La investigación, realizada por las académicas de la Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética de la Universidad de Valparaíso Ximena Palma y Samanta Thomas, junto al doctor Gonzalo Cruz, del Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI) y académico del Instituto de Fisiología de la UV, apuntó a evaluar el manejo de la glucosa posprandial (después de las comidas) y la capacidad antioxidante de los arándanos frescos.
Diabetes is a multifactorial disease leading to several complications, and therefore demands a multiple therapeutic approach. Patients of diabetes either do not make enough insulin or their cells do not respond to insulin. In case of total lack of insulin, patients are given insulin injections. Whereas in case of those where cells do not respond to insulin many different drugs are developed taking into consideration possible disturbances in carbohydrate-metabolism. For example, to manage post-prandial hyper-glycaemia at digestive level, glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose, miglitol and voglibose are used. These inhibit degradation of carbohydrates there by reducing the glucose absorption by the cells. To enhance glucose uptake by peripheral cells biguanide such as metformin is used. Sulphonylureas, like glibenclamide, is insulinotropic and work as secretogogue for pancreatic cells. Although several therapies are in use for treatment, there are certain limitations due to high cost and side effects such as development of hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal disturbances, liver toxicity etc. Based on recent advances and involvement of oxidative stress in complicating diabetes mellitus, efforts are on to find suitable antidiabetic and antioxidant therapy.
Medicinal plants are being looked upon once again for the treatment of diabetes. Many conventional drugs have been derived from prototypic molecules in medicinal plants. Metformin exemplifies an efficacious oral glucose-lowering agent. To date, over 400 traditional plant treatments for diabetes have been reported, although only a small number of these have received scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. The hypoglycemic effect of some herbal extracts has been confirmed in human and animal models of type 2 diabetes. The World Health Organization Expert Committee on diabetes has recommended that traditional medicinal herbs be further investigated. The present paper Reviews the Role of Insulike tablets developed by R&D cell of Lactonova Nutripharm Pvt Ltd. Hyderabad in the role of herbal nutraceutical drug INSULIKE, A nutriphenotypic approach for the treatment of diabetes.
Edible Bird’s Nest Attenuates Procoagulation Effects of High-Fat Diet in RatsElabscience
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is used traditionally in many parts of Asia to improve wellbeing, but there are limited studies on its
efficacy. We explored the potential use of EBN for prevention of high fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin resistance in rats.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Diabetes is a multifactorial disease leading to several complications, and therefore demands a multiple therapeutic approach. Patients of diabetes either do not make enough insulin or their cells do not respond to insulin. In case of total lack of insulin, patients are given insulin injections. Whereas in case of those where cells do not respond to insulin many different drugs are developed taking into consideration possible disturbances in carbohydrate-metabolism. For example, to manage post-prandial hyper-glycaemia at digestive level, glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose, miglitol and voglibose are used. These inhibit degradation of carbohydrates there by reducing the glucose absorption by the cells. To enhance glucose uptake by peripheral cells biguanide such as metformin is used. Sulphonylureas, like glibenclamide, is insulinotropic and work as secretogogue for pancreatic cells. Although several therapies are in use for treatment, there are certain limitations due to high cost and side effects such as development of hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal disturbances, liver toxicity etc. Based on recent advances and involvement of oxidative stress in complicating diabetes mellitus, efforts are on to find suitable antidiabetic and antioxidant therapy.
Medicinal plants are being looked upon once again for the treatment of diabetes. Many conventional drugs have been derived from prototypic molecules in medicinal plants. Metformin exemplifies an efficacious oral glucose-lowering agent. To date, over 400 traditional plant treatments for diabetes have been reported, although only a small number of these have received scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. The hypoglycemic effect of some herbal extracts has been confirmed in human and animal models of type 2 diabetes. The World Health Organization Expert Committee on diabetes has recommended that traditional medicinal herbs be further investigated. The present paper Reviews the Role of Insulike tablets developed by R&D cell of Lactonova Nutripharm Pvt Ltd. Hyderabad in the role of herbal nutraceutical drug INSULIKE, A nutriphenotypic approach for the treatment of diabetes.
Edible Bird’s Nest Attenuates Procoagulation Effects of High-Fat Diet in RatsElabscience
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is used traditionally in many parts of Asia to improve wellbeing, but there are limited studies on its
efficacy. We explored the potential use of EBN for prevention of high fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin resistance in rats.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabetics - https://emulincanada.comAj Martirano
Effect of Emulin on Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetics https://emulincanada.com
,effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabet ,emulin diabetes ,igalen emulin diabetes ,emulin type 2 diabetes
Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Association with Type 2 Diabetes Me...PranatiChavan
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a clinical condition that is associated with energy metabolism, particularly carbohydrate and fat management in the organism. An increase in the prevalence of diabetic population and the association of decreasing patient compliance and medication adherence leads to prefer a new concept for the management of disease complications.
The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has proved to be effective for controlling diabetes.
Objectives: The purpose of this review is to perform an overview of CAM use, to emphasize its importance for managing diabetic complications and to get outfits of CAM.
Discussion: A literature survey was done by using various articles related to CAM and Diabetes mellitus. The focus was kept on
the frequency of CAM use, the methods they use, the factors related to the use of CAM, the sources of information about CAM
treatment, and the effect of the method used for disease management.
Conclusion: This review concluded that CAM therapy found to have adept at reducing blood glucose, maintaining a healthy
body, and relieving symptoms of DM. From the study, the relevance of CAM for managing Diabetic complications was verified
And the future need to perform scientific researches on CAM use was analyzed.
