This document summarizes the electrical systems designed and implemented for the AGN Amsteg site in Switzerland for tunnel construction. A 30MVA power system was designed using medium voltage distribution and transformers to power tunnel boring machines, conveyors, ventilation and other equipment. Automated monitoring and control systems were implemented to increase safety and efficiency, including remote supervision of equipment. Fiber optic networks were installed to connect control systems across the large site.
The document discusses various aspects of data center facility infrastructure including electrical systems, cooling systems, power supply standards, and physical security. It describes the components of electrical and cooling infrastructure needed to power and regulate temperature and humidity in the data center. These include transformers, generators, circuit breakers, distribution boards, voltage regulators, UPS systems, CRAC units, and chillers. The document also covers power supply technology trends, converter topologies, and Uptime Institute tier standards for redundancy. Physical security considerations are outlined related to site location, natural disasters, and accidental or intentional threats.
Turnkey Solutions – the key to successful projects
----------------------------------------------------------------
EPC Solutions has all it takes to design, construct, and operate turnkey electrical substation solutions that efficiently support the reliable supply of electrical power on all voltage levels: decades of practical experience as a contractor and equipment manufacturer and a vast number of successfully completed projects all over the world, unparalleled expertise in all transmission processes, and proven excellence in project management. A distinguished tradition of innovation in power engineering, customized financing solutions, and outstanding quality standards in all production facilities worldwide round out the picture.
EPCS turnkey solutions for high-voltage substations incorporate the strong performance of one of the world’s leading engineering companies and one-stop supplier of power transmission products, solutions, and services. The scope of services comprises consulting, project management, system planning, engineering, commissioning, and comprehensive after-sales support. Centers of competence and branches all over the world create local value and ensure that EPCS experts are within close reach of every project.Customers worldwide benefit from numerous advantages of high-voltage substations from EPCS:
>One-stop approach comprising all technical, financial, and ecological aspects of the station’s entire life cycle
>Customized solutions based on proven EPCS technologies, even for the most challenging demands
>Freedom from coordination efforts and minimized financial and technical risk
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
This paper describe the design and
implementation of an “Automatic method of protecting
transformer as an alternative to the fuse protection technique”.
The aim of this paper is to provide an alternative, effective,
efficient and more reliable method of protecting fault from
power transformer which may arose as a result of overload,
high temperature or a high input voltage. Generally, fault may
occur in transformers due to the stated reasons. To safeguard
the damage of the transformer with the aid and help of
microcontroller we monitor and control the entire circuitry.
Thereafter regarding the monitoring and control, information
about the operation of the parameters would be transmitted to a
personal computer for general monitoring and control, which
avoid the need of the lines men who had to go to the transformer
to re-fix fuses. Lastly, a working system was demonstrated to
authenticate the design and possible improvements were also
presented.
- Nextronex has developed a new utility-scale solar inverter and DC collection system that aims to improve efficiency and reduce losses compared to traditional systems.
- Their system received UL certification in 2010 and has been installed at several sites totaling over 6 MW. It uses distributed inverters, a smart controller, and other components to minimize losses from wiring and improve performance.
- Nextronex claims their system can improve overall efficiency by 5-8% or up to 20% compared to traditional designs by reducing DC losses, improving inverter efficiency, and allowing for energy harvesting under low light conditions.
The document discusses power quality measurement and monitoring systems. It describes how increased use of non-linear loads is causing interference issues like harmonics. Continuous monitoring of electrical installations is needed to ensure safety and reliability. A multi-point monitoring system can detect changes and faults early, improve power quality, and assess energy usage. The system collects data from universal measurement devices and displays information on a control center touchscreen for analysis.
Electrical Technology was founded on the remarkable discovery by Faraday that a changing magnetic flux creates an electric field. Out of that discovery, grew the largest and most complex engineering achievement of man : the electric power system. Indeed, life without electricity is now unimaginable. Electric power systems form the basic infrastructure of a country. Even as we read this, electrical energy is being produced at rates in excess of hundreds of giga-watts (1 GW = 1,000,000,000 W). Giant rotors spinning at speeds up to 3000 rotations per minute bring us the energy stored in the potential energy of water, or in fossil fuels. Yet we notice electricity only when the lights go out!
While the basic features of the electrical power system have remained practically unchanged in the past century, but there are some significant milestones in the evolution of electrical power systems.
The document describes the design and development of a SCADA system to monitor a solar power plant. Key points:
1. The SCADA system collects data from field devices like inverters, meters and weather sensors to monitor critical parameters and provide a comprehensive real-time view of the entire solar plant.
2. Data is transmitted from sensors to local controllers via Modbus, then from local to master controller over Ethernet and fiber optic cable for long-distance transmission.
3. The master controller sends data to the SCADA interface where an operator can monitor parameters, control the plant, and set up alarm notifications for issues. This allows remote monitoring and management of the solar plant.
The document discusses various aspects of data center facility infrastructure including electrical systems, cooling systems, power supply standards, and physical security. It describes the components of electrical and cooling infrastructure needed to power and regulate temperature and humidity in the data center. These include transformers, generators, circuit breakers, distribution boards, voltage regulators, UPS systems, CRAC units, and chillers. The document also covers power supply technology trends, converter topologies, and Uptime Institute tier standards for redundancy. Physical security considerations are outlined related to site location, natural disasters, and accidental or intentional threats.
Turnkey Solutions – the key to successful projects
----------------------------------------------------------------
EPC Solutions has all it takes to design, construct, and operate turnkey electrical substation solutions that efficiently support the reliable supply of electrical power on all voltage levels: decades of practical experience as a contractor and equipment manufacturer and a vast number of successfully completed projects all over the world, unparalleled expertise in all transmission processes, and proven excellence in project management. A distinguished tradition of innovation in power engineering, customized financing solutions, and outstanding quality standards in all production facilities worldwide round out the picture.
