The document discusses the legal framework around the dismantling and recycling of ships. It begins with an overview of different end-of-life ship disposal methods and the issues with dismantling ships in places like India. It then summarizes the Basel Convention, EU waste shipment regulation, and the proposed Hong Kong Convention. The Hong Kong Convention aims to replace existing legislation and address environmental, health, and safety risks of ship recycling in a legally binding instrument.
The document discusses whether people live in a pure environment and identifies various threats to air, water, and soil quality. It notes issues like smog formation, industrial pollution, and vehicle exhaust that deteriorate air quality. Water quality is threatened by dumping of solid wastes, industrial effluents, and sand mining. Soil is impacted by dumping of solid waste, pesticide use in agriculture, and other factors. The document raises concerns about how these environmental problems affect human health and longevity.
Minamata is a city located in the Kumamoto prefecture, Japan. The Chisso Corporation, basically a fertilizer and chemicals producer started to release its waste into the Minamata river. This affected the whole Minamata community since the concentration Mercury became high.
This document discusses different types of industrial pollution including air, water, noise, thermal, and radioactive pollution. It defines each type of pollution, provides causes and effects, and discusses prevention methods. The types of pollution are caused by industries, automobiles, domestic fuels, effluents, oil spills, sewage, nuclear power plants, weapons, and uranium mining. Effects include harm to ecosystems, health issues, and environmental degradation. The document recommends treating effluents, minimizing water and resource use, noise proofing machines, and proper nuclear waste treatment and disposal to prevent pollution.
The document discusses oil pollution from spills and strategies for cleanup. It describes how oil spills occur from tankers and drilling rigs, lists some major spill incidents, and explains the effects of spills on marine plants and animals. The strategies section covers natural recovery as well as mechanical, chemical and biological cleanup methods like booms, dispersants, and bioremediation. Land spills are also discussed, along with their effects and methods for recovery including bioremediation and phytoremediation using plants.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) AND Chemical Oxygen Demand PDFchetansingh999
BOD and COD are common measures of water pollution. BOD measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter over 5 days. COD measures the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic and inorganic compounds. While both measure organic compounds, COD is less specific as it measures all chemically oxidizable material. BOD only measures biologically oxidizable organic matter. Calculations of BOD and COD involve measuring dissolved oxygen levels before and after incubation over 5 days or chemical oxidation. COD uses a chemical oxidation process while BOD relies on microbial decomposition.
Effluent Treatment Plant Design, Operation And Analysis Of Waste Water Jaidev Singh
Contents
1. Introduction to Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)
1.1 Use of water in industries
1.2 Industrial waste water sources
1.3 Effluent Treatment Plant
1.4 National Standards for waste water
1.5 What do these standards means?
1.6 Waste water treatment
1.7 Planning an Effluent Treatment Plant : Factors to Consider
2. Treatment Methods
2.1 Physical Unit Operations
2.2 Chemical Unit Processes
2.3 Biological Unit Processes
3. Operation and control
3.1 Mixed liquor suspended solids
3.2 Sludge Volume Index and Sludge Density Index
3.3 Sludge Age; Mean Cell Residence Time (MCRT)
3.4 Food/Mass Ratio
3.5 Constant MLSS
3.6 Return Activated Sludge Control (RAS)
4. Choosing an Effluent Treatment Plant
4.1 Biological Treatment
4.2 Physico-Chemical Treatment
4.3 Physico-Chemical and Biological Treatment
4.4 Area Requirement Comparison
4.5 Cost Comparison
5. Chemical Analysis of Waste Water
5.1 Commonly used chemicals
5.2 Chemical Tests and procedures
An explosion at a chemical plant in Seveso, Italy in 1976 released toxic clouds containing dioxins over nearby areas. Immediate effects included skin lesions and illness in people and damage to vegetation. Long-term health impacts included liver damage, immune system problems, and increased cancer rates. Soil in contaminated zones was removed and buried in concrete pits as a countermeasure. The disaster led to new regulations like the Seveso Directive to prevent chemical accidents and limit environmental and health impacts.
The document discusses whether people live in a pure environment and identifies various threats to air, water, and soil quality. It notes issues like smog formation, industrial pollution, and vehicle exhaust that deteriorate air quality. Water quality is threatened by dumping of solid wastes, industrial effluents, and sand mining. Soil is impacted by dumping of solid waste, pesticide use in agriculture, and other factors. The document raises concerns about how these environmental problems affect human health and longevity.
Minamata is a city located in the Kumamoto prefecture, Japan. The Chisso Corporation, basically a fertilizer and chemicals producer started to release its waste into the Minamata river. This affected the whole Minamata community since the concentration Mercury became high.
This document discusses different types of industrial pollution including air, water, noise, thermal, and radioactive pollution. It defines each type of pollution, provides causes and effects, and discusses prevention methods. The types of pollution are caused by industries, automobiles, domestic fuels, effluents, oil spills, sewage, nuclear power plants, weapons, and uranium mining. Effects include harm to ecosystems, health issues, and environmental degradation. The document recommends treating effluents, minimizing water and resource use, noise proofing machines, and proper nuclear waste treatment and disposal to prevent pollution.
The document discusses oil pollution from spills and strategies for cleanup. It describes how oil spills occur from tankers and drilling rigs, lists some major spill incidents, and explains the effects of spills on marine plants and animals. The strategies section covers natural recovery as well as mechanical, chemical and biological cleanup methods like booms, dispersants, and bioremediation. Land spills are also discussed, along with their effects and methods for recovery including bioremediation and phytoremediation using plants.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) AND Chemical Oxygen Demand PDFchetansingh999
BOD and COD are common measures of water pollution. BOD measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter over 5 days. COD measures the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic and inorganic compounds. While both measure organic compounds, COD is less specific as it measures all chemically oxidizable material. BOD only measures biologically oxidizable organic matter. Calculations of BOD and COD involve measuring dissolved oxygen levels before and after incubation over 5 days or chemical oxidation. COD uses a chemical oxidation process while BOD relies on microbial decomposition.
