- Alanine amino transferase (ALT) concentrations were higher in obese adolescent girls who were heterozygous or homozygous for the MTHFR 677 C>T mutation, which decreases MTHFR enzyme activity.
- ALT levels were negatively correlated with reported folate intake and positively correlated with homocysteine concentrations. Lower folate intake and higher homocysteine are associated with increased liver damage.
- Girls with the MTHFR mutation also had lower erythrocyte folate levels and higher insulin levels compared to those without the mutation, suggesting the mutation enhances liver damage possibly by reducing antioxidant status and increasing insulin resistance.
This document discusses drug repositioning and summarizes research on using renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors to treat liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Experiments were conducted using mouse models of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and DEN-induced HCC. The RAS inhibitors perindopril, fosinopril, and losartan reduced fibrosis scores and improved survival in fibrosis mice, and reduced tumor grade and improved survival in HCC mice, compared to controls. Biomarker analysis found the RAS inhibitors decreased inflammation and fibrosis markers similarly to standard therapies. The results suggest RAS inhibitors may be effective treatments for liver fibrosis and HCC through modulating pathways
This study investigated the effects of reducing Fsp27 (fat-specific protein 27) levels through antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in mouse models of obesity and insulin resistance. Mice fed a high-fat diet or leptin-deficient ob/ob mice were treated with Fsp27 ASOs. Partial reduction of Fsp27 resulted in decreased visceral fat, improved insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control, and changes in genes related to lipid metabolism. The results suggest that reducing FSP27 activity through ASOs could be a potential therapeutic approach for insulin resistance and obesity in patients.
A Consensus Review on Hepatoprotective Potential of Herbal DrugsGaurav kumar sharma
This document summarizes a review article on the hepatoprotective potential of herbal drugs. It discusses how liver disease is a major health problem and conventional drugs can have side effects. Herbal medicines from plants like Picrorhiza kurroa and Andrographis paniculata have shown promising hepatoprotective effects compared to silymarin. Several plants are described that have been studied for their hepatoprotective properties, including Abutilon indicum, Borreria articularis, and Citrus microcarpa fruit peel extract. The review evaluates the evidence for hepatoprotective effects of herbal medicines and calls for more standardized clinical trials to support their use in treating liver diseases.
The document describes a randomized controlled trial that investigated the impact of consuming apricots, pomegranate juice, fermented sobya, or combinations for 3 weeks on biomarkers related to antioxidant activity and oxidative stress in healthy adults. 35 participants were divided into 5 groups: a control group, an apricot group, a pomegranate juice group, a combination pomegranate juice and fermented sobya group, and a fermented sobya group. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline and after 3 weeks to analyze markers of antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, and glutathione transferase enzyme activity. The study found that consuming pomegranate juice increased plasma and urinary antioxidant activities and reduced urinary oxidative stress
Effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabetics - https://emulincanada.comAj Martirano
Effect of Emulin on Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetics https://emulincanada.com
,effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabet ,emulin diabetes ,igalen emulin diabetes ,emulin type 2 diabetes
Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and metabolic syndrome components
A mild reduction of food intake slows disease progression in an orthologous m...Mina Rezaei
A mild 23% reduction in food intake (RFI) significantly slowed disease progression in a mouse model of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). RFI suppressed renal cyst growth, with kidney weight increasing 41% compared to 151% in controls. Proliferation of cyst-lining cells was also reduced from 15.9% in controls to 7.7% with RFI. RFI maintained kidney function and prevented progression to end-stage renal disease. RFI activated AMPK and inhibited both branches of mTOR signaling in cyst cells, more broadly than rapamycin which primarily inhibits one branch. These results suggest a mild decrease in caloric intake may slow disease progression in human ADPKD patients.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document discusses drug repositioning and summarizes research on using renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors to treat liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Experiments were conducted using mouse models of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and DEN-induced HCC. The RAS inhibitors perindopril, fosinopril, and losartan reduced fibrosis scores and improved survival in fibrosis mice, and reduced tumor grade and improved survival in HCC mice, compared to controls. Biomarker analysis found the RAS inhibitors decreased inflammation and fibrosis markers similarly to standard therapies. The results suggest RAS inhibitors may be effective treatments for liver fibrosis and HCC through modulating pathways
This study investigated the effects of reducing Fsp27 (fat-specific protein 27) levels through antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in mouse models of obesity and insulin resistance. Mice fed a high-fat diet or leptin-deficient ob/ob mice were treated with Fsp27 ASOs. Partial reduction of Fsp27 resulted in decreased visceral fat, improved insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control, and changes in genes related to lipid metabolism. The results suggest that reducing FSP27 activity through ASOs could be a potential therapeutic approach for insulin resistance and obesity in patients.