EPCS turnkey solutions for high-voltage substations incorporate the strong performance of one of the world’s leading engineering companies and one-stop supplier of power transmission products, solutions, and services. The scope of services comprises consulting, project management, system planning, engineering, commissioning, and comprehensive after-sales support. Centers of competence and branches all over the world create local value and ensure that EPCS experts are within close reach of every project.Customers worldwide benefit from numerous advantages of high-voltage substations from EPCS:
>One-stop approach comprising all technical, financial, and ecological aspects of the station’s entire life cycle
>Customized solutions based on proven EPCS technologies, even for the most challenging demands
>Freedom from coordination efforts and minimized financial and technical risk
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
This paper describe the design and
implementation of an “Automatic method of protecting
transformer as an alternative to the fuse protection technique”.
The aim of this paper is to provide an alternative, effective,
efficient and more reliable method of protecting fault from
power transformer which may arose as a result of overload,
high temperature or a high input voltage. Generally, fault may
occur in transformers due to the stated reasons. To safeguard
the damage of the transformer with the aid and help of
microcontroller we monitor and control the entire circuitry.
Thereafter regarding the monitoring and control, information
about the operation of the parameters would be transmitted to a
personal computer for general monitoring and control, which
avoid the need of the lines men who had to go to the transformer
to re-fix fuses. Lastly, a working system was demonstrated to
authenticate the design and possible improvements were also
presented.
- Nextronex has developed a new utility-scale solar inverter and DC collection system that aims to improve efficiency and reduce losses compared to traditional systems.
- Their system received UL certification in 2010 and has been installed at several sites totaling over 6 MW. It uses distributed inverters, a smart controller, and other components to minimize losses from wiring and improve performance.
- Nextronex claims their system can improve overall efficiency by 5-8% or up to 20% compared to traditional designs by reducing DC losses, improving inverter efficiency, and allowing for energy harvesting under low light conditions.
The document discusses power quality measurement and monitoring systems. It describes how increased use of non-linear loads is causing interference issues like harmonics. Continuous monitoring of electrical installations is needed to ensure safety and reliability. A multi-point monitoring system can detect changes and faults early, improve power quality, and assess energy usage. The system collects data from universal measurement devices and displays information on a control center touchscreen for analysis.
Electrical Technology was founded on the remarkable discovery by Faraday that a changing magnetic flux creates an electric field. Out of that discovery, grew the largest and most complex engineering achievement of man : the electric power system. Indeed, life without electricity is now unimaginable. Electric power systems form the basic infrastructure of a country. Even as we read this, electrical energy is being produced at rates in excess of hundreds of giga-watts (1 GW = 1,000,000,000 W). Giant rotors spinning at speeds up to 3000 rotations per minute bring us the energy stored in the potential energy of water, or in fossil fuels. Yet we notice electricity only when the lights go out!
While the basic features of the electrical power system have remained practically unchanged in the past century, but there are some significant milestones in the evolution of electrical power systems.
The document describes the design and development of a SCADA system to monitor a solar power plant. Key points:
1. The SCADA system collects data from field devices like inverters, meters and weather sensors to monitor critical parameters and provide a comprehensive real-time view of the entire solar plant.
2. Data is transmitted from sensors to local controllers via Modbus, then from local to master controller over Ethernet and fiber optic cable for long-distance transmission.
3. The master controller sends data to the SCADA interface where an operator can monitor parameters, control the plant, and set up alarm notifications for issues. This allows remote monitoring and management of the solar plant.
Next105 Ases Power Point Presentation Internal FinalNextronex Inc
Nextronex has developed a new distributed solar inverter and wiring system that improves on traditional centralized designs. Their system uses low profile inverters placed throughout the solar array, connected by an integrated DC bus and zone boxes, to minimize voltage drops and copper use. This distributed architecture provides improved efficiency, fault tolerance, monitoring and maintenance capabilities compared to conventional large central inverters. Nextronex has also developed smart switching and control algorithms to optimize inverter-level efficiencies and response to changing conditions.
IRJET- Analysis of Load Frequency Control for a Distributed Grid System Invol...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes load frequency control for a distributed grid system involving wind, hydro, and thermal power plants using conventional and fuzzy logic controllers. It models a three-area system with area 1 containing a thermal plant, area 2 containing a hydro plant, and area 3 containing wind generation. It simulates the system responses to a 1% load disturbance in one area using each controller and compares the undershoot and settling time. The fuzzy logic controller provides better dynamic response with lower undershoot, overshoot, and faster settling time compared to the conventional PI controller. This shows fuzzy logic control is more effective at maintaining frequency stability in an interconnected power system with various generation sources.
Presented by Joonas Päivärinta, Helsinki Energy, Joel Seppälä, Helen SV, and Pekka Koponen, VTT at the IEA DSM workshop in Espoo, Finland on 14 November 2012.
“Microcontroller Based Substation Monitoring system with gsm modem”.Priya Rachakonda
• The system is used for transmitting the message to predefined number about the
status of electrical parameters such as voltage, current, temperature etc., to improve
the quality of power.
• Studied about the protection, monitoring and control of a power system.
Microcontroller based-substation-monitoring-and-controlling-systemMahmud Hasan Uday
This document presents a microcontroller-based system for monitoring and controlling a distribution transformer substation. The system measures voltage, current and temperature and can shut down the transformer if any parameters peak. It allows for remote monitoring to avoid power losses and quick repairs. While costly and bulky, future implementations could use GPRS to send data anywhere and integrate with smart meters. The conclusion states this design makes the distribution more secure, reliable and efficient.
This document discusses power quality meters, including their features and uses. It focuses on Class A power quality meters, describing their precise measurement capabilities. The document demonstrates the Janitza UMG PRO series of power quality meters, including the UMG 512-PRO Class A analyzer. It shows how power quality meters can be used in a manufacturing plant setup to monitor individual machine loads and identify potential power quality issues causing equipment damage or downtime.