Effluent Treatment Plant Design, Operation And Analysis Of Waste Water Jaidev Singh
Contents
1. Introduction to Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)
1.1 Use of water in industries
1.2 Industrial waste water sources
1.3 Effluent Treatment Plant
1.4 National Standards for waste water
1.5 What do these standards means?
1.6 Waste water treatment
1.7 Planning an Effluent Treatment Plant : Factors to Consider
2. Treatment Methods
2.1 Physical Unit Operations
2.2 Chemical Unit Processes
2.3 Biological Unit Processes
3. Operation and control
3.1 Mixed liquor suspended solids
3.2 Sludge Volume Index and Sludge Density Index
3.3 Sludge Age; Mean Cell Residence Time (MCRT)
3.4 Food/Mass Ratio
3.5 Constant MLSS
3.6 Return Activated Sludge Control (RAS)
4. Choosing an Effluent Treatment Plant
4.1 Biological Treatment
4.2 Physico-Chemical Treatment
4.3 Physico-Chemical and Biological Treatment
4.4 Area Requirement Comparison
4.5 Cost Comparison
5. Chemical Analysis of Waste Water
5.1 Commonly used chemicals
5.2 Chemical Tests and procedures
An explosion at a chemical plant in Seveso, Italy in 1976 released toxic clouds containing dioxins over nearby areas. Immediate effects included skin lesions and illness in people and damage to vegetation. Long-term health impacts included liver damage, immune system problems, and increased cancer rates. Soil in contaminated zones was removed and buried in concrete pits as a countermeasure. The disaster led to new regulations like the Seveso Directive to prevent chemical accidents and limit environmental and health impacts.
Common effluent treatment plant and zero dischargeSABARINATH C D
The document summarizes Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) systems. CETPs allow small industrial units to collectively treat wastewater at a centralized facility, reducing treatment costs. ZLD systems completely recycle treated wastewater and convert liquid waste into solid residue, eliminating liquid discharge. Both systems aim to protect the environment while minimizing costs for pollution abatement. Key factors in designing these systems include wastewater characteristics, available treatment technologies, and regulations on wastewater discharge.
Adsorption is the process by which atoms or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid adhere to a surface. There are two main types - physical adsorption (physisorption) which involves weak van der Waals forces, and chemical adsorption (chemisorption) which involves stronger chemical bonds. Adsorption is affected by factors like temperature, pressure, surface area and characteristics of the adsorbent and adsorbate. Common commercial adsorbents include activated carbon, silica gel and zeolites. Adsorption isotherms like the Langmuir and Freundlich models describe the distribution of solute between phases at equilibrium. Adsorption has many applications including
tannery industry operation, process and treatmentmuzafar farooq
This document discusses the tannery industry and tannery effluent treatment. It describes the tanning process that converts raw hides into stable leather. It outlines the various preparatory and tanning stages including soaking, liming, unhairing, and pickling. It then analyzes the characteristics of tannery effluent, such as high levels of BOD, solids, salts, oils, and chromium. Finally, it discusses common treatment methods for removing solids, biodegradable organics, oils, and chromium from effluent through processes like sedimentation, filtration, and adsorption. The key challenges are high salinity levels after treatment and cost-effective sludge disposal or utilization
Deals with UASB reactors for the primary treatment of sewage, stabilization of sludge and removal of BOD. Various components of a UASB reactor are described and design details are included. Modifications to UASB such as UASB ponds, Anaerobic baffle reactors, migrating blanket reactors are also described here.
This document summarizes the impacts of oil spills and methods for responding to them. It discusses how oil spills adversely affect the marine environment, wildlife, human health, tourism and the economy. It then describes common oil spill response equipment like booms, skimmers and storage facilities used for containment, collection and disposal. The document also discusses the use of chemical dispersants and different types. It outlines various effects of oil spills including on marine life, humans and industries like fisheries and tourism. Finally, it provides an overview of remediation methods and common government policies around planning, notification, response and prevention regarding oil spills.
The document discusses sources and consequences of oil pollution. It describes various sources of oil pollution including natural seeps, sea-based sources like oil spills from tankers and pipelines, and land-based sources such as urban and industrial runoff. Sea-based sources are divided into accidental discharges from incidents and operational discharges from regular shipping activities. Land-based sources also include oil in untreated sewage and stormwater. The consequences of oil spills are extensive damage to wildlife from ingestion and coating of feathers/fur, as well as long-term pollution of sediments that can impact burrowing animals for decades. Cleanup and recovery of oil spills is challenging and dependent on various environmental factors.
The Bhopal disaster was caused by a leak of methyl isocyanate gas from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India. Over 2,000 people died immediately and 300,000 were injured from exposure to the toxic gas. Investigations found that a tank containing methyl isocyanate leaked after water entered the tank, causing a chemical reaction that released 30 tonnes of the gas. Weather conditions prevented proper dispersion of the gas, exacerbating its effects on the surrounding areas. Multiple factors contributed to the disaster, including plant design issues and lack of appropriate safety systems.
The document discusses sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) for wastewater treatment. SBRs perform the stages of treatment - equalization, biological treatment, and clarification - sequentially in a single tank. Key advantages are that SBRs require less space than traditional systems using separate tanks for each stage, and can achieve high removal rates of various pollutants. The SBR process involves repeated fill, react, settle, decant, and idle phases in the single tank reactor.
The Bhopal disaster occurred in 1984 when toxic gas leaked from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India owned by Union Carbide, exposing over 500,000 people. At least 20,000 died and over 120,000 continue to suffer health effects. The gas was methyl isocyanate, which was stored in tanks at the plant. While the exact cause is still debated, it is believed a reaction occurred when water entered a tank containing the chemical. The leak exposed a large population due to lapses in safety systems and emergency planning by both the company and local government. An alternative production process has been suggested that would not require storage or use of dangerous chemicals like methyl isocyanate.
Details about Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) with solved examples. Extra examples are given for homework. You can contact me for details on pratik1516@gmail.com.
The document discusses industrial wastewater effluents and their treatment. It describes various sources and characteristics of industrial wastewater, as well as the pollutants commonly found in it. The objectives of industrial wastewater treatment are to allow safe disposal without harming the environment. Common treatment methods include preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using various units and processes like screening, sedimentation, and biological processes. Both advantages and disadvantages of wastewater treatment systems are provided.
The document summarizes information about the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It provides background on the location and stakeholders involved. It then describes the causes of the spill, including failures in safety systems and issues with cementing and pressure testing. It discusses impacts on fisheries, marine species, seabirds, invertebrates, corals and ecosystems. Finally, it outlines remedial measures taken, including containment booms, dispersants, controlled burns, and skimming operations.
The document discusses waste management in the oil and gas industry. It identifies several types of waste generated including tank bottom sludge, spill cleanup materials, municipal solid waste, and hazardous waste. It provides objectives to identify challenges in sustainable waste management and compare factors affecting waste management in developed versus less developed oil areas. The document then discusses various waste management strategies like reduction, reuse, recycling, and treatment and applies them to specific waste streams from oil and gas facilities.