A Consensus Review on Hepatoprotective Potential of Herbal DrugsGaurav kumar sharma
This document summarizes a review article on the hepatoprotective potential of herbal drugs. It discusses how liver disease is a major health problem and conventional drugs can have side effects. Herbal medicines from plants like Picrorhiza kurroa and Andrographis paniculata have shown promising hepatoprotective effects compared to silymarin. Several plants are described that have been studied for their hepatoprotective properties, including Abutilon indicum, Borreria articularis, and Citrus microcarpa fruit peel extract. The review evaluates the evidence for hepatoprotective effects of herbal medicines and calls for more standardized clinical trials to support their use in treating liver diseases.
The document describes a randomized controlled trial that investigated the impact of consuming apricots, pomegranate juice, fermented sobya, or combinations for 3 weeks on biomarkers related to antioxidant activity and oxidative stress in healthy adults. 35 participants were divided into 5 groups: a control group, an apricot group, a pomegranate juice group, a combination pomegranate juice and fermented sobya group, and a fermented sobya group. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline and after 3 weeks to analyze markers of antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, and glutathione transferase enzyme activity. The study found that consuming pomegranate juice increased plasma and urinary antioxidant activities and reduced urinary oxidative stress
Effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabetics - https://emulincanada.comAj Martirano
Effect of Emulin on Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetics https://emulincanada.com
,effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabet ,emulin diabetes ,igalen emulin diabetes ,emulin type 2 diabetes
Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and metabolic syndrome components
A mild reduction of food intake slows disease progression in an orthologous m...Mina Rezaei
A mild 23% reduction in food intake (RFI) significantly slowed disease progression in a mouse model of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). RFI suppressed renal cyst growth, with kidney weight increasing 41% compared to 151% in controls. Proliferation of cyst-lining cells was also reduced from 15.9% in controls to 7.7% with RFI. RFI maintained kidney function and prevented progression to end-stage renal disease. RFI activated AMPK and inhibited both branches of mTOR signaling in cyst cells, more broadly than rapamycin which primarily inhibits one branch. These results suggest a mild decrease in caloric intake may slow disease progression in human ADPKD patients.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Subcutaneous administration of toluene to rabbits for 6 weeks resulted in significant increases in liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in the liver tissue. Liver sections from toluene-treated rabbits showed congested central veins, flattening and vacuolation of hepatocytes, and disarrangement of hepatic architecture. In contrast, liver sections from control rabbits appeared normal. Toluene exposure is known to cause oxidative stress and damage cell membranes in the liver through its metabolism.
This study investigated whether supplementing vitamin E to a conventional soybean lipid emulsion used in parenteral nutrition would help prevent parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) in neonatal piglets. Sixteen piglets received parenteral nutrition with either a standard soybean lipid emulsion (SO) or the same emulsion supplemented with additional vitamin E (SO+E). After 17 days, bile flow, liver enzymes, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, and gene expression related to bile acid metabolism were measured and compared between the two groups. The study found no significant differences between the SO and SO+E groups in any of the outcomes measured, suggesting that simply adding vitamin E to the soybean lipid emulsion did not provide benefits in preventing
This study examined the effects of valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Rats were divided into control, fibrotic, and VPA-treated groups. The fibrotic group received CCl4 injections to induce liver fibrosis, while the VPA-treated group also received VPA. After 6 weeks, liver tissue was analyzed. The fibrotic group showed disrupted liver architecture and hepatocyte damage. VPA treatment attenuated CCl4-induced fibrosis by preserving liver structure and reducing hepatocyte vacuolization. VPA also decreased expression of fibrosis markers α-SMA and Smad4, and lowered serum TGF
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
1) The study found that interactions between the nuclear receptor SHP and the transcription factor FOXA1 help maintain oscillatory homocysteine homeostasis in mice.
2) SHP was found to inhibit the transcriptional activation of genes involved in homocysteine metabolism (Bhmt and Cth) by FOXA1.
3) Mice lacking SHP had altered timing in the expression of homocysteine metabolism genes and differences in metabolite levels related to homocysteine metabolism compared to normal mice.
This document summarizes research on the expression of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A) gene in the livers of Burmese pythons after feeding. The key findings are:
1) HNF4A expression doubles in python liver tissue 1 day after feeding, suggesting it plays a role in bile acid transport and fat digestion similar to humans.
2) HNF4A helps sequester bile acids in liver cells, likely to aid in digestion of large meals. Its expression returns to normal levels by 3 days post-feeding.
