The document discusses various types of air pollution and their effects. It notes that the main pollutants emitted from fuel combustion are particles, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides. The largest global consequences of air pollution are the greenhouse effect, acid rain, and ozone depletion like the ozone hole. The greenhouse effect traps heat in the atmosphere and has warmed the planet. Acid rain harms ecosystems and infrastructure. The ozone hole forms over Antarctica each winter due to chemical reactions involving industrial pollutants and has thinned the ozone layer.

1. AAir pollutionir pollution
Kravchuk OksanaKravchuk Oksana

2. AtmosphereAtmosphere
The is the gaseous envelope ofThe is the gaseous envelope of
the Earth, which rotatesthe Earth, which rotates
together with it. Here is ozonetogether with it. Here is ozone
protection the life of the Earthprotection the life of the Earth
from hard to just live Solarfrom hard to just live Solar
radiation. The radiation energyradiation. The radiation energy
that is absorbed, convertedthat is absorbed, converted
into thermal energy of the gasinto thermal energy of the gas
molecules. Solar radiation,molecules. Solar radiation,
which passes to the earth'swhich passes to the earth's
surface, has a very securesurface, has a very secure
borders, and all UV rays withborders, and all UV rays with
shorter wavelength stall in theshorter wavelength stall in the
invisible light but imperviousinvisible light but impervious
layer of the ocean air.layer of the ocean air.

3.  The air is pollutedThe air is polluted
with various gases,with various gases,
small slices and liquidsmall slices and liquid
substances thatsubstances that
negatively affect livingnegatively affect living
beings, worsening thebeings, worsening the
conditions of theirconditions of their
existence. Sources ofexistence. Sources of
pollution can bepollution can be
natural and artificialnatural and artificial
(anthropogenic)(anthropogenic)

4. The world economyThe world economy
annually emits more thanannually emits more than
15 billion tons of carbon15 billion tons of carbon
dioxide, 200 million tonsdioxide, 200 million tons
of carbon monoxide,of carbon monoxide,
more than 500 millionmore than 500 million
tons of hydrocarbons,tons of hydrocarbons,
120 million tons of ash120 million tons of ash
and other Total emissionsand other Total emissions
of pollutants into theof pollutants into the
atmosphere is more thanatmosphere is more than
19 billion tons.19 billion tons.

5. Principal pollutantsPrincipal pollutants
 The main pollutants emitted to the atmosphere from fuelThe main pollutants emitted to the atmosphere from fuel
combustion, are solid particles (ash, soot), sulphurcombustion, are solid particles (ash, soot), sulphur
oxides (SO2 and SO3), nitrogen oxides (N0 and N02) byoxides (SO2 and SO3), nitrogen oxides (N0 and N02) by
incomplete combustion of fuel in the gaseous emissionsincomplete combustion of fuel in the gaseous emissions
can accumulate carbon oxide (CO), hydrocarbon typecan accumulate carbon oxide (CO), hydrocarbon type
CH4, SN, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,CH4, SN, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
benzopyrene (C20 H12) and vanadium pentoxidebenzopyrene (C20 H12) and vanadium pentoxide
(V2O5). The last two compounds belong to the class of(V2O5). The last two compounds belong to the class of
extremely dangerous. Dioxide (SO2) and tungstenextremely dangerous. Dioxide (SO2) and tungsten
trioxide (SO3) sulphur are the main components oftrioxide (SO3) sulphur are the main components of
environmental pollution from fuel combustion.environmental pollution from fuel combustion.

6. The main global environmentalThe main global environmental
consequences of air pollution are:consequences of air pollution are:
The greenhouseThe greenhouse effecteffect
The ozone hole

7. AAcid raincid rain
Acid rain - all kinds ofAcid rain - all kinds of
meteorologicalmeteorological
precipitation: rain,precipitation: rain,
snow, hail, fog, rainsnow, hail, fog, rain
and snow, the acidityand snow, the acidity
of which is higherof which is higher
than normal. Athan normal. A
measure of the aciditymeasure of the acidity
is pH (hydrogen ionis pH (hydrogen ion
exponent). Normal pHexponent). Normal pH
in pure rain is 5.6.in pure rain is 5.6.