Three week dietary intervention using
apricots, pomegranate juice or/and
fermented sour sobya and impact on
biomarkers of antioxidative activity, oxidative stress and erythrocytic glutathione transferase activity among adults
Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
Rice bran is fabricated from the rice milling enterprise and contains about 10% of the entire weight of rough rice. It is especially composed of aleurone, pericarp, subaleurone layer, and germ. Rice bran is a fertile supply of nutrients, minerals, vital fatty acids, dietary fiber, and different sterols. The quantification of γ-oryzanol in rice bran can be conducted by many methods that require drawing out of rice bran oil (RBO) from the bran, accompanied by way of evaluation of the quantity of γ-oryzanol in the RBO with the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography. RBO is the oil drain out of the outer rigid surface of rice called chaff (rice husk). It is identified for its excessive smoke factor of 232°C (450°F) and soft taste, making it pleasant for excessive-temperature cooking strategies such as blend and deep frying. It is healthy for human expenditure, which is employed in the system of vegetable ghee. Wax was drawn out of RBO and palpanese extract, which is employed for carnauba wax in makeup, confectionery, shoe lotions, and sharpening compounds. It is accepted as a food preparation oil in numerous Asian countries, along with Bangladesh, Japan, India, and China. Regarding the importance of RBO, this overview intends to pay attention at the phytochemistry and therapeutic functions of RBO.
Anti-Obesity Pharmacotherapy: Where are we now? Where are we going?InsideScientific
Obesity is a treatable chronic disease. With nearly 2 billion individuals worldwide classified as being overweight and 650 million as having obesity, it is critical to optimize implementation of existing treatment interventions and develop novel therapies to mitigate the obesity pandemic. Anti-obesity medications are one of the essential tools in our medical toolbox to help patients achieve their health and weight goals.
In this webinar, Dr. Jastreboff discusses current use of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy, mechanisms involved, and agents in various stages of development with considerations for next steps. The presentation aims to inspire development of innovative therapeutics while optimizing use of existing agents to address the urgent need to effectively and sustainably treat millions of individuals with obesity around the world.
Key Topics Include:
- Understand the role of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy in the treatment of obesity
- Describe current anti-obesity pharmacotherapy
- Discuss anti-obesity medications under development
פירוט הרכיבים הטבעיים שנמצאים ב Cane תוסף תזונה טבעי המסייע לחולי סוכרת להגיע לאיזון ברמות הסוכר שלהם. Cane הוא תוסף תזונה מבית קיורהלייף, חברה הדואגת לאיכות חייהם של החולים במחלות כרוניות.
http://www.cane-curalife.com/
Effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabetics - https://emulincanada.comAj Martirano
Effect of Emulin on Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetics https://emulincanada.com
,effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabet ,emulin diabetes ,igalen emulin diabetes ,emulin type 2 diabetes
Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Association with Type 2 Diabetes Me...PranatiChavan
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a clinical condition that is associated with energy metabolism, particularly carbohydrate and fat management in the organism. An increase in the prevalence of diabetic population and the association of decreasing patient compliance and medication adherence leads to prefer a new concept for the management of disease complications.
The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has proved to be effective for controlling diabetes.
Objectives: The purpose of this review is to perform an overview of CAM use, to emphasize its importance for managing diabetic complications and to get outfits of CAM.
Discussion: A literature survey was done by using various articles related to CAM and Diabetes mellitus. The focus was kept on
the frequency of CAM use, the methods they use, the factors related to the use of CAM, the sources of information about CAM
treatment, and the effect of the method used for disease management.
Conclusion: This review concluded that CAM therapy found to have adept at reducing blood glucose, maintaining a healthy
body, and relieving symptoms of DM. From the study, the relevance of CAM for managing Diabetic complications was verified
And the future need to perform scientific researches on CAM use was analyzed.
Three week dietary intervention using
apricots, pomegranate juice or/and
fermented sour sobya and impact on
biomarkers of antioxidative activity, oxidative stress and erythrocytic glutathione transferase activity among adults
Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
Rice bran is fabricated from the rice milling enterprise and contains about 10% of the entire weight of rough rice. It is especially composed of aleurone, pericarp, subaleurone layer, and germ. Rice bran is a fertile supply of nutrients, minerals, vital fatty acids, dietary fiber, and different sterols. The quantification of γ-oryzanol in rice bran can be conducted by many methods that require drawing out of rice bran oil (RBO) from the bran, accompanied by way of evaluation of the quantity of γ-oryzanol in the RBO with the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography. RBO is the oil drain out of the outer rigid surface of rice called chaff (rice husk). It is identified for its excessive smoke factor of 232°C (450°F) and soft taste, making it pleasant for excessive-temperature cooking strategies such as blend and deep frying. It is healthy for human expenditure, which is employed in the system of vegetable ghee. Wax was drawn out of RBO and palpanese extract, which is employed for carnauba wax in makeup, confectionery, shoe lotions, and sharpening compounds. It is accepted as a food preparation oil in numerous Asian countries, along with Bangladesh, Japan, India, and China. Regarding the importance of RBO, this overview intends to pay attention at the phytochemistry and therapeutic functions of RBO.
Anti-Obesity Pharmacotherapy: Where are we now? Where are we going?InsideScientific
Obesity is a treatable chronic disease. With nearly 2 billion individuals worldwide classified as being overweight and 650 million as having obesity, it is critical to optimize implementation of existing treatment interventions and develop novel therapies to mitigate the obesity pandemic. Anti-obesity medications are one of the essential tools in our medical toolbox to help patients achieve their health and weight goals.
In this webinar, Dr. Jastreboff discusses current use of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy, mechanisms involved, and agents in various stages of development with considerations for next steps. The presentation aims to inspire development of innovative therapeutics while optimizing use of existing agents to address the urgent need to effectively and sustainably treat millions of individuals with obesity around the world.
Key Topics Include:
- Understand the role of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy in the treatment of obesity
- Describe current anti-obesity pharmacotherapy
- Discuss anti-obesity medications under development
פירוט הרכיבים הטבעיים שנמצאים ב Cane תוסף תזונה טבעי המסייע לחולי סוכרת להגיע לאיזון ברמות הסוכר שלהם. Cane הוא תוסף תזונה מבית קיורהלייף, חברה הדואגת לאיכות חייהם של החולים במחלות כרוניות.
http://www.cane-curalife.com/
This was my Msc dissertation subject. .
