Aine Hart - Enterprise UX Sydney May 2018
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Aine Hart is the UX Director and Psychologist at Sitback. Aine has a Masters of Organisational Psychology from the University of NSW and is the UX Director at Sitback. Aine applies her methodologies and design principles to uncover clear insights based on research to deliver engaging experiences for her clients.
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3.social psychology
This document provides an introduction to social psychology. It discusses how social psychologists study human behavior in social situations and how people are influenced by others. It introduces key concepts like attribution theory, which examines how people explain the causes of behavior, and attitudes, how people form opinions. The document also discusses factors that can influence attitudes like the characteristics of the message, source and the target. It explores different forms of social influence like conformity, obedience and self-fulfilling prophecies.
Conformity
1. Conformity is changing one's behavior or beliefs due to real or imagined social pressure from a group. It involves publicly agreeing with a group while potentially privately disagreeing (compliance) or fully adopting the group's beliefs (acceptance).
2. Classic studies on conformity include Sherif's experiments on norm formation, in which participants' estimates changed to match the group's responses, and Asch's line judgment study, where 75% of participants conformed at least once by agreeing with an incorrect group response.
3. In Milgram's obedience study, 65-66% of participants continued administering electric shocks to a learner even after being told by the experimenter to continue shocking to dangerous levels, showing
Compliance
In psychology, compliance refers to changing one's behavior due to the request or direction of another person.
It is going along with the group or changing a behavior to fit in with the group, while still disagreeing with the group.
Unlike obedience, in which the other individual is in a position of authority, compliance does not rely upon being in a position of power or authority over others.
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Social psychology seeks to understand how individual human behavior is influenced by other people and the social context. It examines topics like self-concept, group processes, social influence, stereotypes, discrimination, social learning, aggression, and attribution - specifically the fundamental attribution error in which people tend to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the effect of personality when explaining another person's behavior.
13 psych 200 social psychology
This document discusses key concepts in social psychology including attitudes, social perception, social influence, and group behavior. It defines social psychology and explores how attitudes are formed and changed. Factors that shape social perception like attribution theory and biases are addressed. Phenomena like conformity, obedience, deindividuation, and the bystander effect are examined in the context of social influence. Group processes such as social facilitation, decision making, and groupthink are also summarized.
Personality
This document discusses various theories and approaches to understanding personality, including:
- Personality is shaped by both innate factors like heredity and environment factors like culture, family, and social interactions.
- Major theories include trait theories, which view personality in terms of traits, and type theories, which classify personalities into distinct types.
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3.social psychology
This document provides an introduction to social psychology. It discusses how social psychologists study human behavior in social situations and how people are influenced by others. It introduces key concepts like attribution theory, which examines how people explain the causes of behavior, and attitudes, how people form opinions. The document also discusses factors that can influence attitudes like the characteristics of the message, source and the target. It explores different forms of social influence like conformity, obedience and self-fulfilling prophecies.
Conformity
1. Conformity is changing one's behavior or beliefs due to real or imagined social pressure from a group. It involves publicly agreeing with a group while potentially privately disagreeing (compliance) or fully adopting the group's beliefs (acceptance).
2. Classic studies on conformity include Sherif's experiments on norm formation, in which participants' estimates changed to match the group's responses, and Asch's line judgment study, where 75% of participants conformed at least once by agreeing with an incorrect group response.
3. In Milgram's obedience study, 65-66% of participants continued administering electric shocks to a learner even after being told by the experimenter to continue shocking to dangerous levels, showing
Compliance
In psychology, compliance refers to changing one's behavior due to the request or direction of another person.
It is going along with the group or changing a behavior to fit in with the group, while still disagreeing with the group.
Unlike obedience, in which the other individual is in a position of authority, compliance does not rely upon being in a position of power or authority over others.
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Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals behave and think in social situations and how they interact with and influence others. Some key topics in social psychology include conformity, obedience, attitudes, persuasion, group processes, prejudice, aggression, and interpersonal relationships. Social psychology was introduced in the late 19th century to understand human behavior and phenomena like extreme obedience. It uses scientific methods to study how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real or imagined presence of others.
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This document discusses social perception and related concepts. It begins by defining self-concept and how we perceive ourselves. It then discusses social perception, which is how we form impressions of others based on social cues. Key aspects of social perception discussed include social beliefs like customs and traditions that influence perceptions, how moods and judgments affect social perception, and the expectations societies have of individual roles and behaviors. The document aims to outline the important factors that shape an individual's social perception within a given community or culture.