3) Real-time PCR was used to analyze HNF4A expression at different timepoints after feeding. Primers were designed and validated
1. Phytosterols are plant compounds similar in structure to cholesterol that have shown promise in treating various cancers. Studies in animal models and cell cultures have found that phytosterol supplementation reduced tumor growth and progression of breast, prostate, colon and other cancers.
2. Mechanisms by which phytosterols may treat cancer include inducing apoptosis of cancer cells, reducing oxidative stress, decreasing inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis to cancer cells. Doses of 300mg per day have shown benefits, though most Americans consume only 80mg daily.
3. Further research is still needed to better understand long term effects and interactions with drugs, but initial animal and cell studies provide evidence that phytosterols may be a potential dietary intervention
Phytosterols for cancer treatment powerpointJosh Nooner
Phytosterols show promise for cancer treatment based on several animal, in vitro, and human studies. Animal studies found that phytosterol supplementation delayed breast cancer tumor onset and reduced prostate cancer growth. In vitro studies demonstrated that phytosterols increased cancer cell apoptosis, decreased proliferation, and increased tumor suppressor genes. A human epidemiological study associated higher phytosterol intake with a 50% reduced risk of lung cancer. Overall, the research suggests phytosterols may exert anticancer effects through reducing oxidative damage and preventing tumor growth and progression.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
Ghrelin is released by proximal gastrointestinal X/A cells and increases appetite. It is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system and inhibited by high glucose and insulin levels. The gastrointestinal L cell releases GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin, and PYY in response to nutrient ingestion. These hormones have various roles in nutrient homeostasis such as enhancing nutrient absorption and suppressing appetite. Dysregulation of these hormones is implicated in obesity and diabetes, and manipulating their levels through surgical or pharmacological means may provide clinical benefits.
This document reviews the cellular mechanisms and clinical evidence regarding curcumin's effects on oxidative stress-related liver diseases. It finds that curcumin exerts remarkable protective and therapeutic effects through various mechanisms, including suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and lipid peroxidation, activating protective signaling pathways, and ameliorating cellular responses to oxidative stress like increasing antioxidant enzyme expression. Curcumin itself acts as a free radical scavenger against various reactive oxygen species due to its phenolic, β-diketone, and methoxy functional groups. Further clinical studies are still needed to better understand curcumin's structure-activity relationships and mechanisms in oxidative liver diseases.
This document provides documentation for the USDA Database for Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.1. It summarizes the procedures used to update the database with 168 new foods and additional compounds for some existing foods. Analytical values were obtained from USDA analysis of foods as well as from literature. Values are provided for 26 common flavonoid compounds in five subclasses. The database is presented in tables listing nutritional values for flavonoids in 385 foods, and is intended to be a resource for researchers, nutritionists and consumers.
Effect of polyphenols on the intestinal and placental transport of somegisa_legal
This document reviews the effect of polyphenols on the intestinal and placental transport of some bioactive compounds. It discusses how different classes of polyphenols can affect the transport of organic cations, glucose, thiamine, and folic acid across intestinal and placental barriers. The effects of polyphenols can vary depending on factors like acute vs chronic exposure, and how polyphenols interact when consumed together compared to individually. While most data is from in vitro studies, the review raises concerns about how polyphenol consumption may impact the bioavailability of other compounds.
Hepatic and serum lipid signatures specific to NASH in mouse modelsFranck Chiappini
This study identified lipid signatures in the liver and serum that are specific to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) using mouse models of NAFL and NASH. Mice were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce NAFL or a methionine choline deficient diet (MCDD) to induce NASH. Comprehensive lipidomic analysis of liver tissues and serum identified 21 lipids in the liver and 14 lipids in the serum that could discriminate mice with NASH from those with NAFL or normal controls. Machine learning techniques were able to characterize lipid signatures specific to NASH in both the liver and serum, opening possibilities for investigating early and non-invasive lipid markers for diagn
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
The effect of keto analogues of essentialLIONA DEWI
The study administered keto-analogues of essential amino acids along with a low-protein diet to 10 patients with severe chronic kidney failure. The keto-analogues were given for 15-61 days. In 5 subjects, withdrawing the keto-analogues caused urea nitrogen appearance to increase by 1.55 g/day on average and nitrogen balance to decrease by 1.73 g/day, suggesting the keto-analogues promoted utilization of nitrogen. In 4 anuric patients, the keto-analogues were less effective at reducing urea levels; 2 of these patients responded better after dialysis. No toxicity was observed from the keto-analogues.
