Ms. Ritika Soni presented on Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's is a progressive brain disorder that causes memory loss and cognitive decline. It was first described by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1906 from examining a patient with unusual brain abnormalities. The causes are not fully known but risk factors include age, family history, and head injuries. Diagnosis involves cognitive assessments and brain imaging. Currently, there is no cure, but medications and caregiving can temporarily improve symptoms.
Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment.
Definition
Statistics of AD
A brief introduction
Signs and symptoms of AD
NMDA receptors
Classification
Causes
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
AD… The great unknown
Treatment Options
Future Trends
Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment.
Definition
Statistics of AD
A brief introduction
Signs and symptoms of AD
NMDA receptors
Classification
Causes
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
AD… The great unknown
Treatment Options
Future Trends
Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
History
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Non pharmacological treatment
Drugs used in treatment of Alzheimer`s
Recent advances
Screening methods
Summary
References
Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that affects memory, thinking and behavior, Symptoms eventually grow severe enough to interfere with daily tasks. Subscribe to E-News to learn how you can help those affected by Alzheimer's. Understanding Alzheimer's and dementia.
Alzheimer's disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Carol Manning at the live webinar hosted by AlzPossible at www.alzpossible.org on the 17th of March, 2014.
www.alzpossible.org
უკანასკნელი ათწლეულის განმავლობაში დასავლეთ ევროპასა და აშშ-ში საკმაო წარმატებებით იკვლევენ დასწავლისა და მეხსიერების, დაბერებასთან დაკავშირებული გონებრივი პროცესებისა და მეხსიერების დაქვეითების ნეირობიოლოგიურ საკითხებს, აგრეთვე ალცჰეიმერის დაავადებას. ეს უკანასკნელი სიბერესთან დაკავშირებული ჭკუასუსტობის ყველაზე გავრცელებული ფორმაა, რომლის მასშტაბებიც საზოგადოების დიდ შეშფოთებას იწვევს.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia.
Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
History
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Non pharmacological treatment
Drugs used in treatment of Alzheimer`s
Recent advances
Screening methods
Summary
References
Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that affects memory, thinking and behavior, Symptoms eventually grow severe enough to interfere with daily tasks. Subscribe to E-News to learn how you can help those affected by Alzheimer's. Understanding Alzheimer's and dementia.
Alzheimer's disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Carol Manning at the live webinar hosted by AlzPossible at www.alzpossible.org on the 17th of March, 2014.
www.alzpossible.org
უკანასკნელი ათწლეულის განმავლობაში დასავლეთ ევროპასა და აშშ-ში საკმაო წარმატებებით იკვლევენ დასწავლისა და მეხსიერების, დაბერებასთან დაკავშირებული გონებრივი პროცესებისა და მეხსიერების დაქვეითების ნეირობიოლოგიურ საკითხებს, აგრეთვე ალცჰეიმერის დაავადებას. ეს უკანასკნელი სიბერესთან დაკავშირებული ჭკუასუსტობის ყველაზე გავრცელებული ფორმაა, რომლის მასშტაბებიც საზოგადოების დიდ შეშფოთებას იწვევს.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently.
Symptoms: Amnesia; Dementia
Diseases or conditions caused: Dementia
Pathophysiology
Pathology
BPharm 2nd Semester
MPharm
Therapeutics
MBBS
the feathers of the disease and It is histology
For downloading the presentation, more presentations , infographics and blogs visit :
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Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with severe dementia. Due to the accumulation of Beta-Amyloid proteins acetyl-choline producing neurons are getting degenerated. Alzheimer's disease is one of the most devastating brain disorders of elderly humans. It is an under-treated and under-recognized disease that is becoming a major public health problem.
Alzheimer's disease is a causes a progressive loss of brain cells leading to memory loss. In this slide we will learn about its causes,symptoms, pathophysiology, treatment, medication and risk factors.