Improved dynamic performances of multi area reheat thermal agc power systems ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Transmission and distribution system of nepalBishal Rimal
This document summarizes Nepal's power transmission and distribution system. It outlines that Nepal's electrical power system consists of generation, transmission, and distribution systems. The transmission system transmits bulk power from generation stations to substations, while the distribution system distributes power to consumers. It then provides details on the components of Nepal's transmission lines, the role of the Nepal Electricity Authority, transmission losses over time, ongoing and planned transmission line projects, and the radial and ring-based structure of Nepal's distribution networks. It concludes by discussing NEA's consumer growth trends, loss reduction activities, and future plans to improve energy efficiency.
The document describes an outdoor telecom shelter solution that provides:
1) Power and climate control systems to enable remote telecom operations.
2) A compact and modular design for easy transportation, assembly, and maintenance.
3) Standard features like electrical outlets, lighting, ventilation, and cable trays for telecom equipment.
Application of scada for system automation on smart grid rev2Ezechukwu Ukiwe
SCADA systems play a critical role in monitoring and controlling modern power grids and remain essential components of smart grid systems. SCADA provides real-time monitoring of power systems through continuous measurement of parameters across the network. It enables utilities to automate operations like load dispatching and frequency control. As power grids increase in complexity with smart grid technologies, SCADA takes on greater importance in integrating distributed generation, accommodating bidirectional power flows, and ensuring overall network reliability and security.
IRJET- Performance Enhancement of DFIG based Wind Farms Integrated in Power S...IRJET Journal
This document discusses improving the performance of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind farms integrated into power systems under voltage dips. It proposes coordinating the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and power system stabilizer (PSS) of synchronous generators using fuzzy logic. A fuzzy coordinator is designed to eliminate harmful interactions between AVR and PSS during faults by adjusting their gains based on rotor angle and terminal voltage deviations. Simulation results on the IEEE 10-machine 39-bus system show the fuzzy coordinator helps transmit voltage at the point of common coupling and reduces DFIGs' reactive power needs under faults, enhancing system performance.
The document discusses the design of a microcontroller-based system for parameter measurement and protection of electrical transformers using power line communication. It aims to monitor transformer parameters like voltage, current, temperature and protect against overcurrent and overvoltage faults. The system uses current and voltage sensors connected to a microcontroller to measure parameters. If a fault is detected, the microcontroller sends a trip signal to a relay to disconnect the transformer. It is intended to provide improved reliability compared to traditional electromechanical protection techniques.
Single area load frequency control by using pi,fuzzy logic control1SAI SREE
This paper compares PI and fuzzy logic controllers for single area load frequency control of an isolated power system. PI controllers are commonly used but have poor transient performance and require steady state error to reach zero. Fuzzy logic controllers offer improved transient performance as they are robust and nonlinear. The paper finds that while PI controllers are simpler with less required data, fuzzy logic controllers settle more quickly with changes in load and are thus better for maintaining constant frequency during transients despite being more complex.
Grid Connected Photovoltaic System with Energy Management SchemeIRJET Journal
This document describes a grid-connected photovoltaic system with an energy management scheme. The system includes solar panels, a boost converter, single-phase inverter, loads, and an energy management module. The energy management module monitors energy usage and controls the inverter to maintain power balance. It allows excess solar energy to be exported to the grid and draws power from the grid when solar cannot meet local load demand, enabling bidirectional power flow. The system aims to deliver stable power output regardless of solar variations through this energy management scheme.
Revealing power quality as a process variable - Carotek Process Solutions Su...Carotek
Less unscheduled downtime means more efficiency, more productivity, more profit. Dirty Power is often the unseen culprit, accounting for an estimated 20%-30% of all unexplained stoppages. This session covers ways to diagnose and reduce—and even prevent—Dirty Power events.
IRJET- Fault Ride through Technique of DFIG Under Faults by using DVRIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) to improve the fault ride-through capability of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) used in wind turbines.
2) A DFIG relies on back-to-back voltage source converters which make it susceptible to faults that cause voltage dips. This can cause the DFIG to lose synchronization and trip off the grid.
3) A DVR monitors the grid voltage and injects the missing voltage during faults to maintain the load voltage. This allows the DFIG to continue operating through faults as required by grid codes.
4) Simulation results are presented for a 2MW DFIG wind turbine model connected to the
Automatic power generation control structure for smart electrical power gridseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Elspec G4420 Blackbox Fixed Power Quality Analyzer- Elspec G4000 BLACKBOX is the next generation in power quality analyzers. No Triggers/No Thresholds meaning no missed events at anytime. The G4K provides accurate detection and isolation of power quality monitoring.
Available for sales, rentals, hire and lease @ http://www.supremetechnology.com.au/product/elspec-g4420-blackbox-fixed-power-quality-analyzer.aspx?Id=297&ProductType=New
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 3.1 - Control and telecom systemsLeonardo ENERGY
Monitoring and control systems are used in photovoltaic plants to track energy production, detect malfunctions, and ensure availability, performance ratio, and production levels. Data is gathered from meters, inverters, calibrated cells, and temperature sensors using electronic devices and dataloggers to monitor plant parameters remotely. Effective monitoring systems are reliable, robust, and can use off-the-shelf or customized solutions depending on a plant's specific affordability and benefit factors.
Next105 Ases Power Point Presentation Internal FinalNextronex Inc
Nextronex has developed a new distributed solar inverter and wiring system that improves on traditional centralized designs. Their system uses low profile inverters placed throughout the solar array, connected by an integrated DC bus and zone boxes, to minimize voltage drops and copper use. This distributed architecture provides improved efficiency, fault tolerance, monitoring and maintenance capabilities compared to conventional large central inverters. Nextronex has also developed smart switching and control algorithms to optimize inverter-level efficiencies and response to changing conditions.