This document discusses chemical and petrochemical industries in Malaysia and safety regulations regarding hazardous chemicals. It summarizes two chemical accidents that occurred in Malaysia - an ammonia gas cylinder explosion that killed one worker, and a fire and explosion at a petroleum product storage terminal. It provides recommendations to prevent future accidents, including following safety data sheets, conducting maintenance and inspections, providing worker training, and ensuring design compliance.
Human activities such as burning coal, medical waste, and other materials containing mercury are major contributors to mercury pollution. Mercury enters the environment through air pollution and can harm human health, especially for fetuses and children. The largest source of mercury air pollution is coal-fired power plants, which emit around 70% of the mercury in the US. Capturing mercury from coal plant emissions is challenging given mercury's various chemical forms.
This document discusses air pollution and ambient air quality standards in India. It defines air pollution and lists the composition of air. It then outlines ambient air quality standards for various pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, lead, and carbon monoxide for different areas. The document also discusses major sources of air pollution including natural sources like volcanic eruptions and forest fires, as well as anthropogenic sources like rapid industrialization, transportation, burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, increased population, and agriculture. It further classifies air pollutants according to origin, chemical composition, and state of matter and provides examples for each classification. Finally, it outlines some common air pollutants and their effects on
The document discusses various types and sources of environmental pollution. It provides definitions for key terms related to pollution such as pollutant, contaminant, receptor, and sinks. The major types of air pollutants discussed are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulates. The sources and effects of these pollutants are described, as well as various approaches to control pollution, such as catalytic converters and scrubbers. The formation of acid rain from nitrogen and sulfur pollutants is also summarized.
The document discusses the history and development of health care infrastructure and human resources in India, with a focus on Rajasthan. It summarizes key milestones and policies related to public health in India since 1946. It provides data on the growth in primary health centers, community health centers, and other facilities in Rajasthan over time. It also presents statistics on health human resources in Rajasthan compared to India, noting shortages of doctors, dentists, and other personnel. The document concludes with information on medical and nursing education facilities in Rajasthan.
Common effluent treatment plant and zero dischargeSABARINATH C D
The document summarizes Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) systems. CETPs allow small industrial units to collectively treat wastewater at a centralized facility, reducing treatment costs. ZLD systems completely recycle treated wastewater and convert liquid waste into solid residue, eliminating liquid discharge. Both systems aim to protect the environment while minimizing costs for pollution abatement. Key factors in designing these systems include wastewater characteristics, available treatment technologies, and regulations on wastewater discharge.
Adsorption is the process by which atoms or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid adhere to a surface. There are two main types - physical adsorption (physisorption) which involves weak van der Waals forces, and chemical adsorption (chemisorption) which involves stronger chemical bonds. Adsorption is affected by factors like temperature, pressure, surface area and characteristics of the adsorbent and adsorbate. Common commercial adsorbents include activated carbon, silica gel and zeolites. Adsorption isotherms like the Langmuir and Freundlich models describe the distribution of solute between phases at equilibrium. Adsorption has many applications including
tannery industry operation, process and treatmentmuzafar farooq
This document discusses the tannery industry and tannery effluent treatment. It describes the tanning process that converts raw hides into stable leather. It outlines the various preparatory and tanning stages including soaking, liming, unhairing, and pickling. It then analyzes the characteristics of tannery effluent, such as high levels of BOD, solids, salts, oils, and chromium. Finally, it discusses common treatment methods for removing solids, biodegradable organics, oils, and chromium from effluent through processes like sedimentation, filtration, and adsorption. The key challenges are high salinity levels after treatment and cost-effective sludge disposal or utilization
Deals with UASB reactors for the primary treatment of sewage, stabilization of sludge and removal of BOD. Various components of a UASB reactor are described and design details are included. Modifications to UASB such as UASB ponds, Anaerobic baffle reactors, migrating blanket reactors are also described here.
This document summarizes the impacts of oil spills and methods for responding to them. It discusses how oil spills adversely affect the marine environment, wildlife, human health, tourism and the economy. It then describes common oil spill response equipment like booms, skimmers and storage facilities used for containment, collection and disposal. The document also discusses the use of chemical dispersants and different types. It outlines various effects of oil spills including on marine life, humans and industries like fisheries and tourism. Finally, it provides an overview of remediation methods and common government policies around planning, notification, response and prevention regarding oil spills.
The document discusses sources and consequences of oil pollution. It describes various sources of oil pollution including natural seeps, sea-based sources like oil spills from tankers and pipelines, and land-based sources such as urban and industrial runoff. Sea-based sources are divided into accidental discharges from incidents and operational discharges from regular shipping activities. Land-based sources also include oil in untreated sewage and stormwater. The consequences of oil spills are extensive damage to wildlife from ingestion and coating of feathers/fur, as well as long-term pollution of sediments that can impact burrowing animals for decades. Cleanup and recovery of oil spills is challenging and dependent on various environmental factors.
The Bhopal disaster was caused by a leak of methyl isocyanate gas from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India. Over 2,000 people died immediately and 300,000 were injured from exposure to the toxic gas. Investigations found that a tank containing methyl isocyanate leaked after water entered the tank, causing a chemical reaction that released 30 tonnes of the gas. Weather conditions prevented proper dispersion of the gas, exacerbating its effects on the surrounding areas. Multiple factors contributed to the disaster, including plant design issues and lack of appropriate safety systems.
The document discusses sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) for wastewater treatment. SBRs perform the stages of treatment - equalization, biological treatment, and clarification - sequentially in a single tank. Key advantages are that SBRs require less space than traditional systems using separate tanks for each stage, and can achieve high removal rates of various pollutants. The SBR process involves repeated fill, react, settle, decant, and idle phases in the single tank reactor.
The Bhopal disaster occurred in 1984 when toxic gas leaked from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India owned by Union Carbide, exposing over 500,000 people. At least 20,000 died and over 120,000 continue to suffer health effects. The gas was methyl isocyanate, which was stored in tanks at the plant. While the exact cause is still debated, it is believed a reaction occurred when water entered a tank containing the chemical. The leak exposed a large population due to lapses in safety systems and emergency planning by both the company and local government. An alternative production process has been suggested that would not require storage or use of dangerous chemicals like methyl isocyanate.
Details about Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) with solved examples. Extra examples are given for homework. You can contact me for details on pratik1516@gmail.com.
The document discusses industrial wastewater effluents and their treatment. It describes various sources and characteristics of industrial wastewater, as well as the pollutants commonly found in it. The objectives of industrial wastewater treatment are to allow safe disposal without harming the environment. Common treatment methods include preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using various units and processes like screening, sedimentation, and biological processes. Both advantages and disadvantages of wastewater treatment systems are provided.