Nutrigenomics Study Approach of Genetic and Environmental factor effect on obesity.
I was first introduced to this very interesting subject of Nutrigenomics after watching the introductory video of Nutritionist Ryan Fernando sir of Qua Nutrition. I was very much excited and interested to do my dissertation in the very same subject.
Then after some research, I got to know about Dr. Geeta Dharmatti mam who is working in same subject. I am very much thankful for her guidance.
I am also very much thankful of Dr. Amol Raut sir of GeneSupport for the guidance and support for completing my dissertation.
I am also thankful of Dr. Rupali Sengupta mam of SNDT. I have completed this dissertation under IGNOU.
Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Torbangun Extract (Coleus amboinicus Lour) on ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Phytonutrients and Cardiovascular Disease webinar slidesmilfamln
What are phytonutrients/phytochemicals? How are they beneficial? How does inflammation play a role in the progression heart disease? We all know diet has a significant impact on the development of cardiovascular disease. This webinar will explore plant food components, bioactive phytonutrients, with health benefits and their effect on prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Learning objectives:
1. The participant will be able to explain the state of the art of the science behind the effect of bioactive compounds in plant foods related to cardiovascular disease.
2. The participant will be able to discuss the potential of fruit and vegetable flavonoids on heart health implications and their capacity to protect against chronic diseases.
3. The participant will be able to identify the sources of bioactive compounds in the diet and educate clients/patients in selecting foods to reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease.
Approved for 1.0 CPEU for Registered Dietitians
Transglucosidase improves the gut microbiota profile of type 2 diabetes melli...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Recently, the relationship between gut microbiota and obesity has been highlighted. The
present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of
transglucosidase (TGD) in modulating blood glucose levels and body weight gain in patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to clarify the underlying mechanism by analyzing
the gut microbiota of T2DM patients.
Gastroprotective effect of flavonoid quercetin and coenzyme Q10 in indomethac...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The Journal of NutritionNutrition and DiseaseBioactive.docxoreo10
The Journal of Nutrition
Nutrition and Disease
Bioactives in Blueberries Improve Insulin
Sensitivity in Obese, Insulin-Resistant Men
and Women1–4
April J. Stull, Katherine C. Cash, William D. Johnson, Catherine M. Champagne, and William T. Cefalu*
Center for the Study of Botanicals and Metabolic Syndrome, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System,
Baton Rouge, LA 70808
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with whole blueberries in a preclinical study resulted in a reduction in glucose concentrations
over time. We sought to evaluate the effect of daily dietary supplementation with bioactives from blueberries on
whole-body insulin sensitivity in men and women. A double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical study
design was used. After screening to resolve study eligibility, baseline (wk 0) insulin sensitivity was measured on 32
obese, nondiabetic, and insulin-resistant subjects using a high-dose hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (insulin
infusion of 120 mU(861 pmol)×m22×min21). Serum inflammatory biomarkers and adiposity were measured at baseline.
At the end of the study, insulin sensitivity, inflammatory biomarkers, and adiposity were reassessed. Participants
were randomized to consume either a smoothie containing 22.5 g blueberry bioactives (blueberry group, n = 15) or a
smoothie of equal nutritional value without added blueberry bioactives (placebo group, n = 17) twice daily for 6 wk.
Both groups were instructed to maintain their body weight by reducing ad libitum intake by an amount equal to the
energy intake of the smoothies. Participants’ body weights were evaluated weekly and 3-d food records were
collected at baseline, the middle, and end of the study. The mean change in insulin sensitivity improved more in the
blueberry group (1.7 6 0.5 mg×kg FFM21×min21) than in the placebo group (0.4 6 0.4 mg×kg FFM21×min21) (P = 0.04).
Insulin sensitivity was enhanced in the blueberry group at the end of the study without significant changes in
adiposity, energy intake, and inflammatory biomarkers. In conclusion, daily dietary supplementation with bioactives
from whole blueberries improved insulin sensitivity in obese, nondiabetic, and insulin-resistant participants. J. Nutr.
140: 1764–1768, 2010.
Introduction
Increased consumption of berries has been shown to improve
cognitive function, risk of cardiovascular disease, and cancer
(1,2). Studies have also reported that specific berries, i.e.,
blueberries, have antidiabetic effects. Specifically, a study
performed in mice (3) found that supplementation with
whole blueberries reduced the blood glucose area under the
curve (AUC)5 in vivo and cell culture studies (4,5) demonstrated
increased glucose uptake in vitro (6). In addition, inflammatory
genes have been reduced in mice after consuming blueberry
bioactives, which suggests an antiinflammatory response (3).
The purported health benefits from blueberries have been
attributed to their ...
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Ipsos, empresa de investigación de mercados y opinión pública, divulgó su informe N°29 “Claves Ipsos” correspondiente al mes de abril, que encuestó a 800 personas con el fin de identificar las principales opiniones y comportamientos de las y los ciudadanos respecto de temas de interés para el país. En esta edición se abordó la a Carabineros de Chile, su evaluación, legitimidad en su actuar y el asesinato de tres funcionarios en Cañete. Además, se consultó sobre el Ejército y la opinión respecto de la marcha en Putre.
Desafíos y Oportunidades de la Educación Media Técnico Profesional en Chil...Emisor Digital
Fundación País Digital, en conjunto con Accenture, están lanzando el estudio Desafíos y Oportunidades de la Educación Media Técnico Profesional en Chile,
Conocer la percepción de 22 mil personas en 29 países del mundo sobre temas como la meritocracia, la desigualdad y la discriminación en la sociedad, fue el objetivo del estudio internacional “Índice de Igualdad 2024” que recientemente lanzó Ipsos.