IRJET- Analysis of Load Frequency Control for a Distributed Grid System Invol...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes load frequency control for a distributed grid system involving wind, hydro, and thermal power plants using conventional and fuzzy logic controllers. It models a three-area system with area 1 containing a thermal plant, area 2 containing a hydro plant, and area 3 containing wind generation. It simulates the system responses to a 1% load disturbance in one area using each controller and compares the undershoot and settling time. The fuzzy logic controller provides better dynamic response with lower undershoot, overshoot, and faster settling time compared to the conventional PI controller. This shows fuzzy logic control is more effective at maintaining frequency stability in an interconnected power system with various generation sources.
Presented by Joonas Päivärinta, Helsinki Energy, Joel Seppälä, Helen SV, and Pekka Koponen, VTT at the IEA DSM workshop in Espoo, Finland on 14 November 2012.
“Microcontroller Based Substation Monitoring system with gsm modem”.Priya Rachakonda
• The system is used for transmitting the message to predefined number about the
status of electrical parameters such as voltage, current, temperature etc., to improve
the quality of power.
• Studied about the protection, monitoring and control of a power system.
Microcontroller based-substation-monitoring-and-controlling-systemMahmud Hasan Uday
This document presents a microcontroller-based system for monitoring and controlling a distribution transformer substation. The system measures voltage, current and temperature and can shut down the transformer if any parameters peak. It allows for remote monitoring to avoid power losses and quick repairs. While costly and bulky, future implementations could use GPRS to send data anywhere and integrate with smart meters. The conclusion states this design makes the distribution more secure, reliable and efficient.
This document discusses power quality meters, including their features and uses. It focuses on Class A power quality meters, describing their precise measurement capabilities. The document demonstrates the Janitza UMG PRO series of power quality meters, including the UMG 512-PRO Class A analyzer. It shows how power quality meters can be used in a manufacturing plant setup to monitor individual machine loads and identify potential power quality issues causing equipment damage or downtime.
Improved dynamic performances of multi area reheat thermal agc power systems ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Transmission and distribution system of nepalBishal Rimal
This document summarizes Nepal's power transmission and distribution system. It outlines that Nepal's electrical power system consists of generation, transmission, and distribution systems. The transmission system transmits bulk power from generation stations to substations, while the distribution system distributes power to consumers. It then provides details on the components of Nepal's transmission lines, the role of the Nepal Electricity Authority, transmission losses over time, ongoing and planned transmission line projects, and the radial and ring-based structure of Nepal's distribution networks. It concludes by discussing NEA's consumer growth trends, loss reduction activities, and future plans to improve energy efficiency.
The document describes an outdoor telecom shelter solution that provides:
1) Power and climate control systems to enable remote telecom operations.
2) A compact and modular design for easy transportation, assembly, and maintenance.
3) Standard features like electrical outlets, lighting, ventilation, and cable trays for telecom equipment.
Application of scada for system automation on smart grid rev2Ezechukwu Ukiwe
SCADA systems play a critical role in monitoring and controlling modern power grids and remain essential components of smart grid systems. SCADA provides real-time monitoring of power systems through continuous measurement of parameters across the network. It enables utilities to automate operations like load dispatching and frequency control. As power grids increase in complexity with smart grid technologies, SCADA takes on greater importance in integrating distributed generation, accommodating bidirectional power flows, and ensuring overall network reliability and security.
IRJET- Performance Enhancement of DFIG based Wind Farms Integrated in Power S...IRJET Journal
This document discusses improving the performance of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind farms integrated into power systems under voltage dips. It proposes coordinating the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and power system stabilizer (PSS) of synchronous generators using fuzzy logic. A fuzzy coordinator is designed to eliminate harmful interactions between AVR and PSS during faults by adjusting their gains based on rotor angle and terminal voltage deviations. Simulation results on the IEEE 10-machine 39-bus system show the fuzzy coordinator helps transmit voltage at the point of common coupling and reduces DFIGs' reactive power needs under faults, enhancing system performance.
The document discusses the design of a microcontroller-based system for parameter measurement and protection of electrical transformers using power line communication. It aims to monitor transformer parameters like voltage, current, temperature and protect against overcurrent and overvoltage faults. The system uses current and voltage sensors connected to a microcontroller to measure parameters. If a fault is detected, the microcontroller sends a trip signal to a relay to disconnect the transformer. It is intended to provide improved reliability compared to traditional electromechanical protection techniques.
Single area load frequency control by using pi,fuzzy logic control1SAI SREE
This paper compares PI and fuzzy logic controllers for single area load frequency control of an isolated power system. PI controllers are commonly used but have poor transient performance and require steady state error to reach zero. Fuzzy logic controllers offer improved transient performance as they are robust and nonlinear. The paper finds that while PI controllers are simpler with less required data, fuzzy logic controllers settle more quickly with changes in load and are thus better for maintaining constant frequency during transients despite being more complex.
Grid Connected Photovoltaic System with Energy Management SchemeIRJET Journal
This document describes a grid-connected photovoltaic system with an energy management scheme. The system includes solar panels, a boost converter, single-phase inverter, loads, and an energy management module. The energy management module monitors energy usage and controls the inverter to maintain power balance. It allows excess solar energy to be exported to the grid and draws power from the grid when solar cannot meet local load demand, enabling bidirectional power flow. The system aims to deliver stable power output regardless of solar variations through this energy management scheme.
Revealing power quality as a process variable - Carotek Process Solutions Su...Carotek
Less unscheduled downtime means more efficiency, more productivity, more profit. Dirty Power is often the unseen culprit, accounting for an estimated 20%-30% of all unexplained stoppages. This session covers ways to diagnose and reduce—and even prevent—Dirty Power events.
IRJET- Fault Ride through Technique of DFIG Under Faults by using DVRIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) to improve the fault ride-through capability of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) used in wind turbines.
2) A DFIG relies on back-to-back voltage source converters which make it susceptible to faults that cause voltage dips. This can cause the DFIG to lose synchronization and trip off the grid.
3) A DVR monitors the grid voltage and injects the missing voltage during faults to maintain the load voltage. This allows the DFIG to continue operating through faults as required by grid codes.
4) Simulation results are presented for a 2MW DFIG wind turbine model connected to the
Automatic power generation control structure for smart electrical power gridseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Elspec G4420 Blackbox Fixed Power Quality Analyzer- Elspec G4000 BLACKBOX is the next generation in power quality analyzers. No Triggers/No Thresholds meaning no missed events at anytime. The G4K provides accurate detection and isolation of power quality monitoring.
Available for sales, rentals, hire and lease @ http://www.supremetechnology.com.au/product/elspec-g4420-blackbox-fixed-power-quality-analyzer.aspx?Id=297&ProductType=New
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 3.1 - Control and telecom systemsLeonardo ENERGY
Monitoring and control systems are used in photovoltaic plants to track energy production, detect malfunctions, and ensure availability, performance ratio, and production levels. Data is gathered from meters, inverters, calibrated cells, and temperature sensors using electronic devices and dataloggers to monitor plant parameters remotely. Effective monitoring systems are reliable, robust, and can use off-the-shelf or customized solutions depending on a plant's specific affordability and benefit factors.
Maja Žumer: Library catalogues of the future: realising the old vision with n...ÚISK FF UK
The document discusses the future of library catalogs and metadata, noting that catalogs need to change to meet new user needs and expectations by making data more intuitive to explore, exposing relationships between works and other entities, and fully utilizing the quality of library metadata. It also reviews the history and conceptual models for bibliographic data like FRBR, FRAD, and FRSAD, which aim to present bibliographic information in a more user-oriented way. Libraries will need new systems built on these conceptual models to improve user tasks like finding, identifying, selecting, and exploring materials.
Brian Rosenblum: Roles for Academic Libraries in Supporting Open Scholarship ÚISK FF UK
This document discusses the role of academic libraries in supporting open scholarship. It outlines how libraries can provide access to locally produced scholarship through institutional repositories and digital publishing services. This supports open access, which eliminates barriers to accessing and using research. The document also describes the University of Kansas libraries' initiatives in establishing an institutional repository, publishing platform, and advocacy for open scholarship and its new open access policy. It argues that libraries are well positioned to support open scholarship through their expertise in disseminating information.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de hardware de red, incluyendo routers, switches, hubs, gateways, puntos de acceso, cables de red, puentes de red y módems. Explica que los routers envían paquetes de datos entre redes, los gateways conectan dispositivos entre redes, y los hubs centralizan el cableado de una red. También describe los diferentes tipos de cables de red y cómo puentes de red y módems conectan segmentos de red y computadoras a través de líneas telefónicas.
El documento habla sobre las bases de datos. Explica que una base de datos es una colección de información organizada que permite a los programas de computadora acceder rápidamente a los datos requeridos. También menciona que las bases de datos son fundamentales para que las empresas mantengan sus registros e información de clientes. Antes de las bases de datos, los sistemas tenían problemas como no saber si una transacción bancaria se había completado cuando el sistema fallaba.
Robert oblon - Why traveling is essential to personal developmentRobert Oblon
Traveliing help in to improve personal development. Traveling help to improve communication,build self confidence and improve knowledge whether its social or Historic . Robert oblon, who is owner of greatest vacation company describe importance of traveling in personal development
Harri Jalonen: Managing innovation in complex organizations ÚISK FF UK
1) The document discusses complexity theory and innovation management. It notes that organizations face new challenges like complexity, uncertainty, and change that question traditional approaches to innovation management.
2) Adapting complexity theories, the lecture aims to provide a new perspective on innovation management in complex organizations. It emphasizes the need for more theoretical and practical knowledge to understand approaches, models and tools that support renewal and development of new business models.
3) The summary focuses on the key points that the document discusses complexity theory and innovation management, that traditional approaches are being questioned due to new challenges organizations face, and that the lecture aims to provide a new perspective on innovation management using complexity theories.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on transmission line maintenance techniques in India. It provides an overview of extra high voltage alternating current (EHVAC) transmission line maintenance in India, including methods such as predictive maintenance using thermography and insulator testing, as well as preventive maintenance techniques including cold line maintenance (with the line de-energized) and live line maintenance (with the line energized). It describes some of the specific maintenance works that can be done using live line techniques, and discusses the advantages of live line maintenance.
This work proposes an additional function for a VSD (Variable Speed Drive) which sends and receives information over the power lines and simultaneously, implements the protection against insulation faults to earth. Using the magnetic components of the insulation fault protection system of the motor, the prototype injects and detects the communication signals over the power line. The system works on both communication schemes, with and without the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) perturbation in the power lines, which are the two possible real applications. In order to set a proper communication between the motor and the drive, the communication channel was modeled and the noise was characterized. An FSK modulation and demodulation scheme was developed and tested. A 10 kbps communication over a 125 m length of cable and over a 1 km pi-section model of the same cable was successfully achieved with the laboratory prototype.
Design and Implementation of Low Cost Smart Web Sensors for Electric Power Qu...IJTET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a low-cost smart web sensor for electric power quality monitoring. The sensor is designed to acquire, process, and transmit power quality data over an 802.3 network. It uses a multi-microcontroller system with one microcontroller dedicated to data acquisition and another for data processing, dynamic webpage generation, and TCP/IP communication. The sensor allows for distributed power quality measurement in large industrial environments using a standard internet browser. It was tested and shown to accurately measure voltage, harmonics, and other power quality parameters within specifications. The low-cost design makes it suitable for wide deployment in power quality monitoring applications.
IRJET- Intelligent Power Distribution System with GSM ControlIRJET Journal
1) The document proposes an intelligent power distribution system using GSM control to provide continuous power supply to consumers and safety from the distribution system.