2010 effect of pistachio diet on lipid parameters, endothelial functionAgrin Life
This study investigated the effects of consuming a pistachio-enriched Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular risk factors in 32 healthy young men. Compared to a standard Mediterranean diet, the pistachio diet for 4 weeks significantly decreased blood glucose, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. It also significantly improved endothelial function and decreased markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. The findings suggest that pistachios may have beneficial effects beyond lipid lowering and cardiovascular health.
Estudio científico de la UV demuestra los beneficios de consumir arándanos an...Emisor Digital
La investigación, realizada por las académicas de la Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética de la Universidad de Valparaíso Ximena Palma y Samanta Thomas, junto al doctor Gonzalo Cruz, del Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI) y académico del Instituto de Fisiología de la UV, apuntó a evaluar el manejo de la glucosa posprandial (después de las comidas) y la capacidad antioxidante de los arándanos frescos.
The effects of curcumin supplementation on liver enzymes, lipidwahyu purnama
This randomized controlled trial studied the effects of curcumin supplementation on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Fifty-two NAFLD patients were randomly assigned to receive either 1500 mg of curcumin or a placebo daily for 12 weeks, in addition to lifestyle recommendations. Both groups experienced significant reductions in weight, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and other risk factors, with no significant differences between the groups. However, curcumin supplementation alone significantly reduced hepatic fibrosis, cholesterol, and glucose levels compared to the placebo.
The document discusses liver function tests and bilirubin metabolism. It describes that liver function tests are useful for diagnosing and monitoring liver diseases. A battery of tests are needed since the liver has diverse functions including excretion, metabolism, protein and plasma synthesis, and storage. Specific tests mentioned include liver enzymes, albumin, prothrombin time, tumor markers, bilirubin, and dye excretion tests. The types of jaundice - hemolytic, obstructive, and hepatic - are distinguished based on conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin levels as well as other factors. Various inborn errors affecting bilirubin metabolism are also outlined.
1. The document discusses alanine aminotransferase (ALAT/ALT), an enzyme that plays important roles in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.
2. ALT catalyzes the reversible transfer of amino groups between glutamate and pyruvate, and is important for liver gluconeogenesis and the glucose-alanine cycle.
3. Clinically, ALT levels are measured as a biomarker for liver health, with elevated levels indicating potential liver damage from conditions like hepatitis, fatty liver disease, or alcohol use.
Subcutaneous administration of toluene to rabbits for 6 weeks resulted in significant increases in liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in the liver tissue. Liver sections from toluene-treated rabbits showed congested central veins, flattening and vacuolation of hepatocytes, and disarrangement of hepatic architecture. In contrast, liver sections from control rabbits appeared normal. Toluene exposure is known to cause oxidative stress and damage cell membranes in the liver through its metabolism.
This study investigated whether supplementing vitamin E to a conventional soybean lipid emulsion used in parenteral nutrition would help prevent parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) in neonatal piglets. Sixteen piglets received parenteral nutrition with either a standard soybean lipid emulsion (SO) or the same emulsion supplemented with additional vitamin E (SO+E). After 17 days, bile flow, liver enzymes, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, and gene expression related to bile acid metabolism were measured and compared between the two groups. The study found no significant differences between the SO and SO+E groups in any of the outcomes measured, suggesting that simply adding vitamin E to the soybean lipid emulsion did not provide benefits in preventing
This study examined the effects of valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Rats were divided into control, fibrotic, and VPA-treated groups. The fibrotic group received CCl4 injections to induce liver fibrosis, while the VPA-treated group also received VPA. After 6 weeks, liver tissue was analyzed. The fibrotic group showed disrupted liver architecture and hepatocyte damage. VPA treatment attenuated CCl4-induced fibrosis by preserving liver structure and reducing hepatocyte vacuolization. VPA also decreased expression of fibrosis markers α-SMA and Smad4, and lowered serum TGF
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
1) The study found that interactions between the nuclear receptor SHP and the transcription factor FOXA1 help maintain oscillatory homocysteine homeostasis in mice.
2) SHP was found to inhibit the transcriptional activation of genes involved in homocysteine metabolism (Bhmt and Cth) by FOXA1.
3) Mice lacking SHP had altered timing in the expression of homocysteine metabolism genes and differences in metabolite levels related to homocysteine metabolism compared to normal mice.
This document summarizes research on the expression of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A) gene in the livers of Burmese pythons after feeding. The key findings are:
1) HNF4A expression doubles in python liver tissue 1 day after feeding, suggesting it plays a role in bile acid transport and fat digestion similar to humans.
2) HNF4A helps sequester bile acids in liver cells, likely to aid in digestion of large meals. Its expression returns to normal levels by 3 days post-feeding.