¿De qué depende el éxito para los chilenos?
¿Qué significa una sociedad justa para los chilenos?
¿Quién tiene la responsabilidad para reducir la desigualdad?
Ipsos - Miradas Globales sobre la IA y la desinformación.pdfEmisor Digital
La empresa de estudios de mercado Ipsos publicó su más reciente informe, llamado “Miradas Globales sobre la I.A y Desinformación”, con una muestra superior a las 21 mil personas en 29 países, incluido Chile, donde se muestra la percepción de los riesgos de la desinformación en la era de la Inteligencia Artificial Generativa.
Consolidating the Recovery, Seizing Green Growth Opportunities.pdfEmisor Digital
De acuerdo a lo expuesto en un nuevo Informe del Banco Mundial denominado “Consolidating the Recovery, Seizing Green Growth Opportunities”, las economías de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) están en camino de recuperarse de la crisis derivada de la peste china covid19, pero las complicaciones de la pandemia permanecen y la necesidad de un crecimiento más dinámico, inclusivo y sostenible es cada vez más urgente.
analisis-descriptivo-del-impacto-de-la-pandemia-sobre-las-empresas-en-chile-v...Emisor Digital
El presente estudio tiene por objetivo analizar descriptivamente cómo la pandemia afectó a las empresas en Chile, empleando para ello información tributaria de contribuyentes de primera categoría para los años 2019 y 2020.
RADIOGRAFÍA DIGITAL PERSONAS MAYORES: SENIORS TECHEmisor Digital
Conoce los resultados de la primera encuesta digital realizada en Chile, enfocada en la digitalización de las personas mayores de entre 60 y 80 años. Cuáles son sus redes sociales favoritas, para qué han usado más Internet durante la pandemia, cuántos aprendieron a usar aparatos inteligentes, y mucho más.
Informe deuda morosa 2° trimestre 2021 presentaciónEmisor Digital
Los deudores morosos en Chile cayeron un 15,9% entre junio de 2020 y junio de 2021, es decir, 790 mil personas salieron del registro de morosidad en el último año, de acuerdo a los datos entregados en el XXXIII Informe de Deuda Morosa de Personas desarrollado por la Facultad de Economía y Negocios de la Universidad San Sebastián y Equifax.
Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Description:
Discover how Chatty Kathy, an innovative project developed at the UNC Bootcamp, aims to tackle the challenge of low physical activity among older adults. Our AI-driven solution uses peer interaction to boost and sustain exercise levels, significantly improving health outcomes. This presentation covers our problem statement, the rationale behind Chatty Kathy, synthetic data and persona creation, model performance metrics, a visual demonstration of the project, and potential future developments. Join us for an insightful Q&A session to explore the potential of this groundbreaking project.
Project Team: Jay Requarth, Jana Avery, John Andrews, Dr. Dick Davis II, Nee Buntoum, Nam Yeongjin & Mat Nicholas
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
2. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1458 2 of 11
and despite worldwide data being variable, physical inactivity reaches up to 80% in
some subpopulations [8]. Therefore, it is necessary to modify lifestyle factors including
physical activity and dietary interventions to preserve metabolic function and prevent
T2D [9]. Consequently, important efforts have been made to identify alternative dietary
compounds that could help in the management of insulin resistance and T2D. Polyphenols
are natural compounds commonly found in fruits and vegetables, which have been studied
for reduction of T2D risk [9,10]. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential are ordinary
attributes of polyphenols that could benefit T2D handling [10]. Estimated dietary intake
of polyphenols indicate consumption as high as 1 g per day [11]. Berries contain a high
content of polyphenols, ranging from 200 to 300 mg of per 100 g of fresh weight [12].
Some potential mechanisms by which polyphenols could influence glycemic con-
trol include: the inhibition of digestive enzymes, thus reducing glucose absorption [13];
gene modulation associated to β-cell dysfunction, insulin signaling pathways and glu-
coneogenesis pathways [14]; enhancement of insulin-mediated glucose uptake [15]; gut
microbiota modulation [16]; improvement of pancreatic β-cell function [17] and liver
glucose homeostasis [18]; and decreasing inflammatory pathways: [19]. Despite many
possible mechanisms involving polyphenols’ effect on glycemic control, there have been
limited successful clinical interventions using dietary polyphenols into glucose and insulin
homeostasis [10], and most evidence relating polyphenols with glycemic control have used
polyphenolic extracts or isolated compounds in their experimental design [17,18]). Many
studies are also based on in vitro and animal assays [13,15,19]. The purpose of this study is
to evaluate the effect of acute consumption of blueberries or six-day supplementation on
glycemic and insulinemic responses and redox status after the ingestion of an available
carbohydrate rich food in sedentary subjects.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characterization of Blueberries
Blueberries were selected due to their antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content,
especially anthocyanins. For this study, Jewel and Star varieties from Santa Adriana Farm
(Quillota, Chile) were used. Fruits were collected, frozen at −20 ◦C and transported to
the Nutrition Department at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile, where
they were stored at −20 ◦C to maintain their properties until analyses and interventions.
Hydroalcoholic extract was prepared using methanol:water (80:20) to measure antioxidant
capacity and polyphenol content. Antioxidant capacity was measured using the FRAP
method described elsewhere by Benzie and Strain [20]. Briefly, the method involves the
reduction of tripiridiltriazine (TPTZ)–Fe+3 complex at pH 3.6 that generates a blue color
with a maximum wavelength at 593 nm. Results were expressed as mmol/Fe+2 per 100 g
of fresh weight (mmol/ Fe+2/100 g FW). Similarly, polyphenol content was measured
according to the Folin-Ciocalteau method previously described by Slinkard Singleton,
1977 [21], based on the oxidation of phenol compounds. This reaction was measured by
spectrophotometry at 765 nm and results were expressed as mg equivalent of gallic acid
per 100 g of fresh weight (mg EGA/100 g FW). Total anthocyanin content was determined
by the differential pH method described by Giusti Wrolstad [22], an assay based on the
molecular extinction coefficient of cyanidin 3-glucoside at different pH (1 and 4.5) and
wavelengths (515 and 700 nm). The results were expressed as milligrams of equivalents of
cyanidin 3-glycoside per 100 g of fresh weight (mg EC3G/100 g FW).