8. The greenhouse effectThe greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is aThe greenhouse effect is a
phenomenon in the atmosphere ofphenomenon in the atmosphere of
Earth and other planets, in whichEarth and other planets, in which
the energy of sunlight, reflectedthe energy of sunlight, reflected
from the surface, may not return tofrom the surface, may not return to
space, as delayed by thespace, as delayed by the
molecules of different gases,molecules of different gases,
which leads to increased surfacewhich leads to increased surface
temperatures. Without thetemperatures. Without the
greenhouse effect the Earth'sgreenhouse effect the Earth's
surface temperature is estimatedsurface temperature is estimated
would be about 33° lower than itwould be about 33° lower than it
actually is, and would be -18 °C.actually is, and would be -18 °C.
The greenhouse effect isThe greenhouse effect is
significant also on Mars and,significant also on Mars and,
especially, on Venus.especially, on Venus.
The greenhouse effect wasThe greenhouse effect was
discovered indiscovered in 1829 Joseph1829 Joseph
Fourier.Fourier.

9. Ozone hole
The ozone hole is a local drop in theThe ozone hole is a local drop in the
concentration of ozone in the stratosphereconcentration of ozone in the stratosphere
by 10-40%by 10-40%
The ozone hole with a diameter of more thanThe ozone hole with a diameter of more than
1000 km was first opened in 1985 in the1000 km was first opened in 1985 in the
southern hemisphere over Antarctica by asouthern hemisphere over Antarctica by a
group of British The Antarctic "ozone hole"group of British The Antarctic "ozone hole"
there is not constant. She appears at thethere is not constant. She appears at the
end of the local winter - early spring. Theend of the local winter - early spring. The
reasons why the ozone hole is formed in thereasons why the ozone hole is formed in the
Antarctic associated with the peculiarities ofAntarctic associated with the peculiarities of
local climate. Low temperatures of thelocal climate. Low temperatures of the
Antarctic winter lead to the formation of theAntarctic winter lead to the formation of the
polar vortex. The air inside this vortexpolar vortex. The air inside this vortex
moves mostly closed trajectories around themoves mostly closed trajectories around the
South pole. At this time the polar region notSouth pole. At this time the polar region not
illuminated by the Sun, and therefore theilluminated by the Sun, and therefore the
ozone there is not formed. With the onset ofozone there is not formed. With the onset of
summer, the amount of ozone increasessummer, the amount of ozone increases
and comes back to normal. That is, theand comes back to normal. That is, the
seasonal variations of ozone concentrationseasonal variations of ozone concentration
over Antarctica are natural. However, ifover Antarctica are natural. However, if
track changes averaged over a year ozonetrack changes averaged over a year ozone
concentration and size of the ozone hole inconcentration and size of the ozone hole in
recent decades, there is a definiterecent decades, there is a definite
downward trend in ozone concentration anddownward trend in ozone concentration and
the increase in the area, which covers thisthe increase in the area, which covers this
process in the winter. Over the Northernprocess in the winter. Over the Northern
hemisphere in the Arctic is formed a holehemisphere in the Arctic is formed a hole
much smaller.much smaller.

10. Ozone hole
The ozone hole is a local drop in theThe ozone hole is a local drop in the
concentration of ozone in the stratosphereconcentration of ozone in the stratosphere
by 10-40%by 10-40%
The ozone hole with a diameter of more thanThe ozone hole with a diameter of more than
1000 km was first opened in 1985 in the1000 km was first opened in 1985 in the
southern hemisphere over Antarctica by asouthern hemisphere over Antarctica by a
group of British The Antarctic "ozone hole"group of British The Antarctic "ozone hole"
there is not constant. She appears at thethere is not constant. She appears at the
end of the local winter - early spring. Theend of the local winter - early spring. The
reasons why the ozone hole is formed in thereasons why the ozone hole is formed in the
Antarctic associated with the peculiarities ofAntarctic associated with the peculiarities of
local climate. Low temperatures of thelocal climate. Low temperatures of the
Antarctic winter lead to the formation of theAntarctic winter lead to the formation of the
polar vortex. The air inside this vortexpolar vortex. The air inside this vortex
moves mostly closed trajectories around themoves mostly closed trajectories around the
South pole. At this time the polar region notSouth pole. At this time the polar region not
illuminated by the Sun, and therefore theilluminated by the Sun, and therefore the
ozone there is not formed. With the onset ofozone there is not formed. With the onset of
summer, the amount of ozone increasessummer, the amount of ozone increases
and comes back to normal. That is, theand comes back to normal. That is, the
seasonal variations of ozone concentrationseasonal variations of ozone concentration
over Antarctica are natural. However, ifover Antarctica are natural. However, if
track changes averaged over a year ozonetrack changes averaged over a year ozone
concentration and size of the ozone hole inconcentration and size of the ozone hole in
recent decades, there is a definiterecent decades, there is a definite
downward trend in ozone concentration anddownward trend in ozone concentration and
the increase in the area, which covers thisthe increase in the area, which covers this
process in the winter. Over the Northernprocess in the winter. Over the Northern
hemisphere in the Arctic is formed a holehemisphere in the Arctic is formed a hole
much smaller.much smaller.