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Aircrafts
The document discusses different types of aircraft and their components. It defines an airplane as a heavier-than-air craft propelled by an engine that uses wings to generate lift, as opposed to other aircraft like gliders or helicopters. Aircraft are categorized into general aviation, commercial, and military. The key components of an airplane discussed are the fuselage, wings, empennage/tail, power plant, and landing gear. Different wing and tail designs are described for varying aircraft speeds and purposes. Common materials used in airframe construction include steel alloys, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, magnesium alloys, and composites due to their strength, light weight, and corrosion resistance.
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Aircrafts
- 1. Aircrafts Types and Construction NikhileshVaidya, T.Y. Instrumentation Engg., S.G.G.S.I.E.&T., Nanded.
- 2. What is anAirplane? Aircraft More general term Refers to any heavier-than-air object that is Supported by its own buoyancy Supported by the action of air on its structures Airplane Heavier-than-air craft propelled by an engine Uses aerodynamic surfaces (wings) to generate lift
- 3. What is anAirplane? Every airplane is an aircraft, but not every aircraft is an airplane. Space shuttle Gliders Helicopters
- 4. Types of Aircraft Aircraft are categorized according to their intended purpose. There are three common categories, they are: General Aviation Commercial Aviation Military Aviation
- 5. General Aviation Generalaviation includes those used for training, business and agricultural. Aircraft in this category generally hold less than 12 passengers.
- 6. Commercial Aviation Thiscategory includes commuter, cargo, and Firefighting aircraft. Usually hold in excess of 20 passengers.
- 7. Military Aircraft Militaryaircraft include Cargo, Fighter, Bomber, trainer, and special mission. A-attack B-Bomber C-Cargo F-Fighter H-Helicopter K-Refueling Tanker O-Observation S-Surveillance T-Trainer U-Utility V-Vertical Take-off X-Experimental
- 8. Military Aviation Helicopters Helicopters are rotary wing A/C ranging in size from single seat to 50 passenger. Some carry loads in excess of 10 tons. Fuel capacities range from 70-1000 gal. Internal fuel tanks are usually located under the cabin floor. Auxiliary fuel tanks are located in the aft section or attached to the outside of the cabin
- 9. Military Aviation Helicopters Helicopters are constructed mainly of Aluminum, Magnesium, Titanium, and composites. Hazards included: Rotor blades which can dip to 4’ of the ground The tail rotor which can be nearly invisible when spinning. Approaching from uphill or carrying objects above the waist.
- 10. Military Aviation Helicopters Safety around Helicopters: Always approach in sight of the pilot Approach when pilot gives signal Approach from downhill if possible. Carry objects horizontally below waist Maintain sufficient clearance for the main rotor and tail rotor, Clear the ground around the A/C for at least 50’ the the helipad.
- 11. Types Jet fighters Relatively lightweight Highly maneuverable and very fast Carry small amount of weight, including fuel Must refuel on long flights Passenger airplanes Larger, carry more weight, fly longer distances Less maneuverable and slower
- 12. More Types Twin-engine Sport plane Turboprop Cargoplane Business jet Single-engine
- 13. A. Fuselage B. Wings C.Empenage or Tail D. Power Plant E. Landing Gear or Undercarriage Aircraft Components
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- 15. Fuselage Main bodystructure All other components are attached to it Contains Cockpit or flight deck Passenger compartment Cargo compartment Generally constructed in two or more sections Carries accessories and other equipments Includes numerous access doors, inspection plates, landing wheel wells, and other openings
- 16. Wings Most importantlift-producing part of the aircraft Also carries the fuel Designed so that the outer tips of the wings are higher than where the wings are attached to the fuselage Called the dihedral Helps keep the airplane from rolling unexpectedly
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- 18. Wing Designs StraightWing Found mostly on small, low- speed airplanes Good lift at low speeds Not suited to high speeds Creates a lot of drag because the wing is perpendicular to the airflow Provides good, stable flight Cheap and can be made lighter
- 19. Wing Designs Sweepback Used on most high-speed airplanes Less drag, but more unstable at low speeds Amount of sweep depends on the purpose of the airplane Commercial airliner has moderate sweep High speed airplanes (e.g., fighters) have moderate sweep No forward sweep wings are in mass production
- 20. Wing Designs DeltaWings Looks like a large triangle from above Can reach high speeds Landing speeds are very fast Wing shape found on the supersonic transport Concord
- 21. Empennage Also knownas the tail assembly Provides stability and control Two main parts Vertical stabilizer (fin) to which the rudder is attached Horizontal stabilizer to which the elevators are attached
- 22. Power Plant A unitor machine that converts chemical energy contains in the fuel to thrust force. Thrust force is essential for moving the airplane forward and producing lift force. With the piston engine, the propeller is used to convert torque at engine shaft to be thrust. With the jet engine, the jet engine output is the thrust force.
- 23. Undercarriage Also knownas the landing gear, which is made up of Struts Wheels Brakes Can be fixed or retractable
- 24. Located underneathof the fuselage with shock strut Fixed / Retractable Tri- cycle –Conventional type Floating gear for seaplane /ski- equipped for ice surface landing etc.. Landing Gear
- 25. Controls Instruments andControls Supply information Altitude Direction Provide control Steering in the air and on the ground Engine power Braking
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- 27. - High Strengthto Weight ratio - Light weight - Corrosion Resistant - Should be non flammable - High quality • STEEL & ITS ALLOYS (Strong ) • ALUMINIUM & ITS ALLOY (Commonly use) • TITANIUM ALLOYS (Heat Barriers) • MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (3 times lighter than AL) • PLASTICS & COMPOSITE MATERIAL Material used in airframe construction Airframe Materials Properties Examples: