Alcoholic fermentation is a biological process whereby sugars such as glucose and fructose are converted by yeast into cellular energy and produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is anaerobic, meaning it occurs without oxygen. While similar to glycolysis, alcoholic fermentation differs in its final step where pyruvic acid is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide rather than lactic acid. The process uses two enzymes, pyruvate decarboxylase and alcoholic dehydrogenase, which convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and ethanol.

1. Alcoholic Fermentation
INTRODUCTION
Alcoholic Fermentation, also referred to as ethanol fermentation, is a biological process in
which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby
produces ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products. Because yeasts perform this
conversion in the absence of oxygen, ethanol fermentation is classified as anaerobic.
Alcoholic fermentation is identical to glycolysis except for the final step (Fig. 1). In alcoholic
fermentation, pyruvic acid is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Fig. 1. A comparison of two anaerobic energy-harvesting mechanisms.
Both alcoholic fermentation and glycolysis are anaerobic fermentation processes that begin with
the sugar glucose. Glycolysis requires 11 enzymes which degrade glucose to lactic acid (Fig. 2).
Alcoholic fermentation follows the same enzymatic pathway for the first 10 steps. The last enzyme of
glycolysis, lactate dehydrogenase, is replaced by two enzymes in alcoholic fermentation. These two
enzymes, pyruvate decarboxylase and alcoholic dehydrogenase, convert pyruvic acid into carbon
dioxide and ethanol in alcoholic fermentation.
Fig. 2. The Glycolysis Process.

2. There are two types of anaerobic fermentation:
· lactate fermentation (e.g. in muscles when an animal exercises hard)
· alcoholic fermentation (e.g. in yeast, which can be used to make wine or beer)
PROCESS
Fig. 3. Alcoholic Fermentation process.
The pyruvic acid (pyruvate) from glycolysis loses one carbon in the form of carbon dioxide to
form acetaldehyde, which is reduced to ethyl alcohol by NADH.
When acetaldehyde is reduced to ethyl alcohol, NADH becomes NAD+
(is oxidized).
Fig. 3.1.