3) Real-time PCR was used to analyze HNF4A expression at different timepoints after feeding. Primers were designed and validated
1. Phytosterols are plant compounds similar in structure to cholesterol that have shown promise in treating various cancers. Studies in animal models and cell cultures have found that phytosterol supplementation reduced tumor growth and progression of breast, prostate, colon and other cancers.
2. Mechanisms by which phytosterols may treat cancer include inducing apoptosis of cancer cells, reducing oxidative stress, decreasing inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis to cancer cells. Doses of 300mg per day have shown benefits, though most Americans consume only 80mg daily.
3. Further research is still needed to better understand long term effects and interactions with drugs, but initial animal and cell studies provide evidence that phytosterols may be a potential dietary intervention
Phytosterols for cancer treatment powerpointJosh Nooner
Phytosterols show promise for cancer treatment based on several animal, in vitro, and human studies. Animal studies found that phytosterol supplementation delayed breast cancer tumor onset and reduced prostate cancer growth. In vitro studies demonstrated that phytosterols increased cancer cell apoptosis, decreased proliferation, and increased tumor suppressor genes. A human epidemiological study associated higher phytosterol intake with a 50% reduced risk of lung cancer. Overall, the research suggests phytosterols may exert anticancer effects through reducing oxidative damage and preventing tumor growth and progression.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
Ghrelin is released by proximal gastrointestinal X/A cells and increases appetite. It is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system and inhibited by high glucose and insulin levels. The gastrointestinal L cell releases GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin, and PYY in response to nutrient ingestion. These hormones have various roles in nutrient homeostasis such as enhancing nutrient absorption and suppressing appetite. Dysregulation of these hormones is implicated in obesity and diabetes, and manipulating their levels through surgical or pharmacological means may provide clinical benefits.
This document reviews the cellular mechanisms and clinical evidence regarding curcumin's effects on oxidative stress-related liver diseases. It finds that curcumin exerts remarkable protective and therapeutic effects through various mechanisms, including suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and lipid peroxidation, activating protective signaling pathways, and ameliorating cellular responses to oxidative stress like increasing antioxidant enzyme expression. Curcumin itself acts as a free radical scavenger against various reactive oxygen species due to its phenolic, β-diketone, and methoxy functional groups. Further clinical studies are still needed to better understand curcumin's structure-activity relationships and mechanisms in oxidative liver diseases.
This document provides documentation for the USDA Database for Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.1. It summarizes the procedures used to update the database with 168 new foods and additional compounds for some existing foods. Analytical values were obtained from USDA analysis of foods as well as from literature. Values are provided for 26 common flavonoid compounds in five subclasses. The database is presented in tables listing nutritional values for flavonoids in 385 foods, and is intended to be a resource for researchers, nutritionists and consumers.
Effect of polyphenols on the intestinal and placental transport of somegisa_legal
This document reviews the effect of polyphenols on the intestinal and placental transport of some bioactive compounds. It discusses how different classes of polyphenols can affect the transport of organic cations, glucose, thiamine, and folic acid across intestinal and placental barriers. The effects of polyphenols can vary depending on factors like acute vs chronic exposure, and how polyphenols interact when consumed together compared to individually. While most data is from in vitro studies, the review raises concerns about how polyphenol consumption may impact the bioavailability of other compounds.
Hepatic and serum lipid signatures specific to NASH in mouse modelsFranck Chiappini
This study identified lipid signatures in the liver and serum that are specific to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) using mouse models of NAFL and NASH. Mice were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce NAFL or a methionine choline deficient diet (MCDD) to induce NASH. Comprehensive lipidomic analysis of liver tissues and serum identified 21 lipids in the liver and 14 lipids in the serum that could discriminate mice with NASH from those with NAFL or normal controls. Machine learning techniques were able to characterize lipid signatures specific to NASH in both the liver and serum, opening possibilities for investigating early and non-invasive lipid markers for diagn
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
The effect of keto analogues of essentialLIONA DEWI
The study administered keto-analogues of essential amino acids along with a low-protein diet to 10 patients with severe chronic kidney failure. The keto-analogues were given for 15-61 days. In 5 subjects, withdrawing the keto-analogues caused urea nitrogen appearance to increase by 1.55 g/day on average and nitrogen balance to decrease by 1.73 g/day, suggesting the keto-analogues promoted utilization of nitrogen. In 4 anuric patients, the keto-analogues were less effective at reducing urea levels; 2 of these patients responded better after dialysis. No toxicity was observed from the keto-analogues.