The document summarizes information about the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It provides background on the location and stakeholders involved. It then describes the causes of the spill, including failures in safety systems and issues with cementing and pressure testing. It discusses impacts on fisheries, marine species, seabirds, invertebrates, corals and ecosystems. Finally, it outlines remedial measures taken, including containment booms, dispersants, controlled burns, and skimming operations.
The document discusses waste management in the oil and gas industry. It identifies several types of waste generated including tank bottom sludge, spill cleanup materials, municipal solid waste, and hazardous waste. It provides objectives to identify challenges in sustainable waste management and compare factors affecting waste management in developed versus less developed oil areas. The document then discusses various waste management strategies like reduction, reuse, recycling, and treatment and applies them to specific waste streams from oil and gas facilities.
This document discusses chemical and petrochemical industries in Malaysia and safety regulations regarding hazardous chemicals. It summarizes two chemical accidents that occurred in Malaysia - an ammonia gas cylinder explosion that killed one worker, and a fire and explosion at a petroleum product storage terminal. It provides recommendations to prevent future accidents, including following safety data sheets, conducting maintenance and inspections, providing worker training, and ensuring design compliance.
Human activities such as burning coal, medical waste, and other materials containing mercury are major contributors to mercury pollution. Mercury enters the environment through air pollution and can harm human health, especially for fetuses and children. The largest source of mercury air pollution is coal-fired power plants, which emit around 70% of the mercury in the US. Capturing mercury from coal plant emissions is challenging given mercury's various chemical forms.
This document discusses air pollution and ambient air quality standards in India. It defines air pollution and lists the composition of air. It then outlines ambient air quality standards for various pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, lead, and carbon monoxide for different areas. The document also discusses major sources of air pollution including natural sources like volcanic eruptions and forest fires, as well as anthropogenic sources like rapid industrialization, transportation, burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, increased population, and agriculture. It further classifies air pollutants according to origin, chemical composition, and state of matter and provides examples for each classification. Finally, it outlines some common air pollutants and their effects on
The document discusses various types and sources of environmental pollution. It provides definitions for key terms related to pollution such as pollutant, contaminant, receptor, and sinks. The major types of air pollutants discussed are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulates. The sources and effects of these pollutants are described, as well as various approaches to control pollution, such as catalytic converters and scrubbers. The formation of acid rain from nitrogen and sulfur pollutants is also summarized.
The document discusses the history and development of health care infrastructure and human resources in India, with a focus on Rajasthan. It summarizes key milestones and policies related to public health in India since 1946. It provides data on the growth in primary health centers, community health centers, and other facilities in Rajasthan over time. It also presents statistics on health human resources in Rajasthan compared to India, noting shortages of doctors, dentists, and other personnel. The document concludes with information on medical and nursing education facilities in Rajasthan.
The document outlines the staffing plan for hiring a new branch manager at a California bank. It describes the 7-step process: 1) resume and cover letter submission, 2) application, 3) biodata instruments, 4) integrity test, 5) phone interview, 6) structured panel interview, and 7) in-basket exercise. The in-basket exercise assesses skills like organizing, analyzing, delegating, problem-solving, planning, and program management through simulated work tasks like memos, phone calls, and letters. The top candidates from all steps will receive a job offer contingent on passing a background check.
Ship breaking involves dismantling old ships for scrap recycling and allows recovered materials like steel to be reused. Most ship breaking now occurs in developing countries due to lower costs. Ships contain hazards like asbestos, heavy metals, and oils that can harm humans and the environment if not handled properly. The largest ship breaking yards are located in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Turkey. While ship breaking provides economic benefits, the work is dangerous and the dismantling process often causes pollution without proper environmental protections and waste disposal.
The document provides a staffing plan and analysis for the Enterprise Service Desk team. It summarizes the current staffing model, operational hours, monthly contact volume and types. An analysis of call volumes per hour shows the current staff is insufficient to meet service level requirements during peak hours. The document proposes adding one additional staff member to improve coverage during peaks and estimates staffing needs for weekend hours. It identifies risks around changing interpretations of service level requirements that could impact staffing needs.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document provides an overview of MARPOL, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. MARPOL includes six annexes that establish regulations for preventing various forms of pollution from ships. It was adopted in 1973 and amended in 1978, and entered into force in 1983. The annexes address pollution by oil, noxious liquid substances, harmful packaged substances, sewage, garbage, and air pollutants. The annexes also designate certain sea areas as special areas with more stringent discharge requirements.
Presentation given by Dr David Santillo from the Greenpeace Research Laboratories as part of the Plenary Session: Challenges Facing CCS at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - in Cambridge, 2-3 April 2014
The document discusses various types and sources of marine pollution. It defines marine pollution as the introduction of harmful substances into the ocean by human activity. The largest sources are land-based, especially nonpoint source pollution. It also outlines the roles of key international organizations like IMO and conventions like MARPOL, LC, and LP in regulating marine dumping and discharges from ships. The case of Mauritius v. UK demonstrates how an MPA was established over Chagos Archipelago against Mauritius' claims, violating their sovereignty and human rights.
South Africa intends to accede to Annexes IV and VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78). Annex IV regulates the discharge of sewage from ships and Annex VI regulates air pollution from ships. South Africa's key obligations under these annexes would be to ensure that its vessels comply with technical standards and undergo periodic inspections and surveys. Various stakeholders support accession and there are no significant financial, security, or communication implications. The acting director-general recommends that the transport committee note South Africa's intention to accede and approve submitting the annexes to Parliament.
South Africa intends to accede to Annexes IV and VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78). Annex IV regulates the discharge of sewage from ships and Annex VI regulates air pollution from ships. South Africa's key obligations under these annexes would be to ensure that its vessels comply with technical standards and undergo periodic inspections and surveys. Various stakeholders support accession and do not foresee significant financial or security implications. The presentation recommends that the transport committee note South Africa's intention to accede and approve submitting the annexes to Parliament.
- International regulations and agreements are needed to properly regulate the global shipping industry. Key organizations that set standards include the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Labour Organization (ILO).
- The IMO establishes minimum standards for ship construction, operation, safety, and environmental protection. It adopts conventions through a lengthy process of proposals, committee review, adoption, and ratification.
- The ILO focuses on working conditions, labor standards, and social protections for seafarers. It has adopted numerous conventions and recommendations covering issues like minimum age, hours of work, wages, and accident prevention. Compliance depends on ratification and national implementation.