Portion size was determined as 150 g according to the definition of a regular edible
portion found in the National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 25 (USDA)
to ensure subjects were able to easily eat the entire portion. It was instructed that each
portion of blueberries should be eaten entirely, in the morning and without processing, and
to keep them frozen until consumption to avoid losses due to processing and/or changes
in storage temperature [23].
3. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1458 3 of 11
2.2. Subjects
Ten sedentary university students aged between 20 and 35 years old were recruited
to participate in this study. Inclusion criteria considered body mass index (BMI) between
18.6 and 24.9 kg/m2; absence of non-communicable chronic disease, gastrointestinal or
kidney pathologies; and being sedentary (less than 30 min of physical activity 3 times
a week). Sedentary subjects were selected due to its high prevalence and to avoid the
effect of physical activity over glycemic management [24], thus avoiding this acting as a
confounding factor. Exclusion criteria were tobacco and alcohol consumption (over 400 mL
a week); use of antihypertensive, hypoglycemic and/or lipid lowering drugs; antioxidant
supplements consumption one month prior to the study; and pregnant or lactating in the
case of female volunteers. Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) were completed by the
subjects to estimate dietary intake of fiber, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenes and polyphenols
previous to each intervention. FFQ analyses were based on the Chilean Food Composition
Table and the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. All subjects gave
their written consent to participate in this study which was approved by the Faculty of
Medicine Ethics Committee at the University of Chile.
2.3. Study Design
Individuals acted as their own controls participating in an acute and a supplementa-
tion intervention. Subjects were scheduled at a minimum of two weeks between treatments
to ensure an adequate washout period for the next intervention. For the baseline (control),
subjects consumed 150 g of white bread. For the acute study, they consumed 150 g of white
bread with 150 g of unprocessed frozen blueberries (immediately). For the short-term
supplementation, subjects ate 150 g of unprocessed blueberries daily for 6 days, then they
consumed 150 g of white bread at day 7 for blood collection (Figure 1).
Nutrients 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 12
each portion of blueberries should be eaten entirely, in the morning and without pro-
cessing, and to keep them frozen until consumption to avoid losses due to processing
and/or changes in storage temperature [23].
2.2. Subjects
Ten sedentary university students aged between 20 and 35 years old were recruited
to participate in this study. Inclusion criteria considered body mass index (BMI) between
18.6 and 24.9 kg/m2; absence of non-communicable chronic disease, gastrointestinal or
kidney pathologies; and being sedentary (less than 30 min of physical activity 3 times a
week). Sedentary subjects were selected due to its high prevalence and to avoid the effect
of physical activity over glycemic management [24], thus avoiding this acting as a con-
founding factor. Exclusion criteria were tobacco and alcohol consumption (over 400 mL a
week); use of antihypertensive, hypoglycemic and/or lipid lowering drugs; antioxidant
supplements consumption one month prior to the study; and pregnant or lactating in the
case of female volunteers. Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) were completed by the
subjects to estimate dietary intake of fiber, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenes and polyphe-
nols previous to each intervention. FFQ analyses were based on the Chilean Food Com-
position Table and the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. All sub-
jects gave their written consent to participate in this study which was approved by the
Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee at the University of Chile.
2.3. Study Design
Individuals acted as their own controls participating in an acute and a supplementa-
tion intervention. Subjects were scheduled at a minimum of two weeks between treat-
ments to ensure an adequate washout period for the next intervention. For the baseline
(control), subjects consumed 150 g of white bread. For the acute study, they consumed 150
g of white bread with 150 g of unprocessed frozen blueberries (immediately). For the
short-term supplementation, subjects ate 150 g of unprocessed blueberries daily for 6
days, then they consumed 150 g of white bread at day 7 for blood collection (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Design of the acute intervention and short-term supplementation. Acute intervention
and short-term supplementation were separated by 2 weeks (WK).
2.4. Procedures
Participants were admitted to the laboratory on three separate occasions (control,
acute intervention and short-term supplementation) after 10 h overnight fast. At 08:30 h,
Figure 1. Design of the acute intervention and short-term supplementation. Acute intervention and
short-term supplementation were separated by 2 weeks (WK).
2.4. Procedures
Participants were admitted to the laboratory on three separate occasions (control,
acute intervention and short-term supplementation) after 10 h overnight fast. At 08:30 h, an
intravenous cannula (BD Venflon, Oxford, UK) was inserted into an antecubital vein and
a fasting blood sample was taken (time 0). At 09:00 h, subjects were given 150 g of white
bread, equivalent to 75 g of available carbohydrates, according to nutritional information
published by the producer (FUCHS, Santiago, Chile) and they consumed this within 15 min.
Blood samples (5 mL) were drawn from the intravenous line at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min
4. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1458 4 of 11
following the ingestion of bread. During the trial, the cannula was kept patent with regular
5 mL flushes of 0.9% NaCl saline (Baxter Healthcare, Northampton, UK) following each
bloodletting. This procedure was repeated each time.
Blood samples were taken into heparinized tubes containing aprotinin (Sigma Chem-
ical Laboratories Ltd., Poole, UK) for the analysis of insulin and into tubes containing
sodium fluoride for glucose analysis. Samples collected for glucose were centrifuged
immediately at 3000 rpm, 1000× g for 6 min and the plasma was separated, aliquoted and
frozen at −20 ◦C until analysis. Additional samples were collected at 0, 30 and 120 min to
determine plasma antioxidant capacity, total and oxidized glutathione (GSHt and GSSG,
respectively), which were placed in tubes containing EDTA.