2010 effect of pistachio diet on lipid parameters, endothelial functionAgrin Life
This study investigated the effects of consuming a pistachio-enriched Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular risk factors in 32 healthy young men. Compared to a standard Mediterranean diet, the pistachio diet for 4 weeks significantly decreased blood glucose, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. It also significantly improved endothelial function and decreased markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. The findings suggest that pistachios may have beneficial effects beyond lipid lowering and cardiovascular health.
Estudio científico de la UV demuestra los beneficios de consumir arándanos an...Emisor Digital
La investigación, realizada por las académicas de la Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética de la Universidad de Valparaíso Ximena Palma y Samanta Thomas, junto al doctor Gonzalo Cruz, del Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI) y académico del Instituto de Fisiología de la UV, apuntó a evaluar el manejo de la glucosa posprandial (después de las comidas) y la capacidad antioxidante de los arándanos frescos.
The effects of curcumin supplementation on liver enzymes, lipidwahyu purnama
This randomized controlled trial studied the effects of curcumin supplementation on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Fifty-two NAFLD patients were randomly assigned to receive either 1500 mg of curcumin or a placebo daily for 12 weeks, in addition to lifestyle recommendations. Both groups experienced significant reductions in weight, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and other risk factors, with no significant differences between the groups. However, curcumin supplementation alone significantly reduced hepatic fibrosis, cholesterol, and glucose levels compared to the placebo.
The document discusses liver function tests and bilirubin metabolism. It describes that liver function tests are useful for diagnosing and monitoring liver diseases. A battery of tests are needed since the liver has diverse functions including excretion, metabolism, protein and plasma synthesis, and storage. Specific tests mentioned include liver enzymes, albumin, prothrombin time, tumor markers, bilirubin, and dye excretion tests. The types of jaundice - hemolytic, obstructive, and hepatic - are distinguished based on conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin levels as well as other factors. Various inborn errors affecting bilirubin metabolism are also outlined.
1. The document discusses alanine aminotransferase (ALAT/ALT), an enzyme that plays important roles in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.
2. ALT catalyzes the reversible transfer of amino groups between glutamate and pyruvate, and is important for liver gluconeogenesis and the glucose-alanine cycle.
3. Clinically, ALT levels are measured as a biomarker for liver health, with elevated levels indicating potential liver damage from conditions like hepatitis, fatty liver disease, or alcohol use.
This document discusses various liver biochemical tests and what they indicate about liver health and function. It covers tests of bilirubin, aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, synthetic functions, and fibrosis markers. Elevations in these tests can suggest conditions like viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, and others. No single test fully assesses liver function, so a battery of tests is needed to evaluate the liver and distinguish between different disease types and severities.
Transaminases are enzymes that catalyze reactions between amino acids and alpha-keto acids, and are important for synthesizing amino acids and proteins. They require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are examples that are clinically significant. Measuring levels of different transaminases in the blood can help diagnose and monitor diseases, as AST and ALT are found at highest levels in liver and other tissues. Common assays involve measuring the decrease in NADH absorption that occurs during transamination reactions.
Liver function tests (LFTs) evaluate liver health and detect liver damage. LFTs measure enzymes released from damaged liver cells (ALT, AST), synthetic function (albumin, clotting factors), and signs of obstruction (bilirubin, ALP, GGT). Elevations in ALT and AST indicate hepatocyte injury while increased bilirubin, ALP, and GGT suggest cholestasis or blockage of bile flow. LFTs help diagnose liver diseases, determine severity, monitor treatment effectiveness, and assess operative risk or need for transplantation.
The document provides an overview of liver anatomy and functions, clinical features of liver disease, causes of jaundice, signs of alcohol-related liver damage, common tests used to evaluate liver function, and investigations for liver disease. Key points include that the liver performs important roles in metabolism, detoxification, and protein and hormone synthesis. Clinical features can vary depending on the type of liver disease and include fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain, and bleeding issues. Biochemical tests and imaging help diagnose and characterize liver injury.
The patient, a 45-year-old female, presented with right upper quadrant pain, decreased appetite, vomiting, and pruritis. On examination, she was obese and the right hypochondriac region was tender. The probable diagnosis is obstructive jaundice. Biochemical investigations to confirm include elevated conjugated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase on liver function tests, and bile salts and bile pigments in the urine.
A 22-year-old male presented with jaundice, fatigue, and muscle pain for 6 months. Liver tests showed elevated bilirubin, AST, and prolonged PT/INR, suggesting a chronic liver disease. A 19-year-old female with history of chicken pox 8 months ago developed jaundice. Liver tests showed direct hyperbilirubinemia, elevated AST and markedly elevated ALP, indicating a cholestatic picture with ongoing activity. A 32-year-old alcoholic male with known cirrhosis showed mild elevation of AST and direct hyperbilirubinemia, with AST/ALT ratio of 3:1, consistent with alcoholic liver disease with ongoing activity.