2) It has two main parts - a GSM control unit that allows switching feeders via SMS without direct contact, and an automatic power line switching unit that switches power to an auxiliary feeder if the main feeder faults.
3) When a fault occurs, it sends alerts to responsible personnel via GSM and switches power to ensure continuous supply, while the GSM control also allows remote switching for maintenance without risk of electric shock.
The document describes a project report on robotics monitoring of power systems. It discusses how robots can be used to detect faults in transmission lines by using sensors like acoustic, electric field, infrared, and multi-processor control. The robot monitoring method allows faults to be detected before failures occur and is more economical than conventional human inspection methods. It also discusses the design of the robotic platform, sensor technologies for monitoring cable insulation status and energization, advantages like replacing dangerous human work and operating in hazardous environments.
This document provides an overview and introduction to a project that aims to develop a substation monitoring and control system using a GSM modem. The system will monitor key parameters of distribution transformers like temperature, output current and voltage. It will automatically send this data via GSM to help utilities better manage transformer health and prevent failures. This will increase reliability and reduce costs. The system design involves using a microcontroller to read sensors on the transformer and transmit readings to a remote PC through a GSM modem. This allows for remote monitoring and control of substation equipment condition.
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF PROTECTION SCHEME OF DIGITAL SUBSTATION USING IEC61850-...IAEME Publication
Substations are a fundamental part in electrical energy transmission and
distribution. The role of a substation is to transfer and transform electrical energy by
stepping up or down the voltage. To do this, high voltage switching equipment and
power transformers are used, in addition to instrument transformers that supply the
status of the primary system to the secondary equipment. Substation Automation
Systems are then used to control, protect and monitor the substations. The IEC 61850
standard developed digital substation with most advanced techniques. The IEC 61850
standard define in its sub- clauses IEC 600448 and IEC 61850-9-2 about digital
interface, digital communication and Sampled Values transmission over an Ethernet
link called Process Bus. Process Bus technology mainly developed in order to reduce
the usage of copper wiring at substation control by introducing IEC 61850-9-2 digital
interface.
TECHIMP provides a full portfolio of partial discharge, gas analysis, and thermal imaging monitoring solutions for a variety of electrical system components including transformers, cables, switchgear, motors, and generators.
Fault Management of Electrical Drives Onboard Ship using Power Line Communica...IRJET Journal
The document proposes using power line communication to monitor and control electrical drives onboard ships. Sensors would monitor parameters like speed and direction of electric drives and transmit the data over existing power lines to a centralized control room. This approach allows for fault detection and management of electrical drives from a remote location while avoiding additional communication cables onboard.
The article is devoted to the study and introduction of modern technologies in electro-technical branch of the industry for the purpose of increasing reliability of electric supply. Appling the latest technical developments marketed in automatic breakers Compact NS and Master pact of the company "Schneider Electric", for modernization distributing device 0,4 kV applied transformer substation is offered in it. Zhalilov Rashid"The Intellectual Automated Substation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11597.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11597/the-intellectual-automated-substation/zhalilov-rashid
Fault analysis in power system using power systems computer aided designIJAAS Team
This work presents a fault analysis simulation model of an IEEE 30 bus system in a distribution network. This work annalysed the effect of fault current and fault voltage in a distribution system. A circuit breaker was introduced into the system to neutralize the effect of the fault. The system was run on a PSCAD software and results were obtained. The system was monitored based on the start time and the end time of the fault and how well the circuit breaker reacts with those times. Fault occurred from 0.100 to 0.300 seconds before it was removed. At the time fault was not applied (i.e. from 0.00 to 0.100 and from 0.300 to 0.72), the circuit breaker was close and became open when fault was applied so as to cut off current flow through the line.The result obtained gave the disruption caused by the fault and the quick response of the circuit breaker in neutralizing it. Results gotten are based on when the circuit breaker is close and no fault is applied and when the circuit breaker is open due to fault. From this work, it was obtained that circuit breakers are very essential in system protection and reliability.
IRJET- GSM based Voltage Monitoring & Power Factor CorrectionIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that describes a system for monitoring voltage and power factor using a GSM module and PIC microcontroller. The system automatically corrects the power factor if it falls below a threshold by connecting capacitors. It incorporates a PIC microcontroller, zero crossing detector, relay driver circuit and GSM module. The microcontroller detects the voltage and current parameters and controls them using GSM. The system aims to provide simple, compact and energy efficient automatic power factor monitoring and control.
- Guided configuration
- Online help
Network view:
- Site hierarchy
- RET system status
Alarm monitoring:
- Real-time alarms
- Alarm history
Configuration:
- RET parameters
- SNMP settings
Reports:
- Statistics
- Configuration export
Tools:
- Firmware update
- Diagnostics
The ASM is a powerful tool for network operators to
remotely monitor and control RET systems. It pro-
vides a consolidated view of the entire network and
delivers real-time alarms.
For further information please contact your local
Kathrein sales representative or check our website
www.kathrein.de.
Kath
Monitoring of power transformers using thermal model and permission time of ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the problem of increasing the reliability of electricity supply to consumers. Uninterrupted power supply to electricity consumers depends on the reliability of power supply system in general and power transformers in particular, the accident rate of which is quite high. The causes of the problem are the location of transformer substations at a considerable distance from the service centers, their spreading out over a large area, missing information about the current modes of their operation and so on. One of the ways to solve this problem is development and implementation a system for continuous diagnostics of power transformers. Failure analysis of power transformer based on fault tree is considered, the diagnostic parameters are determined. The insulation wear rate and permission operating time under overload have been defined with help of equivalent heat circuit. It is proposed to use a permission time as a parameter to diagnose the operation mode and increase the efficiency of maintenance of substations through remote monitoring based on the global service mobile (GSM) network. Remote diagnostics allows to receive an information about emergency situation timely. It helps to reduce operating costs, to ensure the reliability and quality of electricity supply for consumers.