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative
brain disorder of unknown etiology which
is the most common form of dementia, that
usually starts in late middle age or in old
age, results in progressive memory loss,
impaired thinking, disorientation, and
changes in personality and mood. There is
degeneration of brain neurons especially in
the cerebral cortex and presence of
neurofibrillary tangles and plaques
containing beta-amyloid cells
The disease was first described
by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German
physician, in 1906. Alzheimer had a
patient named Auguste D, in her
fifties who suffered from what
seemed to be a mental illness. But
when she died in 1906, an autopsy
revealed dense deposits, now called
neuritic plaques, outside and around
the nerve cells in her brain. Inside
the cells were twisted strands of
fiber, or neurofibrillary tangles.
Since Dr. Alois Alzheimer's was the
first person who discovered the
disease, AD was named after him.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive condition, which means the symptoms develop gradually over many years and eventually become more severe. It affects multiple brain functions.
The first sign of Alzheimer's disease is usually minor memory problems.
For example, this could be forgetting about recent conversations or events, and forgetting the names of places and objects.
As the condition develops, memory problems become more severe and further symptoms can develop, such as:
confusion, disorientation and getting lost in familiar places
difficulty planning or making decisions
problems with speech and language
problems moving around without assistance or performing self-care tasks
personality changes, such as becoming aggressive, demanding and suspicious of others
hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there) and delusions (believing things that are untrue)
low mood or anxiety
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
2. INTRODUCTION
Alzheimer's disease is the commonest
progressive, dementing, neurodegenerative
brain disorder , which is the most common
form of dementia, that usually starts in late
middle age or in old age, results in
progressive memory loss, impaired thinking,
disorientation, and changes in personality &
mood.
There is degeneration of brain neurons
especially in the cerebral cortex and presence
of neurofibrillary tangles and plaques
containing beta-amyloid cells
3. ORIGIN OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
The disease was first described
by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German
physician, in 1906.
Alzheimer had a patient
named Auguste D, in her fifties
who suffered from what seemed to
be a mental illness. But when she
died in 1906, an autopsy revealed
dense deposits, now called neuritic
plaques, outside and around the
nerve cells in her brain. Inside the
cells were twisted strands of fiber,
or neurofibrillary tangles.
Since Dr. Alois Alzheimer's was the
first person who discovered the
disease, AD was named after him.
Auguste D
4. Definitions
Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic, irreversible
disease that affects the cells of the brain and causes
impairment of intellectual functioning.
Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder which
gradually destroys the ability to reason, remember,
imagine, and learn.
5. COMPARISON OF A NORMAL AGED BRAIN
(LEFT) AND AN ALZHEIMER'S PATIENT'S BRAIN
(RIGHT). DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
ARE POINTED OUT.
6. BRAIN CROSS SECTIONS
FIGURE –2 NEUROBIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER’S
DISEASE.
Gyrus
Normal Alzheimer’s
Memory
Memory
LanguageLanguage
Ventricle
Gyrus
Sulcus
Sulcus
7. INCIDENCE
About 3 percent of men and women
ages 65 to 74 have AD, and nearly half
of those age 85 and older may have the
disease.
About 3,60,000 new cases of
Alzheimer’s are diagnosed each year.
9. CAUSES
The cause of Alzheimer’s disease is
not known.
However, several factors on the basis
of hypothesis are thought to be implicated
in this disease.
10. 1.NEUROCHEMICALFACTORS
a) Acetylcholine alteration
b) Others: serotonin, dopamine, nor epinephrine
c) Amino acid glutamate: excess glutamate
leads to overstimulation of the N-methyl-D-
aspartate (NMDA) receptors, leading to
increased intracellular calcium, and
subsequent neuronal degeneration and cell
death.
d) Somatostatin.
e) Substance P.
11. 2. Plaques and Tangles.
An overabundance of structures called
plaques and tangles appears in the
brains of individuals with AD.
The plaques are made of a protein
called amyloid beta (Aβ ), which are
fragments of a larger protein called
amyloid precursor protein.
Plaques are formed when these
fragments clump together and mix with
molecules and other cellular matter.
Tangles are formed from a special kind
of cellular protein called tau protein,
whose function it is to provide stability to
the neuron.
In AD, the tau protein is chemically
altered).
Strands of the protein become tangled
together, interfering with the neuronal
transport system.
12. 3.Head Trauma:
The etiology of AD has been associated with
serious head trauma.