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs) and their use in evaluating liver diseases. It provides details on 3 key LFTs:
1. Bilirubin tests which are used to diagnose prehepatic (hemolytic), hepatic, and obstructive jaundice. Elevated conjugated bilirubin indicates obstructive jaundice while elevated unconjugated bilirubin indicates hepatic or hemolytic jaundice.
2. Liver enzymes like ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT which provide information on liver health and injury. Elevated ALT and AST indicate liver parenchymal damage while elevated ALP and GGT can indicate obstructive jaundice.
3
This document summarizes a study that estimated choline intake in European populations using food consumption data from 12 European countries and choline composition data from the USDA database. The study found that average choline intake ranged from 151-444 mg/day across different age groups, with intake generally below the adequate intake levels set by the IOM. The main food groups contributing to choline intake were meat, milk, grains, eggs and derived products, composite dishes, and fish. Limitations included the lack of choline composition data for European foods requiring the use of USDA data instead.
Core Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcohlic Fatty Liver DiseaseIOSR Journals
This study examined the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Bangladeshi patients. The study included 67 patients diagnosed with NAFLD and 50 healthy controls matched for age and BMI. Results found that NAFLD patients had higher levels of insulin resistance, triglycerides, and central obesity compared to controls. However, no significant association was found between MetS and NAFLD when defined by common diagnostic criteria. Individual components of MetS like dyslipidemia, central obesity, and high postprandial glucose were significantly associated with NAFLD on logistic regression analysis. The study concludes that while various MetS components are linked to NAFLD in
This study assessed clinical, virological, histopathological and biochemical factors related to hepatic steatosis in Egyptian patients with HCV genotype 4. The study found steatosis in 80% of early HCV patients and 88% of cirrhotic patients. Steatosis grade correlated with higher viral load and liver inflammation. Patients had lower triglycerides and cholesterol levels correlated with steatosis grade. They also had higher leptin and beta-2-microglobulin levels and lower adiponectin levels compared to controls, correlating with steatosis grade and liver disease severity. The results suggest HCV genotype 4 is associated with biochemical changes like increased leptin and beta-2-microglobulin that may
Obesity represents a significant and growing global health crisis. Rates of obesity have doubled worldwide since 1980 due to genetic and environmental factors. Obesity is associated with numerous health risks and comorbidities. It is estimated that over 250 million people worldwide are affected by obesity.
Obesity represents a significant and growing public health crisis worldwide. It is defined as excess body fat and is often estimated using body mass index. The costs of obesity are substantial, amounting to over $100 billion annually in the US due to direct healthcare costs and lost productivity. Obesity is caused by an interplay between genetic factors, which account for 40-70% of obesity risk, and environmental influences like changes in diet and physical activity levels. Leptin plays a key role in regulating appetite and metabolism but most obese individuals are leptin resistant. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the current obesity epidemic.
This document summarizes recent advances in understanding signaling pathways involved in obesity pathogenesis. It discusses how the MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and JAK/STAT pathways regulate processes like appetite, adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, and thermogenesis that contribute to obesity. MAPK signaling especially plays complex roles in these processes. The review also examines current anti-obesity drugs that target these signaling pathways and discusses how a better understanding of these pathways may guide future obesity research and precision medicine approaches.
This document provides an overview of digestive enzyme supplementation for gastrointestinal diseases. It discusses the use of pancreatic enzymes, lactase, and conjugated bile acids. Pancreatic enzyme supplementation is established for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. New formulations include plant-based and microbe-derived enzymes. Lactase supplements treat lactose intolerance. Future applications may include diseases not related to enzyme deficiencies, and combinations of different enzymes.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of consuming ProAlgaZyme (PAZ), a novel algae infusion, on markers of cardiovascular health in overweight and obese subjects. In a 10-week randomized controlled trial of 52 subjects, those consuming 4 daily doses of PAZ experienced statistically significant reductions in weight, body fat, blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and markers of inflammation compared to placebo. The PAZ infusion was well-tolerated with no reported side effects. The study suggests PAZ consumption may improve cardiovascular risk factors in overweight individuals.
1) Obese patients with diabetes had significantly higher levels of IgG antibodies against bacterial antigens from E. coli strain LF-82 compared to lean controls, and these antibody levels correlated with increased levels of the inflammatory cytokine TNFα.