Social Psychology Introduction
Social psychology seeks to understand how individual human behavior is influenced by other people and the social context. It examines topics like self-concept, group processes, social influence, stereotypes, discrimination, social learning, aggression, and attribution - specifically the fundamental attribution error in which people tend to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the effect of personality when explaining another person's behavior.
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This document discusses key concepts in social psychology including attitudes, social perception, social influence, and group behavior. It defines social psychology and explores how attitudes are formed and changed. Factors that shape social perception like attribution theory and biases are addressed. Phenomena like conformity, obedience, deindividuation, and the bystander effect are examined in the context of social influence. Group processes such as social facilitation, decision making, and groupthink are also summarized.
Personality
This document discusses various theories and approaches to understanding personality, including:
- Personality is shaped by both innate factors like heredity and environment factors like culture, family, and social interactions.
- Major theories include trait theories, which view personality in terms of traits, and type theories, which classify personalities into distinct types.
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This document summarizes key concepts in social psychology including person perception, attribution, attitudes, prejudice, and strategies for reducing prejudice. It discusses how people quickly form impressions of others using mental shortcuts like social categorization and implicit personality theories. It also explains attribution and how people explain behaviors internally or externally. The concepts of in-group/out-group bias and cognitive dissonance are introduced as well.
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I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
Social Psychology
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12 social psychology
This document summarizes key concepts in social psychology including person perception, attribution, attitudes, prejudice, and strategies for reducing prejudice. It discusses how people quickly form impressions of others using mental shortcuts like social categorization and implicit personality theories. It also explains attribution and how people explain behaviors internally or externally. The concepts of in-group/out-group bias and cognitive dissonance are introduced as well.
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I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
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Social psychology is defined as the study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in relation to other people and social situations. It examines three main areas: social thinking (attitudes, attributions), social influence (conformity, obedience), and social interaction (relationships). Social psychology can be applied in various domains to improve motivation, leadership skills, communication abilities, decision making, memory, productivity, health, and more. It provides insights into social influence, cognition, and interaction that are useful for understanding human behavior.
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1) The document summarizes research on the nature and sources of prejudice. It defines prejudice as a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its members, supported by stereotypes.
2) Prejudice stems from social sources like social inequalities and socialization, motivational sources like feeling superior to outgroups, and cognitive sources like categorization and perception of distinctiveness.
3) The consequences of prejudice include self-perpetuating stereotypes through confirmation bias, and discrimination that can create self-fulfilling prophecies about the targeted groups.
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This document discusses attitudes and job satisfaction. It defines attitudes as evaluative statements about objects, people, or events. Attitudes have affective, cognitive, and behavioral components. The theory of cognitive dissonance holds that people desire to reduce inconsistency between attitudes and behaviors. Measuring the relationship between attitudes and behaviors depends on moderating variables like attitude importance. Self-perception theory is that attitudes justify prior actions. Types of attitudes include job involvement, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. Surveys can measure employee attitudes. Training can shape attitudes about diversity. Job satisfaction levels have declined somewhat in recent decades.
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Human resource management
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MBA Presentation
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This document discusses charismatic leadership theory. Charismatic leaders lead through charm and personality rather than authority or power. They make followers feel important and fascinated, drawing people into the leader and their group. Examples of charismatic leaders include John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., Barack Obama, and Oprah Winfrey. Strengths are motivating followers and sacrificing for beliefs, while weaknesses include potential misuse of charisma and losing authority by befriending subordinates over maintaining distance.
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2013 research found that almost all leaders polled believe diversity and inclusion can boost business performance.
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This document discusses peer pressure, defining it as the influence of peers that can change one's attitudes, values or behaviors. It describes two types of peer pressure: positive peer pressure, which encourages positive goals and behaviors, and negative peer pressure, which pushes people to do dangerous or harmful things like skipping school, using drugs, or bullying others. The document lists some common reasons for susceptibility to peer pressure, including ignorance due to lack of parental guidance, low self-confidence, and mental health issues.
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The autocratic leadership style allows managers to make decisions alone without the input of others. Managers possess total authority and impose their will on employees. No one challenges the decisions of autocratic leaders. Countries such as Cuba and North Korea operate under the autocratic leadership style. This leadership style benefits employees who require close supervision. Creative employees who thrive in group functions detest this leadership style.