This document is a regulation from the European Parliament and Council regarding ship recycling and amending previous regulations. It aims to facilitate early ratification of the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships. The regulation establishes requirements for ship recycling facilities based on the Hong Kong Convention to ensure worker and environmental protection. It creates a European List of approved ship recycling facilities and excludes ships covered by the regulation from other waste shipment regulations to provide consistent controls throughout a ship's lifecycle.
The document provides information about the International Maritime Organization (IMO):
1) IMO is a specialized UN agency responsible for regulating international shipping and balancing environmental protection with navigation rights.
2) IMO's main role is to create a universally adopted regulatory framework to govern the shipping industry in a fair and effective manner.
3) IMO has over 170 member states and develops global conventions and regulations covering all aspects of maritime safety and security, as well as preventing pollution from ships.
This document summarizes the key points of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex III, which regulates the transport of harmful substances by sea in packaged form. Annex III entered into force in 1992 and is implemented through amendments to the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code. The regulations require ships to properly pack, mark, label, document and stow harmful substances to minimize accidental pollution. Substances are identified as harmful in the IMDG Code or if they meet the criteria in Annex III's appendix. Dumping of harmful substances is prohibited except to ensure ship safety.
The Bamako Convention is a treaty signed by African nations in 1991 that prohibits the import of any hazardous or radioactive waste into Africa. It aims to minimize transboundary movement of hazardous wastes within Africa and bans ocean dumping or incineration of such wastes. The convention came into force in 1998 and has been ratified by 29 countries.
The document discusses the implementation of the Basel Convention on hazardous waste in Nigeria. It provides background on the Basel Convention, including key events that led to its adoption in 1989 by 170 countries. Nigeria signed and ratified the Basel Convention in 1990 and 1991, respectively, and established agencies like NESREA to enforce its provisions domestically. The presentation outlines Nigeria's legal and institutional frameworks for implementing the convention, including the Harmful Waste Act of 1988, and notes challenges like illegal hazardous waste imports.
This document summarizes several developments related to IMO regulations and actions by India regarding shipping. It outlines upcoming dates for new MARPOL Annex VI regulations to take effect regarding sulfur limits and the carriage ban on non-compliant fuel. It also mentions India banning single-use plastics on ships in its waters, approving the sale of a majority stake in Shipping Corporation of India, upgrading safety at ship dismantling yards, and increasing restrictions on where Indian seafarers can work due to piracy concerns.
The document provides information about Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), the largest container port in India. It details JNPT's facilities including three container terminals with a total quay length of 1,992 meters and capacity of 3.6 million TEUs per year. It also describes JNPT's organization, compliance with international regulations like SOLAS and MARPOL, and facilities for handling various cargo types like containers, liquids, explosives and radioactive materials. The document aims to inform readers about the operations and capabilities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust.
The Basel Convention regulates the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes to protect human health and the environment. Adopted in 1989 in response to toxic waste dumping in developing countries, it requires parties to ensure wastes are disposed of in an environmentally sound manner and prevents waste transfers from developed to less developed nations. The 190 member countries, including India, aim to reduce hazardous waste and promote its safe management wherever disposal occurs.
The Basel Convention regulates the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes to protect human health and the environment. Adopted in 1989 in response to toxic waste dumping in developing countries, it requires parties to manage hazardous waste in an environmentally sound manner and restricts movement between nations, especially from developed to less developed countries. The 190 member countries must reduce hazardous waste and promote proper management wherever disposal occurs.
The Bamako Convention is a treaty between African nations that prohibits the import of hazardous and radioactive waste into Africa and minimizes the transboundary movement of such waste within Africa. It aims to prevent Africa from becoming the dumping ground for hazardous waste from other continents. The convention was negotiated in 1991 and entered into force in 1998. It prohibits ocean dumping and incineration of hazardous waste and promotes cleaner production over permissible emissions. Hazardous waste is defined as materials that may pose dangers from explosion, fire, corrosion, or toxicity. The convention bans hazardous waste imports and regulates intra-African trade to protect human health and the environment.
The document discusses maritime law relating to facilitation of international maritime traffic and documents required to be carried onboard ships. It provides background on problems with excessive paperwork requirements that led IMO to adopt the Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic (FAL Convention) to standardize and reduce documentation. The FAL Convention aims to prevent unnecessary delays by establishing maximum information requirements for key documents like cargo and crew manifests. It also provides a list of certificates and documents required to be carried onboard ships.
Annex VI of MARPOL aims to reduce air pollution from ships by regulating emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, volatile organic compounds, and other pollutants. It sets limits on sulfur content in marine fuels and designates sulfur emission control areas requiring lower sulfur content. Annex VI was adopted in 1997, entered into force in 2005, and was revised in 2010 to further tighten emissions standards. Ratification by 65 countries representing over 89% of global tonnage makes it an effective international agreement for curbing ship pollution.
The document summarizes new regulations under MARPOL Annex V regarding shipboard garbage disposal that will take effect on January 1, 2013. Key points:
- Disposal of garbage at sea will be prohibited except for certain permitted discharges. Ships will need to send garbage to port reception facilities.
- Garbage will need to be segregated according to port requirements. Port garbage processing capabilities should be checked in advance.
- Cleaning products may be discharged if not harmful to the environment and records are maintained. Ash residues from incinerators are considered garbage.
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1. Master Maritime and
Transport Law
The end-of-life of ships
Eveline Sillevis Smitt and Michiel Claassen
Lawyers Regulatory and Government Affairs
15 januari 2013
5258471
2. Subjects to be discussed
• Preliminary remarks
• Issues regarding the dismantling (recycling) of
ships
• Present legal framework: Basel Convention (signed
1989; entered into force: May 1992)
• European Regulation on the shipment of waste (259/93 as
amended 1013/2006)
• Future legal framework: Hong Kong Convention
(2009)
• Proposal for European Regulation on the recycling of
ships, dated 23 March 2012
2
9. Preliminary remarks
• This lecture is limited to the dismantling (recycling)
of ships, not the recycling or disposal of its
cargo, although the legal framework for the
recycling of cargo may overlap
• For cargo scandal:
Probo Koala/Trafigura:
in 2006 Probo Koala
sails from Amsterdam
carrying hazardous
waste which was
dumped in the Ivory
Coast.
9
10. Dismantling of ships
• Many ships are reaching the
end-of-life period and contain
hazardous materials, such as
absestos, oils and other
chemicals
• Problems to be addressed:
• Environmental issues
regarding no sound/proper
Alang, India: the “ship break capital of the
dismantling, as well as world”.