2) Mice fed a high-fat diet gained more weight than low-fat controls, and had impaired glucose tolerance, elevated inflammation markers, and specifically higher IgG antibodies against antigens from E. coli LF-82.
3) The results suggest that interactions between specific gut bacteria like E. coli LF-82 and a high-fat diet may promote inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity and diabetes.
Metabolic liver disease in developing world with special reference to Indian ...Apollo Hospitals
Metabolic liver diseases (MLD) are frequently missed and hence underreported. They are responsible for significant pediatric mortality. A fair number of these patients have a potential for favorable outcome with prompt detection and management; thus increasing the awareness regarding such disorders is important. We highlight the profile of commonly encountered pediatric MLDs and available diagnostic and therapeutic facilities in the developing countries through this review.
This document discusses obesity including its epidemiology, classification, medical complications, etiology, and management. Some key points:
- According to the WHO in 2014, over 1.9 billion adults were overweight and over 600 million were obese globally.
- Obesity is classified based on BMI and is associated with increased risk of conditions like cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
- The development of obesity has multifactorial etiology including genetic, metabolic, behavioral and environmental factors that influence energy intake and expenditure.
- Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as pharmacotherapy options that target appetite regulation and fat absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of iron supplementation alone and in combination with vitamins on hematological status, oxidative stress, and erythrocyte membrane fluidity in anemic pregnant women. 164 anemic pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive placebo, iron alone, iron with folic acid, or iron with folic acid, retinol, and riboflavin for 2 months. The study found that supplementation significantly increased hemoglobin and ferritin levels and decreased oxidative stress markers in all treatment groups compared to placebo. Erythrocyte membrane fluidity also increased with supplementation.
1) Fatty liver, measured using CT scans, was present in 17% of participants.
2) Fatty liver was associated with higher risk of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and insulin resistance even after accounting for other measures of obesity like BMI and visceral fat.
3) Fatty liver was also linked to dyslipidemia (higher triglycerides and lower HDL) and dysglycemia (impaired fasting glucose) independent of other fat depots.
Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports 25 (2021) 100921AvailaChantellPantoja184
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of a high methionine low folate (HMLF) diet on glucose homeostasis and gut microbiota in mice. Key findings include:
1) Mice fed an HMLF diet for 8 weeks developed hyperhomocysteinemia and showed slight glucose intolerance and insulin resistance compared to mice fed a normal diet.
2) The HMLF diet altered the gut microbiome profile of mice and increased the relative abundance of porphyromonadaceae bacteria.
3) The results provide new insights into how dysregulated glucose homeostasis and changes in gut flora may contribute to complications related to hyperhomocysteinemia.
1) The document discusses nutrigenomics research on the effects of different types of dietary fats on human health. Certain long chain saturated fats are described as potentially pro-inflammatory, while unsaturated fats like omega-3 PUFAs are anti-inflammatory.
2) Studies in mice found that a high-fat diet led to heterogeneity in liver responses, with some mice developing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to interactions between dysfunctional adipose tissue and the liver. Certain plasma proteins were identified as potential early biomarkers for NASH.
3) Human studies found that saturated fat-rich diets induced pro-inflammatory gene expression in adipose tissue and blood cells
This document provides an overview of obesity including its epidemiology, classification, medical complications, etiology, management, and pharmacotherapy. Some key points:
- Over 1.9 billion adults worldwide are overweight, with over 600 million being obese according to WHO 2014 data.
- Obesity is classified based on BMI and carries increased risks for conditions like cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
- Its causes are multifactorial including genetic, metabolic, behavioral and environmental factors. Leptin plays an important role in regulating appetite and weight.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as pharmacotherapy. Approved obesity drugs include orlistat, lorcaserin, phentermine, and liraglutide
The document discusses metabolic syndrome (MetS), also known as syndrome X. MetS is defined as a constellation of interconnected factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mortality. It commonly includes central obesity, elevated blood pressure, high blood glucose, excess body fat around the waist. The pathophysiology involves chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance linked to obesity, genetic susceptibility, and lifestyle factors. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications like weight loss, dietary changes, and physical activity as well as medications.
This study examined the effects of consuming probiotic yogurt on serum cholesterol levels in 46 individuals with hypercholesterolemia in Shiraz, Iran. The participants were divided into two groups, with one group consuming 300g per day of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria, and the other consuming regular yogurt, over two 6-week periods. Blood samples analyzed before and after each period found that consumption of probiotic yogurt significantly reduced LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels compared to regular yogurt. Additionally, probiotic yogurt reduced total cholesterol and increased HDL ("good") cholesterol, though not significantly. The results suggest that probiotic bacteria like L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria can