
4. Its dielectric strength is about
70KV/cm
Its dielectric strength is about
150KV/cm
5. It can be used at any high voltage. Its use is limited upto 33KV.
27. On the basis of construction , main types are as follows
(1) Pin insulators
(2) Shackle Insulators
(3) Disc or suspension type Insulators
(4) Guystrain or Egg type or Stay Insulators
(5) Strain or tension type Insulators
28. Pin type insulators
These insulators are mounted on the pole with the help of pin, hence, the
name. they have a groove at their top, and the conductor is tied in the
groove by a binding wire going through its neck.
These are manufactured for voltages up to 33KV and are cheaper than
other types.
29.
30. Shackle Insulators
Shackle insulators are used on low tension (L.T) lines up to 1000V. They
are fixed with the pole though nut and bolt, with the help of a clamp D-
strap. They can be used in horizontal as well as vertical positions. The
conductor is fixed on its neck and tied with a binding wire.
31.
32. Disc or Suspension type Insulator
They are used as insulators on high voltage lines for suspension and dead
ending. They can be assembled with each other through ball and socket
joints to form string assemblies to suit a particular voltage level. Another
advantage of string is that, in case of fault in any disc, they whole string
need not to be replaced, only faulty piece is replaced.
33.
34. Guystrain or Egg type or Stay
Insulators
They are of egg shape and are used on stay wires. Therefore, they are
also, sometime, called stay Insulators. Their purpose is to protect human
beings and animals against shock through stay wires. They are used
wherever it is not possible to earth the stay wires or guard wires.
35.
36.
37. Strain or Tension Type
Insulators
Strain or tension type insulators are designed for
handling mechanical stresses at angle positions where
there is a change in the direction of the line or at
termination of the line.
38. Line Conductors
The conductors used distribution of power should have
the following properties:
1. They should have low resistivity (or high
conductivity) in order to carry more current.
2. They should have high mechanical (or tensile)
strength to withstand mechanical loads like ice,
stones, wind etc., otherwise they may sag.
3. They should be corrosion free.
4. They should be light in weight.
5. They should be cheap.
6. They should cause minimum voltage drop (IR) and
power loss (I2R) .
7. They should be flexible. This is the reason that
stranded conductors are preferred.
39. Types of Conductors
In view of mentioned requirements, the following types of line conductors
are used.
(1) Copper
(2) Aluminium
(3) A.C.S.R
(4) Galvanized Steel
40. Copper Conductors
Copper conductors give a relatively high tensile strength. It has a good
electrical conductivity, long life, and high scrape value. Copper
conductors is most suitable for distribution work where spans are short.
Their only negative point is that it is costly.
41. Aluminium Conductors
Aluminium is the next best conducting material after
copper. Its conductivity is less (2/3rd of copper) but it is
lighter in weight(1/3rd of copper). It is more effected
by sag due to weak mechanical strength. With
aluminium conductors, the length of span is also
reduced. However, it is very much in use in place of
copper due to low costs. Several types of aluminium
conductors are as follows.
(a) AAC (All-Aluminium Conductors)
(b) ACSR (Aluminium conductors Steel Reinforced)
(c) AAAC (All-Aluminium Alloy Conductors)
(d) ACAR (Aluminium Conductors, Alloy Reinforced)
43. ACSR
Due to less availability of aluminium and also for
reducing cost, ACSR(Aluminium Coductor with Steel
reinforced) has become very popular now.It has core of
galvanized(to prevent corrosion) steel surrounded by
aluminium strands.
44.
45. Galvanized Steel
Due to high tensile strength, galavanized steel can be
used at extremely large spans.Galvanization protects
steel against corrosion.They are more in use in rural
areas where cost is the main consideration.They are
also used as earth wire on poles, as stay wires and have
other similar applications
46. Miscellaneous components
Cross arms:
These are the wooden arms (sisso or sal) of two poles which
supports insulators.
Earth wire:
This wire runs at the top of the pole. It must be properly
earthed. It protects against lightning.
Guard Wire:
These wires are provided above or below power lines
crossing the telecommunication lines.
Bird Guard:
It is an ebonite stick, with round top and fixed near the
insulator insulators to prevent flashover due to birds sitting on the
conductors. This protection is provided only with pin insulators.
Phase Plates:
One each phase, R, Y,B marked plates are put so that
different plates may be identified.
Danger Plates:
A danger plate, marked with the line voltage, is fastened on
poles as a caution to the public
47. Underground System
In this system, properly insulated cables re run
in pipes, underground. It needs lot of earth
work as well as heavy insulation on the wires.
However cost of poles, cross arms and
insulators are eliminated. underground system
is more reliable than O.H system. Unlike
overhead distribution, underground lines
reduce hazards to the general public, improve
the aesthetics of our landscape and aren’t
exposed to natural weather forces that can
decrease efficiency and the longevity of your
electric system. Underground system is
expensive than O.H system.
48. Comparison b/w O.H and U.G systems
O.H System U.G System
1.The O.H system is laid on the
ground, it disturb public life.
It is laid underground, it does not
disturb public life.
2.It gives a shabby look and
damages the beauty of
surrounding.
It maintains the beauty of
surrounding.
3. Repair and extension is easy Repair and extension is difficult
4.It has high cost of maintenance Maintenance cost is low.
5.It disturb the communication as
well as transport system.
6.It does not disturb the
communication and public
transport system.
49. Comparison b/w O.H and U.G systems
O.H System U.G System
6.It can work up to 400KV. It is not used above 66KV due to
insulation problems,
7.It needs protection against
lightning surges.
It does not need any protection
against lightning surges.
8.Fault occurs frequently. Very little chance of fault exists.
9.Initial cost is high. Its initial cost is higher.
10.Interruption of supply is
common.
It has very little chance of
interruption of supply.
11.It is flexible It is less flexible.