2.5. Chemical Analysis of Blood Samples
2.5.1. Blood Glucose and Insulin
Plasma glucose concentrations were determined in duplicate by the GOD-PAP method,
using a Human Pharma Latina kit. Insulin concentrations were measured using a chemi-
luminescence immunoassay. The incremental area under each 120 min plasma glucose
and insulin response curve (AUC) were calculated using the trapezoidal rule with fasting
values as the baseline (FAO/OMS, 1998).
2.5.2. FRAP and Glutation
Plasma antioxidant capacity was measured using the FRAP method described above.
The results were expressed as mg/ml. GSHt and GSSG concentration was measured in
erythrocytes based on the method of Rahman et al. using 5,5-ditio-bis (nitrobenzoic acid),
known as a DTNB reagent, to form 5-tio-2-nitrobenzoic acid observable by spectropho-
tometry at 405 nm. To determine concentration, the equation of the straight line of the
measurements obtained for each sample (6 points) was calculated. With the resulting data,
the net rate was defined by subtracting the value of the blank slope from each sample
slope and the following formula was applied: GSHt = ((Net rate-intercept)/slope) * Di-
lution Factor, 0.0116 and 0.0012 being the slope and intercept values, respectively; the
dilution factor was 90. GSHt concentrations were expressed in millimoles (mM) for 0, 30
and 120 min. GSSG measurements were carried out by reduction of GSSG to GSH in the
presence of NADPH, and concentrations were determined using the same method as for
GSHt, with 0.0197 and −0.002 the values of the GSSG slope and intercept, respectively. The
corresponding dilution factor is 10.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
Data were expressed as median ± standard error. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used
to confirm normality of the data. All variables were compared between acute blueberry
consumption or supplementation and control (baseline) using two-tail paired t-test. A p
value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. IBM SPSS statistics version 22.0 was
used for FFQ analysis and GraphPad version 9.0 was used for other analyses.
3. Results
3.1. Blueberries’ Characteristics
Antioxidant capacity of blueberries was 2.56 ± 0.56 mmol Fe+2/100 g FW. Total
polyphenols content and total anthocyanins were 256.02 ± 24.69 mg EGA/100 g FW and
63 ± 0.8 mg E C3G/100 g FW, respectively.
3.2. Participant Characteristics
Six women and four men, with a mean age of 26.3 ± 3.2 years and mean BMI of
22.59 ± 1.91 kg/m2 were recruited. Regarding basal metabolic parameters, glycemia was
91.19 ± 7.97 mg/dL in women and 95.04 ± 6.59 mg/dL in men, and insulinemia was
7.34 ± 4.17 and 6.54 ± 1.25 IU/mL in women and men, respectively. Regarding FFQ anal-
5. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1458 5 of 11
yses, no statistical differences were observed when comparing the intake of fiber, vitamin C,
vitamin E, carotenes and polyphenols prior to each treatment (Table 1).
Nutrients 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 12
Figure 2. Glucose and insulin results after acute fresh blueberry consumption (Ac). (A) Basal fasting glucose levels. (B)
Basal fasting insulin levels. (C) Glucose curve after 150 g of white bread consumption. (D) Insulin curve after 150 g white
bread consumption. (E) Area under the curve (AUC) of plasma glucose after 150 g of white bread consumption. (F) Area
under the curve (AUC) of plasma insulin after 150 g of white bread consumption. * p 0.05 vs control or t = 0, ** p 0.01
vs control or t = 0.
Figure 2. Glucose and insulin results after acute fresh blueberry consumption (Ac). (A) Basal
fasting glucose levels. (B) Basal fasting insulin levels. (C) Glucose curve after 150 g of white bread
consumption. (D) Insulin curve after 150 g white bread consumption. (E) Area under the curve
(AUC) of plasma glucose after 150 g of white bread consumption. (F) Area under the curve (AUC) of
plasma insulin after 150 g of white bread consumption. * p 0.05 vs control or t = 0, ** p 0.01 vs
control or t = 0.
Table 1. Dietary intake of fiber and antioxidants in sedentary subjects on the day of acute consumption
and supplementation experiments (Median ± SEM).
Acute Consumption Supplementation p
Dietary fiber (g) 14.50 ± 2.59 18.17 ± 4.72 0.561
Vitamin C (mg) 150.74 ± 33.50 191.93 ± 35.33 0.562
Vitamin E (mg) 3.27 ± 0.56 5.20 ± 1.10 0.267
Carotenes (ug RE) 729.85 ± 205.07 1080.84 ± 261.15 0.472
Polyphenols (mg GAE) 401.23 ± 152.20 726.55 ± 256.64 0.469
6. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1458 6 of 11
3.3. Effects of Blueberry Consumption on Glucose Management
Figure 2 shows the effects of acute consumption of 75 g of carbohydrates, provided as
white bread, with 150 g of blueberries on glucose and insulin levels compared to the levels
previously determined in the same subjects without blueberry consumption (Control).
Interestingly, acute blueberry consumption decreased glucose levels at 30, 60, 90 and
120 min after 75 g of carbohydrates intake, resulting in a significantly lower AUC. For
insulin, concentration was higher only at 30 min when subjects had consumed 150 g of
blueberries compared to control, but no differences were observed in AUC.
Figure 3 shows the effects of 150 g of short-term supplementation of blueberries for six
days on glucose and insulin concentration. Postprandial glucose levels were not affected
while insulin levels were lower at 120 min. Insulin AUC showed a tendency to decrease
compared to baseline.
Nutrients 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 12
Figure 3. Glucose and insulin results after short-term fresh blueberry supplementation (Suppl). (A) Basal fasting glucose
levels. (B) Basal fasting insulin levels. (C) Glucose curve after 150 g of white bread consumption. (D) Insulin curve after
150 g white bread consumption. (E) Area under the curve (AUC) of plasma glucose after 150 g of white bread consumption.
