2. What is an Airplane?
Aircraft
More general term
Refers to any heavier-than-air object that is
Supported by its ownbuoyancy
Supported by the action of air on itsstructures
Airplane
Heavier-than-air craft propelled by an engine
Uses aerodynamic surfaces (wings) to generate lift
3. What is an Airplane?
Every airplane is an aircraft, but not every aircraft is
an airplane.
Space shuttle
Gliders
Helicopters
4. GLIDERS
A glider is a fixed-wing aircraft that is supported in flight by
the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces, and
whose free flight does not depend on an engine.[
5. Types of Aircraft
Aircraft are categorized according to their intended
purpose.
There are three common categories, they are:
General Aviation
Commercial Aviation
Military Aviation
6. General Aviation
General aviation includes those used for training,
business and agricultural.
Aircraft in this category generally hold less than 12
passengers.
8. Military Aircraft
Military aircraft include
Cargo, Fighter, Bomber,
trainer, and special
mission.
A-attack
B-Bomber
C-Cargo
F-Fighter
H-Helicopter
K-Refueling Tanker
O-Observation
S-Surveillance
T-Trainer
U-Utility
V-Vertical Take-off
X-Experimental
9. Military Aviation Helicopters
Helicopters are rotary wing A/C ranging in size from
single seat to 50 passenger.
Some carry loads in excess of 10 tons.
Fuel capacities range from 70-1000 gal.
Internal fuel tanks are usually located under the
cabin floor.
Auxiliary fuel tanks are located in the aft section or
attached to the outside of the cabin
10. Military Aviation Helicopters
Helicopters are constructed mainly of Aluminum,
Magnesium, Titanium, and composites.
Hazards included:
Rotor blades which can dip to 4’ of the ground
The tail rotor which can be nearly invisible when spinning.
Approaching from uphill or carrying objects above the waist.
11. Military Aviation Helicopters
Safety around Helicopters:
Always approach in sight of the pilot
Approach when pilot gives signal
Approach from downhill if possible.
Carry objects horizontally below waist
Maintain sufficient clearance for the main rotor and tail rotor,
Clear the ground around the A/C for at least 50’ the the
helipad.
12. Types
Jet fighters
Relatively lightweight
Highly maneuverable and very fast
Carry small amount of weight, including fuel
Must refuel on long flights
Passenger airplanes
Larger, carry more weight, fly longer distances
Less maneuverable and slower
16. Fuselage
Main body structure
All other components are attached to it
Contains
Cockpit or flight deck
Passenger compartment
Cargo compartment
Generally constructed in two or more sections
Carries accessories and other equipments
Includes numerous access doors, inspection plates,
landing wheel wells, and other openings
17. Wings
Most important lift-producing part of the aircraft
Also carries the fuel
Designed so that the outer tips of the wings are
higher than where the wings are attached to the
fuselage
Called the dihedral
Helps keep the airplane from rolling unexpectedly
19. Wing Designs
Straight Wing
Found mostly on small, low-
speed airplanes
Good lift at low speeds
Not suited to high speeds
Creates a lot of drag because
the wing is perpendicular to
the airflow
Provides good, stable flight
Cheap and can be made lighter
20. Wing Designs
Sweepback
Used on most high-speed
airplanes
Less drag, but more unstable at
low speeds
Amount of sweep depends on the
purpose of the airplane
Commercial airliner hasmoderate
sweep
High speed airplanes (e.g.,fighters)
have moderate sweep
No forward sweep wings are inmass
production
21. Wing Designs
Delta Wings
Looks like a large triangle from
above
Can reach high speeds
Landing speeds are very fast
Wing shape found on the supersonic
transport Concord
22. Empennage
Also known as the tail
assembly
Provides stability and
control
Two main parts
Vertical stabilizer (fin) to
which the rudder is
attached
Horizontal stabilizer to
which the elevators are
attached
23. Power Plant
A unit or machine that converts chemical energy contains in
the fuel to thrust force. Thrust force is essential for moving
the airplane forward and producing lift force. With the piston
engine, the propeller is used to convert torque at engine shaft
to be thrust. With the jet engine, the jet engine output is the
thrust force.
24. Undercarriage
Also known as the landing gear, which is made up of
Struts
Wheels
Brakes
Can be fixed or retractable
25. Located underneath of the
fuselage with shock strut
Fixed / Retractable
Tri- cycle –Conventional type
Floating gear for seaplane /ski-
equipped for ice surface landing etc.
.
Landing Gear
26. Controls
and on the ground
Instruments and Controls
Supply information
Altitude
Direction
Provide control
Steering in theair
Enginepower
Braking
27. Material used in airframe construction
Airframe Materials
Properties
- High Strength to Weight
ratio
- Light weight
- Corrosion Resistant
- Should be non flammable
- High quality
Examples:
• STEEL & ITS ALLOYS (Strong )
• ALUMINIUM & ITS ALLOY
(Commonly use)
• TITANIUM ALLOYS (Heat Barriers)
• MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (3 times lighter
than AL)
• PLASTICS & COMPOSITE MATERIAL