• Concerns for the heath
and safety for the workers
10
11. Dismantling of ships
The Ship Breakers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ia7xnmcQbNg&feature=youtu.be
11
12. Dismantling of ships, facing a
challenge:
• Large number of ships reaching end-of-life period
and expected to be sent for dismantling
• As result overcapacity in the world fleet for coming 5
– 10 years
• Ship dismantling relocated to non-OECD Countries
for economic reasons
• Demand for steel, low labour costs, no environmental
costs
• OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development; 34 countries: high-income economies)
www.oecd.org
12
13. Dismantling of ships
• Present recycling capacity: mainly outside the
OECD in China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
• IMO (International Maritime Organisation)
Guidelines on sound ship recycling (2003): not
legally binding
• Present legal instruments hard to enforce
• Hong Kong Convention is based on IMO Guidelines
• Urge for Hong Kong Convention in order to ensure:
• Environmentally sound recycling of ships,
• With concern for the workers (health and safety
matters)
• Put up in May 2009
13
14. Present legal framework: Basel
Convention 1989/1992
• Present international legislation on “waste-ships”
laid down in:
• Basel Convention (1989/1992), which provides rules for the
“control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes
and their disposal”
• Proposed Amendment 1995: prohibition on export of
hazardous waste to non-OECD countries: not yet entered
into force
• In Europe implemented in the European Regulation on the
shipment of waste (259/93, updated by Regulation
1013/2006)
• Ships are waste when sending away/intended for
dismantling:
“Wastes are substances which are disposed of or are
intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of
by provisions of national law” (art. 1 Basel Convention)
14
15. Basel Convention
• Basel Convention on the control of transboundary
movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal
• Adopted in response to public outcry in 1980‟s
following the dumping toxic waste in Africa and
other developing countries
• Entered into force on 5 May 1992; Approx. 179
parties to the Convention
www.basel.int
• Originally not drawn up with the end-of-life ships in
mind, but has become very relevant since case law
confirms that a ship destined for recycling has to be
qualified as waste
15
16. Basel Convention
• Scope: transboundary movement of hazardous
waste (i.e. from an area under the national
jurisdiction of one state to an area under the
jurisdiction of another state; art. 1 and 2, sub 3)
• Relevant general obligations, like (art. 4):
• Parties shall not permit the export or import of hazardous
waste to or from a non-Party country
• Parties may prohibit the import of hazardous or other waste
for disposal (including recycling: see annex IV) and shall
inform other parties hereof
• Parties shall prohibit the export of hazardous waste or other
waste to parties which have prohibited the import or which
do not consent in writing to the specific import
16
17. Basel Convention
• General obligations (art. 4; continued):
• Transboundary movement is only allowed:
• if the state of export does not have technical capacity or
facilities to dispose in an environmentally sound manner;
• The waste is required as a raw material for recycling or recovery
industry
• Ensure the availability of adequate disposal facilities
• Parties will not allow the export of hazardous waste to
Parties if it has reason to believe that the waste will not be
managed in an environmentally sound manner
• China, India, Bangladesh: party to Basel
convention? Yes
• Basel convention not properly enforced in those
countries
17
18. Basel Convention
• Basel Convention is an international treaty;
ratification and enforcement
• In the EU, the Basel Convention is implemented in
the European Regulation on the shipment of waste
(1013/2006)
• With ban on export of waste ships to non-EOCD
countries (like India, China, Bangladesh)
18
19. European Regulation on the
shipment of waste, 1013/2006
• European Community is party to the Basel
Convention since 1994
• By adopting Regulation 259/1993 on movement of
waste, the EU Council adopted for member states
an identical system to control movement of waste
and comply with requirements of Basel Convention
• Update EU Regulation 259/1993: EU Regulation
EC/1013/2006 of 14 June 2006 on shipments of
waste
• European Regulation (like 1013/2006) direct
applicable in the member states, no implementation
needed and allowed
19
20. European Regulation on the
shipment of waste, 1013/2006
• Distinction is made between legal regime and
possibilities for wastes: (1) green list vs (2) red list
• Distinction has been made between (1) disposal
and (2) recovery (= recycling) activities with the
waste involved
• Furthermore, different regime depending on
destination of waste:
• Within the EU (Title II)
• Outside the EU to third countries (Title IV)
20
21. Defintion of waste ship
• Regulation 1013/2006, Annex III, under GC 030
(green listed waste), when:
• Vessels and other floating structures for breaking up,
properly emptied of any cargo and other materials
arising from the operation of the vessel which may
have been classified as a dangerous substance or
waste, however
• Taking into account the heading of Annex III: the ship
is not green waste if it contains other materials to the
extent which:
• Increases the risks of recycling in a way that the
transboundary movement needs prior notification and
consent, or
• Prevents the recovery in an environmentally sound
manner
21
22. European Regulation on the
shipment of waste 1013/2006
• Ships destined for dismantling, however, in general
contain hazardous substances such as asbestos, oils
and other chemicals
• Ships are therefor most of the time not green
listed waste
22
23. European Regulation on the
shipment of waste, 1013/2006
• Transboundary shipments within EU:
• Green listed waste ship meant for recycling within
the EU is allowed, provided certain formalities are
met
• Non-green listed waste ship: prior notification and
consent
23
24. European Regulation on the
shipment of waste, 1013/2006
• Transboundary shipments outside EU concerning
waste ships meant for recycling, not green listed:
• Export to non-OECD countries is prohibited (art. 36 EU
Regulation)
• For 34 OECD countries: not China, India, Bangladesh
• Export to OECD and within EU is allowed, provided prior
written notification and consent (art. 38 and 4)
• Transboundary shipments outside EU concerning
waste ships meant for recycling, green listed:
• Can be allowed, depending of the procedures confirmed by
the receiving non-OECD country
(art. 37)
24
25. European Regulation on the
shipment of waste, 1013/2006
• Part of the notification is that must be stated how
the waste is to be processed (disposal or recovery)
by the receiving party
• The competent authorities of destination, transit
and dispatch have in principle 30 days following the
acknowledgement of the notification to consent,
consent with conditions or object
25
26. European Regulation on the
shipment of waste (example 1)
• Sandrien wanted to leave the Amsterdam harbour
in March 2001
• According to its documents in order to be
dismantled in Alang, India
26
27. European Regulation on the
shipment of waste
• Enforcement measures by Dutch Minister of
Environmental Affairs
• Based on EU Regulation 259/1993: no prior
notification and consent for transboundary
movement
• Sandrien was not allowed to leave the harbour
• Legal dispute whether Sandrien should be qualified
as waste
• Dutch Court (“Afdeling bestuursrechtspraak van de
raad van State 19 June 2002, 200105168”) ruled
that ship did qualifie as waste and was not „green-
listed
• Ship was eventually dismantled in the Netherlands
(involving high costs)
27
28. European Regulation on the
shipment of waste
Result of Sandrien:
• Awareness that ships can be qualified as waste
under this EU-Regulation
• That it is commercially not interesting to have ships
leave European harbours for their last journey
• That it is commercially interesting to leave the
European harbours with some kind of cargo to the
East and sail from there to final destination like
China, Pakistan, Bangaldesh or India
28
29. European Regulation on the
shipment of waste (example 2)
• This Mexican ship needed repairs in Amsterdam in
1999
• Concerning repairs, also lot of asbestos needed to
be removed
• The ship was eventually taken over by Dutch State
29
30. European Regulation on the
shipment of waste
• Otapan was towed to Turkey (OECD-country) for
dismantling (recycling) and Turkisch authorities
were notified as required by European Regulation
• Upon entering Turkish waters, it became clear that
it contained far more asbestos than notified under
the Regulation (1.000 kg)
• Turkish authorities denied access and Otapan had
to return to Amsterdam
• Asbestos (77.000 kg) was finally removed in
Amsterdam and Otapan was at last again exported
to Turkey for recycling
30
31. Conclusions on international
and European rules regarding
dismantling of ships
• The EU and international waste law only applies to
waste
• As long as a ship is not destined for dismantling, it
does not qualify as waste and the rules are not
applicable
• The EU and international waste law can be evaded
by planning the last commercial voyage of a ship to
a port in the region of a possible (cheap) recycling
yard
• Uncertain whether these actions can be qualified as
illegal even if the authorities can prove that last
commercial voyage is a facade
31
32. Hong Kong Convention
• Hong Kong Convention (IMO, 2009) for the safe
and environmentally sound recycling of ships.
• Aims to:
“effectively address, in a legally-binding instrument, the
environmental occupational and safety risks related to
ship recycling, taking into account the particular
characteristics of maritime transport and the need to
secure the smooth withdrawal of ships that have reached
the end of their operating lives.”
• It is drawn up to replace existing legislation (Basel
Convention and the European Regulation on
shipments of waste) which are not specifically
drawn up for ship dismantling
• Largely based on IMO Guidelines for recycling of
ships
32
33. Hong Kong Convention
• Scope:
• Ships flying under flag of Party
• Ship recycling facilities operating under Party
jurisdiction
• Excluded:
• War ships, ships used only for government non-
commercial service and ships <500GT
• Addresses all issues concerning ship
dismantling, taking in regard the life-cycle of ships:
• Design, construction, operation and maintenance
• Preparation for ship recycling
• Certification of ships
• Requirements for ship recycling facilities
33
34. Design, construction, operation
and maintenance of ships
• Controls of ships hazardous materials (regulation 4)
• Prevent the installation or use of hazardous materials
• Each ship must have inventory of hazardous
materials (regulation 5)
• Identify the present hazardous materials (see
appendices 1 and 2) and their location in the ship
• Existing ships must comply within 5 years or before
recycling if that is earlier
• Inventory must be maintained and updated
34
35. Preparation for ship recycling
• General requirements (regulation 8)
• Ships shall only be recycled at ship recycling facilities
that are authorized in accordance with the convention
• Ships must be certified as ready for recycling by the
authorities prior to any recycling taking place
• Ship Recycling Plan (regulation 9)
• The ship recycling facility must develop a ship specific
Ship Recycling Plan
• Include measures to ensure safe working conditions
• Must be approved by authorities
35
36. Certification of ships
• Surveys (regulation 10):
• Initial survey before ship is put in service or before
certificate on inventory of hazardous materials is issued.
• Renewal surveys at least every 5 years
• Additional surveys in the event of changes, replacements
or significant repairs
• A final survey before recycling (International Ready for
Recycling Certificate)
• International Certificate on Inventory of Hazardous
Materials (regulation 11)
• Cease to be valid if the ship does not correspond with
the certificate
• Upon transfer of the ship, a new certificate shall only be
issued if new Party is satisfied that regulation 10 is met
36
37. Requirements for ship recycling
facilities
• Controls on ship recycling facilities (regulation 15)
• Authorization of ship recycling facilities (regulation
16)
• Ship Recycling Facilitiy Plan on how to ensure
workers‟ safety and compliance with Convention
(regulation 18)
• Prevention of adverse effects to human health and
environment (regulation 19)
• Safe and environmentally sound management of
hazardous materials (regulation 20)
• Emergency preparedness and response (regulation
21)
• Workers safety and training (regulation 22)
• Reporting of incidents and accidents (regulation 23)
37
38. Reporting requirements
• Initial notification and reporting requirements
(regulation 24)
• Shipowner must notify authorities in due time and in
writing of intention to recycle ship
• Include: flagstate, registration date […] Inventory of
Hazardous Materials and draf Ship Recycling Plan
• Reporting upon completion (regulation 25)
38
39. Inspections
• Inspection of ship (article 8)
• A ship under the Convention may be inspected in any
port of another Party
• Inspection is limited to verifying presence of
International Certificate on Hazardous Materials or
International Ready for Recycling Certificate
• If ship does not carry valid certificates or if there are
clear grounds for believing that ship does not or no
longer correspond to certificates, a detailed inspection
may be carried out
39
40. Violations
• Parties shall co-operate to detect violations (article 9)
• A ship can be detained, dismissed or excluded from port
(article 9, sub 3)
• Any violation of the Convention shall be prohited by
national laws (article 10)
• For ships, sanctions shall be established by the Party,
wherever the violation occures
• For ship recycling facilities, sanctions shall be
established by the Party holding jurisdiction
• The sanctions shall be adequate in severity to
discourage violations
• Parties informed of a violations by a Party shall promptly
inform the Party and IMO of actions taken or inform
them why no action has been taken
40
41. Hong Kong Convention
• The convention was approved in May 2009 and will
enter into force 24 months after the date when:
i. 15 IMO member states,
ii. representing no less than 40% of the world cargo
shipping capacity in gross tonnage,
iii. with a combined maximum annual ship recycling
volume during preceding 10 years of not less than 3
per cent of gross tonnage of combined merchant
shipping
have signed the convention.
• The convention is not expected to enter into force
before 2020.
41
42. Proposal for European Regulation
on the recycling of ships
• Proposal for European Regulation on the recycling
of ships (COM(2012)118 final, d.d. 23 March 2012.