(F) Area under the curve (AUC) of plasma insulin after 150 g of white bread consumption. * p 0.05 vs control.
3.4. Plasma Glutathione Levels
Plasma glutathione levels were measured at 0, 30 and 120 min after consumption of
Figure 3. Glucose and insulin results after short-term fresh blueberry supplementation (Suppl).
(A) Basal fasting glucose levels. (B) Basal fasting insulin levels. (C) Glucose curve after 150 g of white
bread consumption. (D) Insulin curve after 150 g white bread consumption. (E) Area under the curve
(AUC) of plasma glucose after 150 g of white bread consumption. (F) Area under the curve (AUC) of
plasma insulin after 150 g of white bread consumption. * p 0.05 vs. control.
7. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1458 7 of 11
3.4. Plasma Glutathione Levels
Plasma glutathione levels were measured at 0, 30 and 120 min after consumption
of 150 g of white bread in each of the interventions. Plasma GSH increased under acute
consumption of 150 g of blueberries at the three timepoints, but short-term supplementa-
tion does not produce significant effects on GSH. GSH/GSSG was not affected in acute
consumption or short-term supplementation with 150 g of blueberries (Figure 4).
Nutrients 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 12
3.5. Plasma Antioxidant Capacity
Plasma antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP at 0, 30 and 120 min was unchanged
for both acute consumption of 150 g of blueberries and after six days of blueberries short-
term supplementation (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Plasma glutathione levels and antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP assay after acute
consumption (Ac) and short-term blueberry supplementation (Suppl) compared to baseline levels
(control). (A) GSH in acute consumption. (B) GSH in short-term supplementation. (C) GSH/GSSG
in acute consumption. (D) GSH/GSSG in short-term supplementation. (E) FRAP in acute con-
sumption. (F) FRAP in short-term supplementation. Baseline levels are shown by white bars while
grey bars represent treatments. * p 0.05 vs control, ** p 0.01 vs control, *** p 0.001 vs. control
and **** p 0.0001 vs. control. GSH: expressed as mM; GSSG: expressed as mM; FRAP: expressed
as mg/dl.
4. Discussion
Blueberries are polyphenol-rich fruits with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant prop-
erties [25]. Most studies evaluating the effects of blueberries are performed in animal mod-
els using extracts or powder from fruits, but studies in humans are limited. In fact, few
studies analyze the effects of blueberry fresh fruit on glucose management [26]. In the
present study, we found that 150 g of consumption immediately improves significantly
postprandial glucose levels (p 0.05) and has beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity after
a six-days supplementation in healthy subjects. A similar study with T2D individuals
showed improvement of postprandial glucose response (glucose AUC) and reduction on
insulin levels (insulin AUC) after acute consumption of blueberries containing 160 mg of
anthocyanins followed by a 75 g glucose load [27].
The acute effects of fresh blueberries are probably mediated by their action on the
gastrointestinal tract. Several polyphenols have been demonstrated to inhibit gastrointes-
tinal enzymes, such as pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase [13]. This inhibition could
be the cause of lower glucose levels observed when blueberries were consumed with
Figure 4. Plasma glutathione levels and antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP assay after acute
consumption (Ac) and short-term blueberry supplementation (Suppl) compared to baseline levels
(control). (A) GSH in acute consumption. (B) GSH in short-term supplementation. (C) GSH/GSSG in
acute consumption. (D) GSH/GSSG in short-term supplementation. (E) FRAP in acute consumption.
(F) FRAP in short-term supplementation. Baseline levels are shown by white bars while grey bars
represent treatments. * p 0.05 vs control, ** p 0.01 vs control, *** p 0.001 vs. control and **** p 0.0001
vs. control. GSH: expressed as mM; GSSG: expressed as mM; FRAP: expressed as mg/dl.
3.5. Plasma Antioxidant Capacity
Plasma antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP at 0, 30 and 120 min was unchanged
for both acute consumption of 150 g of blueberries and after six days of blueberries short-
term supplementation (Figure 4).
4. Discussion
Blueberries are polyphenol-rich fruits with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant prop-
erties [25]. Most studies evaluating the effects of blueberries are performed in animal
models using extracts or powder from fruits, but studies in humans are limited. In fact,
few studies analyze the effects of blueberry fresh fruit on glucose management [26]. In the
present study, we found that 150 g of consumption immediately improves significantly
postprandial glucose levels (p 0.05) and has beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity after
a six-days supplementation in healthy subjects. A similar study with T2D individuals
showed improvement of postprandial glucose response (glucose AUC) and reduction on
8. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1458 8 of 11
insulin levels (insulin AUC) after acute consumption of blueberries containing 160 mg of
anthocyanins followed by a 75 g glucose load [27].
The acute effects of fresh blueberries are probably mediated by their action on the
gastrointestinal tract. Several polyphenols have been demonstrated to inhibit gastroin-
testinal enzymes, such as pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase [13]. This inhibition
could be the cause of lower glucose levels observed when blueberries were consumed
with bread. However, insulin concentration did not decrease as expected. Instead, insulin
significantly increased (p 0.05) at 30 min after the intake of the bread portion. This could
be explained by a possible insulinotropic effect of blueberry consumption. One of the most
abundant polyphenols found in blueberries are anthocyanins that have been demonstrated
to increase the release of intestinal insulinotropic peptides such as GLP-1 [28,29]. However,
a recent report demonstrated no effects of blueberries on GLP-1 and GIP levels in subjects
consuming 140 g of blueberries once compared to placebo group [26]. The insulinotropic
effect of blueberry consumption on glucose levels remains unclear and further research is
needed.