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Often called the democratic leadership style, participative leadership values the input of team members and peers, but the responsibility of making the final decision rests with the participative leader. Participative leadership boosts employee morale because employees make contributions to the decision-making process. It causes them to feel as if their opinions matter. When a company needs to make changes within the organization, the participative leadership style helps employees accept changes easily because they play a role in the process. This style meets challenges when companies need to make a decision in a short period.
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Perloff, R. M. (2010). The dynamics of persuasion: communication and attitudes in the twenty-first century. Routledge.
Chapter 3: Attitudes: Definition & Structure
Chapter 4:The Power of Our Passions: Theory & Research on Strong Attitudes
Chapter 5: Attitudes: Functions & Consequences
Cultural and religious stereotypes
This document discusses cultural and religious stereotypes. It defines stereotypes as overgeneralized beliefs about groups that do not allow for individual differences. Stereotypes tend to be more negative than generalizations and can lead to prejudice and discrimination. The document then provides examples of common stereotypes about Indians, such as assumptions that Indians have poor English skills, are uneducated or poor. It also discusses stereotypes that Indians only eat curry or that their culture is dirty and chaotic. The document notes stereotypes pose problems as they prevent seeing individuals for who they are. It also discusses religious stereotypes in India for Christians, Sikhs and Muslims in media portrayals. The document concludes by noting lack of understanding of Islam contributes to Islam
~ The five personality factor theory ~
The document discusses the Big Five Personality Factor Theory, which identifies five broad personality traits: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Each trait is defined, and characteristics of high and low scorers on each trait are described. For example, Openness involves intellectual curiosity and creativity, Conscientiousness relates to self-discipline and organization, and Neuroticism captures a person's level of emotional stability and vulnerability to stress.
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This document discusses social psychology and how it relates to human behavior in social contexts. Social psychology seeks to understand how individual behavior is influenced by other people and the social environment. It examines the factors that affect how people behave in social situations and the conditions under which certain behaviors, actions, feelings and thoughts occur. Social psychologists also study how psychological factors shape people's interactions with others. The document provides examples of topics in social psychology like self-concept, social influence, prejudice and discrimination, aggression, and feelings.
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3. Transformational, Authentic, Spiritual Leaderships
4. Individual characteristics and Ethical Leadership
5. Outcomes of Ethical Leadership
6. Implications for research and practice
7. Conclusion
• How prevalent is ethical leadership?
Many organizations provide an “ethical neutral” backdrop against which leaders are perceived
• Can ethical leaders be selected, developed?
All kinds of organizations are training future leaders.
1. Selection
2. Role Modeling
3. Training
4. Organizational Culture and Socialization
Lesson 2 - Representation - Gender and stereotypes
This document discusses representations of gender in media and how they relate to societal expectations. It explores how toys, magazines, and other media often portray narrow definitions of masculinity and femininity by associating certain activities, interests and roles with particular genders. For example, girls are frequently depicted as enjoying domestic toys and magazines focused on beauty, while boys are shown with construction toys and magazines on strength and independence. The document also examines how early media tended to reflect patriarchal ideals by presenting traditional gender stereotypes that positioned men as powerful and women as sex objects or homemakers. More modern feminism has challenged these portrayals and sought greater gender equality in media.
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This chapter introduces the concepts of cross-cultural psychology and culture. It discusses how cross-cultural research tests whether psychological theories are universal or specific to certain cultures. Six categories used to define culture are also introduced: descriptive, historical, normative, psychological, structural, and genetic. Factors that influence culture include ecological, social, biological, and group-level factors like nationality, ethnicity, gender, disability and sexual orientation. Several cultural frameworks are also summarized, including Hofstede's cultural dimensions, Schwartz's values model, and Leung and Bond's social axioms.
Behavioural assessment
Behavioral assessment is a psychological method used to observe, describe, explain, predict, and sometimes correct behavior. It is derived from behavioral constructs and measures concrete, identifiable behaviors in specific situations. For example, a five-year-old girl named Sara has started getting into trouble at school, prompting the need for a behavioral assessment.
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- When forming impressions of others, we rely on mental shortcuts like social categorization and implicit personality theories. We also make attributions to explain others' behaviors.
- Studies on conformity, like Asch's line experiment, show that people often conform to group pressures even if it means agreeing with
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A social system is a complex set of human relationships within an organization that is in a state of dynamic equilibrium. The culture of an organization represents the shared values, beliefs, and norms that guide behavior. Factors like roles, status, and power dynamics influence relationships between people in the social system and organizational culture. Maintaining equilibrium while allowing for natural changes helps the social system and culture adapt over time.