• European implementation of the Hong Kong
Convention
• The EU is planning a head start with implementing
the Hong Kong Convention
• The proposal takes on the unhuman and
environmentally unsound undertakings on the
beaches of Alang and such
• At the same time the proposal aims to provide
opportunities for sound and modern recycling
facilities, such as Sea2Cradle in Rotterdam.
42
43. Proposal for European Regulation
on the recycling of ships
• Based on this proposal ships destined for recycling
are no longer governed by the European Regulation
on shipments of waste (art. 29).
• Scope is identical to Hong Kong Convention:
• Ships flying under flag of member state
• Recycling facilities, though only indirectly
• Same exclusions
• Content largely identical to Hong Kong
Convention, with few exceptions: EU list, Contract
and sanctions
43
44. Proposal for European Regulation
on the recycling of ships
• Preparation for recycling:
• Ships may only be recycled in facilities on European List
(art. 6) and
• untill publication only in EU or OECD member states
• National authorities may authorize facilities which
comply with requirements of art. 12
• Recycling companies outside EU wishing to be included
shall submit an application to the European Commission
44
45. Proposal for European Regulation
on the recycling of ships
• Contract between shipowner and recycling facility
(art. 9)
• In addition to ship specific recycling plan
• include an obligation to take back ship, where
technically feasible, in case of content of hazardous
materials that does not allow for appropriate recycling
45
46. Proposal for European Regulation
on the recycling of ships
• Member States shall ensure effective, proportionate
and dissuasive penalties (art. 23), for inter alia:
• not having Inventory of Hazardous Materials
• sending ship for recycling in non-EU listed facility
• Where a ship is sent for recycling in a non-EU listed
facility, the penalty shall, as a minimum, correspond
to the price paid to the shipowner for its ship.
• Where a ship is sold and within 6 months after selling
is sent to a non-EU listed facility, the penalties shall
be:
• jointly imposed to last and penultimate owner if still
flying flag EU Member State
• Only imposed to penultimate owner if no longer flying
flag EU Member State 46
47. Conclusions on Hong Kong
Convention and EU proposal
• Hong Kong Convention 2020
• Proposal for EU Regulation on recycling of ships ??
• Meanwhile and in the event Hong Kong Convention
and Proposal are not applicable: Basel Convention
and EU regulation on the movement of waste
47
48. Conclusions on Hong Kong
Convention and EU proposal
Improvement of Basel regime?
• Basel focussed on the shipment of waste
• Hong Kong takes into account the specific
characteristics of ships and „prepares‟ ship and
recycling facility for environmentally sound
recycling
• Under Hong Kong not merely decision of Parties
whether or not to allow export of „waste ships‟, but
assessment of recycling facility and specific
requirements
• Incentive for recycling facilities to comply with
requirement in order to receive „waste ships‟
48
49. Conclusions on Hong Kong
Convention and EU proposal
• Risk of changing the flag of ships destined for
recycling in a country that is less strict.
• However:
• „waste ships‟ that are not governed by this proposal,
because they are a non-EU flagstate, are still
governed by the European Regulation on shipments of
waste.
• Penalties for recycling in non-EU listed facility shortly
after sale
49
50. Conclusions on Hong Kong
Convention and EU proposal
• Chances for safe and environmentally sound
recycling of ships
50
Editor's Notes
Alang, in the Gulf of Gambay, which is well known for its high tides of around ten meters. These high tides, along with the gentle sloping beaches, allow ships to simple ram their hulls into the beach at high tide, leaving the ship beached at low tide, and ready to be anchored to the shore. This saves salvage crews the expense of building dry docks and other associated costs involved in ship salvage.Indication of how active the industry in Alang is: experts in metal prices factor in the level of activity at the Alang ship salvage yards when predicting the future price of steel, as the activity in Alang has a direct influence on the worldwide price.
IMO Guidelines are in reader. Notlegally binding. Hong Kong Convention is based on these guidelines.OECD: 34 countries,The OECD originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.Later, its membership was extended to non-European states. In 1961, it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries. EU, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, US, Israel, S. Korea, Mexico, Turkey
Dus vlaggenstaat niet relevant?India and Bangladesh both Party toBaselConvention, but even thoughAlangexists. Baselbadlyenforced, especiallyby non-OECD countries.
Badly enforced by Parties, especially developing countries.
De EVA-landen zijn Noorwegen, IJsland, Zwitserland en Liechtenstein. EFTA = European Free Trade Association.
Maar toch ook buiten EU en zelfs non-OECD countries?Article 37.
Considerationswhynot waste: Ship was in such a state thatnormalusage as a motorvessel or cargoship was no longerpossible without seriousandcostlyrepairs.Not green-listed: notonly cargo, but hazardous waste in ship must beconsidered as well.
Schip voer niet onder Nederlandse vlag. Niet relevant voor EVOA? Turkije = OECD.
Legally-binding: beforeseveral IMO Guidelines on ship recycling (reader). Conventionlargelybased on these guidelines.Countrieslike India, Pakistan are Bangladesh are partiestoBaselConvention. Thenwhystillenvironmentallyunsound recycling? Conventionspoorlyenforced.Basel Convention for example also had obligation to ‘Ensure the availability of adequate disposal facilitites’ (article 4)
Warshipsandothershipsusedonlyforgovernment non-commercial service, howeverensurethat these ships as well are arerecycled in manner consistent with the Convention.Ships <500 GT are alsoexcludedPreparation: ship recycling planCertification: inventory of hazardous wasteNo internationalenforcementAssignmenttoPartiesto take the neccessarymeasurestocomplywithConvention
Controls:Parties must estabilishlegislation , regulationsand standard toensurethatship recycling facilities are safe andenvironmentally sound.Authorization:Ship recycling facilitiesrequireauthorization of the authorities, takinginto account the IMO GuidelinesAuthorizationshallberenewed at leastevery 5 yearsAuthorizationmaybesuspended or withdrawn in case the conditions of the Convention are no longerfulfilled.Ship recycling facilities plan:Establishedby the boardPrevention of adverse effectsPreventfires, explosion, unsafeconditions, harmfromdangerousatmosphers, prevention of accidents, occupationaldiseases, preventemisions or spills, takinginto account the IMO Guidelines
Date entry in force: 2014/2015
Recycling facilities are governedindirectlbyproposal: shipownersmayonlybringshipto facility if facility meetscertainrequirments.
Surveys: beforeships are put in service of beforeinventorycertificatePrior topublication of European List, shipsmayonlyberecycled in EU member state or OECD.Contract is only EU, not Hong Kong.