The document discusses SATEC's complete solution for electric energy metering and monitoring in buildings. The BFM136 monitor can monitor up to 36 channels and is suitable for multi-tenant facilities. Combined with eXpertpower software, the BFM136 provides energy monitoring, data analysis, billing, and power quality monitoring. The document describes how such a system would be implemented in a complex building with offices, shops, and industry to provide submetering and billing for different tenants and systems.
This document discusses smart grids and smart transformers. It begins by introducing the need for smart grids due to increasing power demand and inefficiencies in the current distribution system. Power electronics and ICT are proposed to improve reliability and stability. A key component of smart grids is the smart transformer, which uses power electronics and communication to provide two-way interaction and real-time monitoring. The document compares traditional and smart grids, lists smart grid components, and describes how smart transformers provide services like voltage regulation and harmonic compensation while reducing power consumption.
This summarizes a document describing a remote monitoring system for a three-phase 10-kVA energy-efficient switchable distribution transformer. The system uses an embedded system to acquire voltages, currents, temperatures and control switching devices. It implements embedded Ethernet to enable remote monitoring over a local area network. The system was tested by applying it to the transformer connected to a variable power supply and load. Results showed the system can successfully perform remote monitoring and control tasks.
An Overview Of Agbami Fpso Electrical Power Systemvkmalik
The document provides an overview of the electrical power system protection on the AGBAMI FPSO. It describes the main, essential, and emergency power systems on board including generator capacity and configuration. It also discusses the various studies conducted on the power system model to determine protection requirements, including load flow analysis, short circuit study, and protective device coordination study. The document outlines the zoning of protection on the power system and the types of protection relays used. It provides examples of protection functions for generators, transformers, switchgear, feeders, and motors.
An Overview Of Agbami Fpso Electrical Power System
AlpTransit_SCAE_Contribution
1. Systems Communication Automation Energy
Site - AGN Amsteg, Los. 252
Gotthard - Basistunnel Nord
Site - AGN Amsteg, Los. 252
Gotthard - Basistunnel Nord
3. Systems Communication Automation Energy
Via Fermi n. 8/10 - 24050 GRASSOBBIO (BG) – ITALY
scae
1 . General
Scope of the present report is to illustrate in short some aspects of the
design and realization of the site’s plant with own Distribution
Medium Voltage substations and transformation Medium/Low
Voltage.
The maximum power foreseen for the plant is about 30MVA with
supply voltage of 15kV-50Hz.
The electric power is destined to main power uses particularly for the
two TBM’s supply, the backup on TBM’s, for conveyors, ventilation,
hydraulic pumps and other smaller users and, in very smaller quantity,
for the site and tunnel lighting.
The activity, for the realization of the plant, have been done between
the incoming power supply point on one side and the users on the
other. Inside these limits the distribution plan and the dimensioning of
the components have been done.
A Particular attention have been dedicated to the working and the
environment conditions in the site with the precise purpose of keeping
guaranteed the continuity, the safety and the dependability of the
entire plant.
Fundamental therefore resulted the study and realization of a control
and supervision system of the various users and of all the critical
parameters.
4. Systems Communication Automation Energy
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2 . Study and fulfilment of the electrical plant
The site has three 15kV different supply lines, provided by
AlpTransit – Gotthard and, according to the availability, we proceeded
with the design and the realization of the plant.
Briefly the logic operations provided consisted of, mainly, in the
following operations:
- total absorbed energy definition
- use and contemporarily coefficient calculation
- determination of the power to be transferred on each line
- choice of the voltages and of the internal distribution systems
- grouping of the users and dimensioning of substations
- calculation of shot circuit currents and relative protection systems
- calculation of the power factor
- calculation of the earth fault currents according to the state of neutral
- calculation of the power factor correction of the load
Open ring medium voltage lines have been realized in order to give to
the electrical system the maximum safety and exercise continuity,
with the possibility of automatic change-over from one line to the
other, in case of power loss in the incoming line.
The protections coordination on the medium voltage side is assured by
the installation, for the circuit breakers close to the eventual fault, of
selective overcurrent relays with inverse time trip, proportional to the
current value (time and current discrimination) and of directional earth
fault relays with the nearest point to the fault.
5. Systems Communication Automation Energy
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For the protection devices located into the transformation substation,
downstream the transformers, in addition to the over current relays,
differential earth fault relays have been installed, for people protection
and for the integrity of the equipment particularly against fire risks.
For this purpose, as further security, in all the distribution and
transformation substations cast resin transformers F1 – C2 – E2 class
have been installed, in addition to automatic fire fighting systems.
For the power dimensioning, referring to possible load increase and
for the limitation of the frequent instantaneous peaks of power due to
the use of boring machines as TBM’s, transformers with rated power
increasable continuously of 25% have been used.
Particular attention has been given to the correct use of the electrical
power and to the power consumption saving. For this purpose we
proceed with the installation of appropriate local power factor
correction batteries, centralized in each unit and with automatic
control relay in order to maintain the average value of power factor
about the value of 0,95.
Furthermore, being the main users based on motors supplied by
frequency AC/DC converters and, therefore, with high harmonics
content, all the power factor correction units have been equipped with
filter reactors with harmonic chord frequency at 189Hz and harmonic
distortion, admitted in continuous at 30%In for 250Hz and at 15%In
for 350Hz, with thermal protection by meand of PTC.
Depending on the location we realized containerized and armoured
structures with degree of protection IP55 with the application of
adequate air extraction fans and IP65 with the application of cooling
air/water heat exchangers.
6. Systems Communication Automation Energy
Via Fermi n. 8/10 - 24050 GRASSOBBIO (BG) – ITALY
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3 . Electrical plant configuration
The electrical plant covers a very big surface with a topographic
distribution of the medium voltage lines and of the substations very
wide.