Individual behaviour
This document discusses factors that influence individual behavior. It identifies personal factors like age, education, abilities, and emotional intelligence. Environmental factors discussed include economic, cultural, ethical, and political influences. Organizational systems and resources discussed are facilities, structure, leadership, and rewards. Psychological factors like personality and perceptions also shape behavior. The document provides examples of how these various factors interact to determine an individual's behavior.
Chapter: 11 Social Behavoir
Social psychology is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to others. It explores areas like social cognition, person perception, stereotypes, self-fulfilling prophecies, attribution theory, heuristics, attitudes, persuasion, altruism, aggression, conformity, and obedience. Key concepts include the fundamental attribution error, the false consensus effect, cognitive dissonance, and social influence through conformity, obedience, and group dynamics.
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This document provides an overview of developing effective behavior change campaigns. It discusses identifying the target behavior and audience, developing a theory of what factors influence the behavior based on research, choosing intervention techniques, implementing and evaluating the campaign, and addressing the intention-behavior gap to increase success. Key concepts covered include attitudes, self-efficacy, normative beliefs, theoretical frameworks like the Transtheoretical Model, and tools for measuring behavior change. The goal is to equip readers with an entry-level understanding of designing evidence-based behavior change interventions.
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This document discusses organizational behavior and attitudes. It defines attitudes and outlines their nature, dimensions, types, and components. The document also discusses job attitudes like job satisfaction, theories of attitude formation and change, and the relationship between attitudes and actual behavior. Finally, it explores the effect of job satisfaction on employee performance and organizational citizenship behavior.
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This document discusses personality traits and their relationship to leadership. It covers several key points:
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2) Common personality traits like openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are categorized in the Five Factor or OCEAN model. This model helps profile leaders and seems universally applicable across cultures.
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Aine Hart - Enterprise UX Sydney May 2018
- 1. Social Influence in Design Research
- 2. ÁINE HART UX DIRECTOR AT SITBACK MASTER IN ORG PSYCH 6+ years in User Experience CBA, ANZ, DoE, Usyd, Cancer Council
- 3. “Your mother never read to you and your father never hugged you. That’s why you drink from the toilet.”
- 4. There are hundreds of UX best practices and principles stemming from decades of research on human behaviour and psychology -intechnic.com
- 5. Social Influence “…When an individual’s thoughts or actions are affected by the presence or implied presence other people…”
- 6. Conformity People change their beliefs or behaviour in order to fit in with a group 6
- 8. People change their beliefs or behaviour in order to fit in with a group Characteristics: • Involves a change in belief or behaviour in order to fit in with a group • Can be in response to real or imagined group pressure • Brought about by a desire to ‘fit in’ or be liked, a desire to be correct or a desire to conform to a social role Implications: • Research done in a group setting is likely to underestimate diversity • People do not have to be present for conformity to occur Conformity
- 9. Compliance People appear to agree with others, but keep their differing opinions private 9
- 11. People appear to agree with others, but keep their differing opinions private Characteristics: • Public conformity, while possibly keeping one's own beliefs to yourself • Motivated by the need for approval and the fear of being rejected • Stops when there are no group pressures to conform to • Increases with the number of people present Implications: • Research done in a group setting may only represent the thoughts, behaviors and beliefs of the most influential attendees Compliance
- 12. Other Forms of Conformity Internalisation • A person publicly changes their behaviour to fit in with the group, while also agreeing with them privately • Usually occurs when a person lacks knowledge and looks to the group for guidance • Or when a person is in an unclear situation and socially compares their behaviour with the group Identification • Individuals conform to the expectations of a social role • Other person is a social leader we may well want to associate with them and so accept their arguments
- 13. Impression Management Process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of others (about a person, object or event) by regulating information in social interactions
- 14. Process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of others (about a person, object or event) by regulating information in social interaction Characteristics: • Controlling information to steer others’ opinions in the service of personal or social goals • Can be self–serving or other oriented • Can be conscious or sub-conscious Implications: • People often mask their true feelings and behaviours if they think they will not give a good impression of them Impression Management
- 15. Tips to Mitigate Social Influence in Research • Choose your methods and venue wisely • Remember the participant is the expert, not the facilitator • Consider the relationships between attendees at group sessions • Consider the impact of recording the sessions • Consider whether there is an ‘expert’ in the group • State upfront the participant’s opinion will be reported anonymously • Emphasise that constructive criticism will add to the value of the session • In group sessions, ask participants to write down their ideas individually then share with the others