Short-term blueberry supplementation did not affect postprandial glucose levels
(p = 0.8414), but significantly decreased insulin levels at 120 min (p 0.05) and tended to
decrease insulin AUC (p = 0.0610). This could be the result of an improvement in insulin
sensitivity, requiring lower insulin levels to regulate glucose concentrations. Similarly,
after a supplementation of 45 g per day of freeze-dried blueberry for eight weeks, an
improvement of insulin sensitivity of obese, nondiabetic, and insulin-resistant subjects
was observed [30], while long-term blueberry supplementation (1 g of blueberry powder
per day for 3 months) induced reduction of fasting and 2-h postprandial blood glucose,
insulin levels and HOMA-IR in T2D volunteers compared to baseline results [31]. De-
spite these results, consumption of 22 g of freeze-dried blueberries for eight weeks did
not change fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin in men with T2D [32]. The effect
of blueberries on insulin sensitivity depends on different mechanisms which converge
in decreasing inflammation.
The insulin sensitivity enhancement we had found specially in acute blueberry con-
sumption could be partly explained by a significantly higher level of GSH when compared
to control condition (p 0.05). Oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with
induces defects in glucose metabolism such as insulin-resistance. The improvement of
antioxidant defense and control of inflammatory processes could help in the manage-
ment of these defects [33]. In this sense, polyphenols have been largely studied as natural
antioxidants using different models to prove their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory poten-
tial [34]. Regarding antioxidant defense, there is evidence that dietary polyphenols could
regulate the expression of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, a rate-limiting enzyme present
in the cellular GSH biosynthetic pathway [35]. Animal assays had found significantly
higher GSH levels after administration of blueberry extract [36,37]. FRAP did not show
any statistically significant difference in both acute intake and blueberry supplementation
compared to control, except at 30 min for short-term supplementation (p 0.05). In the
same way, daily blueberry consumption (250 g) did not change the FRAP measurement
in the plasma of chronic cigarette smokers after acute intake and three weeks supplemen-
tation [38]. Also, an acute consumption of 300 g of blueberries did not change oxidative
stress and antioxidant defense in healthy man smokers [39]. However, an intervention
using a blueberry drink for 6 weeks showed a significant reduc-tion of oxidized DNA bases
and resistance to induce oxidative DNA damage [40].
Multiple inflammatory pathways are associated with glucose homeostasis and insulin
response modulation. In vitro models using macrophages treated with LPS showed a
significant reduction of reactive oxygen species after incubation with anthocyanins from
blueberries [37]. According to the anti-inflammatory potential of blueberries, it was de-
termined that blueberries’ anthocyanins reduced gene expression of IL-1β and TNF-α
probably, due to declined translocation of NF-κB p65 to the nucleus [29,41]. Similarly,
important inflammatory biomarkers, including mRNA of COX-2, IL-1β and iNOS, were
9. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1458 9 of 11
inhibited by blueberry extract administration in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages [42]. A
significant reduction of gene expression of TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1 and iNOS associated with
improvement of insulin sensitivity was observed in C57Bl/6j mice fed with a high fat diet
supplemented with 4% blueberry powder for eight weeks [19]. The intestinal microbiota
seems to be an important target to treat inflammation. Polyphenols are recognized by their
prebiotic effect in modulation of the growth and activity of some colonic bacteria. This
is because the polyphenols resist upper gastrointestinal digestion and reach the colon to
be extensively metabolized by colonic microbiota [43]. Fecal Bifidobacteria levels were
inversely associated with glucose intolerance and inflammatory biomarkers, including
IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 [43–45]. Bifidobacterium spp. increased significantly after
six weeks using a daily intake of a drink containing blueberry powder (25 g) compared to
a placebo drink [16].
The present study has some considerations that are important to notice. First, our
sample was composed of sedentary but healthy young participants, with a narrow range of
BMI and age. We used one serving (150 g or 1 cup) of whole blueberries in both treatments,
with the intention of testing a more feasible strategy. Our food approach takes into account
the possible synergy between all compounds from the food matrix, which cannot be
observed in extracts or supplements. A limitation of our study was the small sample
size, which could have influenced the lack of statistical significance on the biomarkers
measured and does not allow a deeper analysis of FFQ. Studies with a higher number of
participants should be performed to determine if polyphenol-rich fresh fruits can be a part
of the nutritional intervention for glucose management. Finally, herein we studied the
effect of acute and short-term supplementation with fresh blueberries in sedentary subjects,
but this scheme of blueberry consumption may have higher positive effects in patients
with insulin resistance and T2D.
In conclusion, both acute blueberry consumption and short-term blueberry supple-
mentation showed positive effects on glucose management and insulin homeostasis in
sedentary subjects. Glucose concentrations were significantly lower after acute consump-
tion, with no effect on insulin levels, presumably due to action on gastrointestinal enzymes
inhibition and incretins secretion. Short-term supplementation showed a tendency to
decrease insulin levels but not statistically significantly compared to control. Plasma GSH
increased after acute consumption at the three timepoints, while GSH/GSSG and FRAP
remained with no changes after blueberry consumption both acutely and by supplementa-
tion. Despite this, we strongly believe our study sets a good precedent regarding the use of
whole blueberries as a dietary strategy to improve glucose homeostasis in sedentary young
individuals.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, X.P., S.T.-V. and G.C.; methodology, X.P.; software, X.P.;
validation, X.P.; formal analysis, G.C. and X.P.; investigation, X.P.; resources, X.P., S.T.-V. and G.C.;
data curation, X.P., S.T.-V. and G.C.; writing—original draft preparation, X.P., S.T.-V. and G.C.;
writing—review and editing, X.P., S.T.-V. and G.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by the Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) under
Grant 11190762 (Fondecyt de Iniciación, STV) and under Grant 1201816 (Fondecyt Regular, GC).
Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of
the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine,
Universidad de Chile (project code nº 076/2011, approved on 29 August 2011).
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Acknowledgments: We thank Hector Araya (R.I.P) for his support throughout this study.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
10. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1458 10 of 11
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