Keeping into fundamental consideration the electrical loads
distribution, the use of spaces, apart for the best supply of the
various users, the project carried to the design and the realization of
a medium voltage distribution system and of substations located in
the various areas which consistency is shown in the figure 1, here
below.
4 . Configurazione dell’impianto di controllo, automazione e
supervisione
7. Systems Communication Automation Energy
Via Fermi n. 8/10 - 24050 GRASSOBBIO (BG) – ITALY
scae
4 . Automation, control and supervision system configuration
The big dimension and the complexity of the plant put into evidence
problems linked to the control, real time, of the installed equipment,
taking into consideration that the service continuity, the dependability
and the security of exercise are now inalienable aspects of this kind of
projects (and not only).
In order to answer in a concrete way to the above-mentioned
exigencies, the plant have been provided of a control and supervision
system studied and realized by using the most modern technologies,
which contributed with big success to obtain significant improvement
in various activity areas, as:
1) The measures control in the electrical plant
Each electrical measure is continuously keep under control: not
only, but the consumption data relative to the users of each single
substation are stored in files which are resident in a remote data
base, so that an updated archive of the consumptions is ever under
control. The above files are easily readable by means of MS Excel.
2) An intelligent system of alarms management
The supervision warns immediately the operator about a new
incoming alarm relative to any point of the plant (for example,
circuit breaker trip for fault, transformer temperature too high,
etc.) consenting to the operator to signal the people assigned in a
very short time, so that the necessary corrective actions can be
taken, according to the gravity of the alarm itself.
8. Systems Communication Automation Energy
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3) Remote control of the equipment
Pumps, ventilators, conditioning units and other equipment are
controlled not only in local mode but can be managed from the
remote supervision consoles also, with a big resources and time
saving, in view of the fact of the big distances present in the plant.
Even of this equipment are managed, by the system, the energy
consumptions and alarms level.
An optical fiber network have been designed to connect the supervision
consoles to the field; each substation have been provided with control
boards containing remote I/O devices which, by means of optical
switches and data converter are connected to the main general network.
The optical fiber has been chosen both, for the big dimension of the
area covered by the site and for the immunity of the fiber to the
interferences caused by the proximity of high power electric lines and,
in particular, by the presence of frequency cionverters.
This kind of network permits the creation of a redundant ring
architecture which guarantee the continuity of exercise of the plant even
in case of interruption of a communication line.
In figure 2 the network structure for the various devices communication
is shown:
9. Systems Communication Automation Energy
Via Fermi n. 8/10 - 24050 GRASSOBBIO (BG) – ITALY
scae
5 . The supervision system
The supervision system is composed by 3 operative stations, two of
them placed into control cabinets of each TBM, the other one, the main
station, installed into the surveillance office, named Leitstelle, at the
gate of the tunnel.
This system features several synoptic pages, showing general
topography of the whole building yard electric network, schemes of
each substations, pages relative to outgoing and present alarms,
visualization pages relative to electrical (power, voltage, current,
frequency) and general measures (transformers temperature, air/water
ducts flow), trends of the most important of them, analyzed and stored
using different triggers depending on the nature of the measure taken
into consideration; pages showing hydraulic systems and tunnel
ventilation systems are present too, featuring graphic icons representing
pumps, fans, cooling units and conveyors.
The person in charge of the plant, or an operator chosen by him, can
start/stop machines, modify thresholds for analog alarms, restart or modify
counters for energy consumption by using face-plate command windows
having different password levels.
A part of the general synoptic is exclusively realized to manage a fire
fighting system composed by gates and fans to which safety is entrusted
in case of fire into tunnels and ducts; about safety issues, every single
substation is equipped with apparatus against fire, composed by sensors,
cylinders, control and command unit that sends its warnings (system
10. Systems Communication Automation Energy
Via Fermi n. 8/10 - 24050 GRASSOBBIO (BG) – ITALY
scae
malfunction, presence of fire, release of fireproof material) to the
supervision system.
This system was developed using the most updated and highest level
technology and, seeing that there is the need of having several remote
operative stations, a software that allows the access (protected by
password) to the graphic pages via Internet can be installed (WebServer
technology).
6 . PLC and RemoteI/O system
Signals from field are transmitted to supervision operative stations via
optic fiber bus; two different kinds of apparatus was provided,
depending on the different operations and action that must be
performed:
a) PLC
For all that operations, including command and control,
performed onto machines on field, as pumps, fans, fire-proofing
gates and in general onto machines which require a remarkable
safety margin.
b) Remote I/O (remote bus couplers)
For simple operations, like reading and storage, relative to
measures (power, voltage, current, frequency, transformers
11. Systems Communication Automation Energy
Via Fermi n. 8/10 - 24050 GRASSOBBIO (BG) – ITALY
scae
temperature, air/water ducts flow) or circuit breaker/switch
breaker status.
The communication between supervision PCs and both kinds of
apparatus is performed via Ethernet TCP/IP protocol: PLCs, usually
equipped with serial port for data collection from field apparatus
(ModBus Protocol) are supplied with Ethernet module, while between
remote bus couplers and supervision system OPC Client/Server
structures are employed.
7. Conclusions
Using high quality and performance apparatus and correctly
dimensioned has allowed to satisfy heavy duty needs relative to the
job.
This kind of project choices guarantee a high level of safety and
liability of the plant, which can be simply managed by the operator.
Supervision and monitoring systems let the operator control and make
centralized diagnoses of several events; the final result, even due to
the large plant area, is money and time saving about malfunctions
research and repair, about measures reading and storage, about status
control of the all the electrical apparatus employed.
Event and measures archiving allows the person in charge to evaluate
critical conditions of the whole plant, improving apparatus
performance during its duty and proposing focused actions in the
maintenance program.
12. Systems Communication Automation Energy
via Fermi, 8
GRASSOBBIO (BG) ITALY
tel. ++39 035 526880
fax ++39 035 526865
www.scae.it
e-mail scae@scae.it