Studies have shown that some individuals who had
experienced head trauma had subsequently (after
years) developed AD.
Munoz and Feldman (2000) report an increased risk
for AD in individuals who are both genetically
predisposed and who experience traumatic head
injury.
13. 4.Genetic Factors:
There is clearly a familial pattern with some forms
of AD.
Some families exhibit a pattern of inheritance that
suggests possible autosomal dominant gene
transmission.
People with Down syndrome, who carry an extra
copy of chromosome 21, have been found to be
unusually susceptible to AD
14. 5.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS:
• Cigarette smoking.
• Certain Infections.
• Metals, industrial or other toxins.
• Use of cholesterol lowering drugs
(statin).
16. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Alzheimer's disease attacks nerves and brain
cells as well as neurotransmitters.
• The destruction of these parts causes clumps of
protein to form around the brain's cells. These
clumps are known as 'plaques' and 'bundles'.
The presence of the 'plaques' and 'bundles' start
to destroy more connections between the brain
cells, which makes the condition worse.
17. DUE TO THE ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
CHANGES OCCUR IN THE PROTIENS OF THE NERVE CELLS
OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
ACCUMULATION OF NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES AND PLAQUES
GRANULO VASCULAR DEGENERATION
LOSS OF CHOLINERGIC NERVE CELLS
LOSS OF MEMORY, FUNCTION AND COGNITION
18. Microscopy image of a neurofibrillary tangle,
conformed by hyperphosphorylated tau
protein
19.
20. • Enzymes act on the APP (amyloid precursor protein) and
cut it into fragments. The beta-amyloid fragment is
crucial in the formation of senile plaques in AD
21. In Alzheimer's disease, changes in tau protein lead to the
disintegration of microtubules in brain cells.
22. SIGNS
Ten warning signs of Alzheimer's disease
1) Memory loss
2) Difficulty to performing familiar tasks
3) Problems with language
4) Disorientation to time and place
5) Poor or decreased judgment
6) Problems with abstract thinking
7) Misplacing things
8) Changes in mood or behavior
9) Changes in personality
10) Loss of initiative
23. SYMPTOMS
• Confusion
• disturbances in short-term memory
• problems with attention and spatial orientation
• personality changes
• language difficulties
• unexplained mood swings
28. PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION
• Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors -prevent the
breakdown of acetylcholine, a chemical
messenger important for learning and memory
eg. Donepezil (Aricept)
Rivastigmine (Exelon)
Galantamine (Razadyne
29. N-Methyl d-aspartate Receptor Antagonist
(NMDA)
• Eg:Memantine – blocks the NMDA
receptor and inhibit their overstimulation
by glutamate (neurotransmitter)
• Antidepressents.
• Anxiolytics.
• Antipsychotics.
• Anticonvulsants
31. Caregiving
Since Alzheimer's has no cure and it
gradually renders people incapable of
tending for their own needs, caregiving
essentially is the treatment and must be
carefully managed over the course of the
disease
32. Prognosis
• The early stages of Alzheimer's disease are difficult to
diagnose. A definitive diagnosis is usually made once
cognitive impairment compromises daily living activities,
although the person may still be living independently. He
will progress from mild cognitive problems, such as
memory loss through increasing stages of cognitive and
non-cognitive disturbances, eliminating any possibility of
independent living.
• Life expectancy of the population with the disease is
reduced. The mean life expectancy following diagnosis is
approximately seven years. Fewer than 3% of patients
live more than fourteen years. Disease features
significantly associated with reduced survival are an
increased severity of cognitive impairment, decreased
functional level, history of falls, and disturbances in the
neurological examination.
33. • Other coincident diseases such as heart problems,
diabetes or history of alcohol abuse are also related with
shortened survival. While the earlier the age at onset the
higher the total survival years, life expectancy is
particularly reduced when compared to the healthy
population among those who are younger. Men have a
less favourable survival prognosis than women.
• The disease is the underlying cause of death in 70% of
all cases.Pneumonia and dehydration are the most
frequent immediate causes of death, while cancer is a
less frequent cause of death than in the general
population.