Means-Ends Analysis
Ways to play
Game trees
Game Tree and Heuristic Evaluation
Minimax Evaluation of Game Trees
Minimax with Alpha-Beta Pruning
Game tree numericals
Artificial Intelligence - Problems, State Space Search & Heuristic Search Techniques - Defining the Problems as a State Space Search
Production Systems
Production Characteristics
Production System Characteristics
Issues in the design of Search Programs
In which we see how an agent can find a sequence of actions that achieves its goals, when no single action will do.
The method of solving problem through AI involves the process of defining the search space, deciding start and goal states and then finding the path from start state to goal state through search space.
State space search is a process used in the field of computer science, including artificial intelligence(AI), in which successive configurations or states of an instance are considered, with the goal of finding a goal state with a desired property.
Artificial Intelligence - Problems, State Space Search & Heuristic Search Techniques - Defining the Problems as a State Space Search
Production Systems
Production Characteristics
Production System Characteristics
Issues in the design of Search Programs
In which we see how an agent can find a sequence of actions that achieves its goals, when no single action will do.
The method of solving problem through AI involves the process of defining the search space, deciding start and goal states and then finding the path from start state to goal state through search space.
State space search is a process used in the field of computer science, including artificial intelligence(AI), in which successive configurations or states of an instance are considered, with the goal of finding a goal state with a desired property.
What Is Machine Learning? | What Is Machine Learning And How Does It Work? | ...Simplilearn
This presentation on Machine Learning will help you understand what is Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning, how does Machine Learning work, types of Machine Learning, Machine Learning pre-requisites and applications of Machine Learning. Machine learning is a core sub-area of artificial intelligence. Machine Learning is a technique which uses statistical methods enabling machines to learn from their past data. it enables computers to get into a mode of self-learning without being explicitly programmed. When exposed to new data, these computer programs are enabled to learn, grow, change, and develop by themselves. While the concept of machine learning has been around for a long time, the ability to apply complex mathematical calculations to big data has been gaining momentum over the last several years. Now, let us get started and understand the concept of Machine Learning in detail.
Below topics are explained in this "What is Machine Learning?" presentation:
1. Machine Learning
- What is Machine Learning
2. Artificial intelligence vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning
3. How does Machine Learning work?
4. Types of Machine Learning
5. Machine Learning pre-requisites
6. Applications of Machine Learning
Why learn Machine Learning?
Machine Learning is taking over the world- and with that, there is a growing need among companies for professionals to know the ins and outs of Machine Learning
The Machine Learning market size is expected to grow from USD 1.03 Billion in 2016 to USD 8.81 Billion by 2022, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 44.1% during the forecast period.
What skills will you learn from this Machine Learning course?
By the end of this Machine Learning course, you will be able to:
1. Master the concepts of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning concepts and modelling.
2. Gain practical mastery over principles, algorithms, and applications of Machine Learning through a hands-on approach which includes working on 28 projects and one capstone project.
3. Acquire thorough knowledge of the mathematical and heuristic aspects of Machine Learning.
4. Understand the concepts and operation of support vector machines, kernel SVM, naive Bayes, decision tree classifier, random forest classifier, logistic regression, K-nearest neighbours, K-means clustering and more.
5. Be able to model a wide variety of robust Machine Learning algorithms including deep learning, clustering, and recommendation systems.
We recommend this Machine Learning training course for the following professionals in particular:
1. Developers
2. Information Architects
3. Analytics Professionals
4. Graduates
Learn more at https://www.simplilearn.com/big-data-and-analytics/machine-learning-certification-training-course
Expert System Lecture Notes Chapter 1,2,3,4,5 - Dr.J.VijiPriyaVijiPriya Jeyamani
Chapter 1 Introduction to AI
Chapter 2 Introduction to Expert Systems
Chapter 3 Knowledge Representation
Chapter 4 Inference Methods and Reasoning
Chapter 5 Expert System Design and Pattern Matching
Example of iterative deepening search & bidirectional searchAbhijeet Agarwal
There are the some examples of Iterative deepening search & Bidirectional Search with some definitions and some theory related to the both searches. If you have any query please ask in comment or mail i will be happy to help you
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
Problem-Solving Strategies in Artificial Intelligence" delves into the core techniques and methods employed by AI systems to address complex problems. This exploration covers the two main categories of search strategies: uninformed and informed, revealing how they navigate the solution space. It also investigates the use of heuristics, which provide a shortcut for guiding the search, and local search algorithms' role in tackling optimization problems. The description offers insights into the critical concepts and strategies that power AI's ability to find solutions efficiently and effectively in various domains.
In "Problem-Solving Strategies in Artificial Intelligence," we dive deeper into the foundational techniques and methodologies that AI systems rely on to tackle challenging problems. This comprehensive exploration begins with an in-depth examination of search strategies. Uninformed search strategies, often referred to as blind searches, are dissected, along with informed search strategies that harness domain-specific knowledge and heuristics to guide the search process more intelligently.
The role of heuristics in AI problem-solving is thoroughly investigated. These problem-solving techniques employ domain-specific rules of thumb to estimate the quality of potential solutions, aiding in decision-making and prioritization. The famous A* search algorithm, which combines actual cost and heuristic estimation, is highlighted as a prime example of informed search.
Local search algorithms, another critical component, are discussed in the context of optimization problems. These algorithms excel in finding the best solution within a local neighborhood of the current solution and are particularly valuable for various optimization challenges. You'll explore methods like hill climbing and simulated annealing, which are vital for optimizing solutions in constrained problem spaces.
This insightful exploration provides a comprehensive understanding of the problem-solving strategies employed in AI, offering a solid foundation for those seeking to apply AI techniques to real-world challenges and further the field of artificial intelligence.
A Heuristic is a technique to solve a problem faster than classic methods, or to find an approximate solution when classic methods cannot. This is a kind of a shortcut as we often trade one of optimality, completeness, accuracy, or precision for speed. A Heuristic (or a heuristic function) takes a look at search algorithms. At each branching step, it evaluates the available information and makes a decision on which branch to follow.
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
What is artificial intelligence,Hill Climbing Procedure,Hill Climbing Procedure,State Space Representation and Search,classify problems in AI,AO* ALGORITHM
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
What Is Machine Learning? | What Is Machine Learning And How Does It Work? | ...Simplilearn
This presentation on Machine Learning will help you understand what is Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning, how does Machine Learning work, types of Machine Learning, Machine Learning pre-requisites and applications of Machine Learning. Machine learning is a core sub-area of artificial intelligence. Machine Learning is a technique which uses statistical methods enabling machines to learn from their past data. it enables computers to get into a mode of self-learning without being explicitly programmed. When exposed to new data, these computer programs are enabled to learn, grow, change, and develop by themselves. While the concept of machine learning has been around for a long time, the ability to apply complex mathematical calculations to big data has been gaining momentum over the last several years. Now, let us get started and understand the concept of Machine Learning in detail.
Below topics are explained in this "What is Machine Learning?" presentation:
1. Machine Learning
- What is Machine Learning
2. Artificial intelligence vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning
3. How does Machine Learning work?
4. Types of Machine Learning
5. Machine Learning pre-requisites
6. Applications of Machine Learning
Why learn Machine Learning?
Machine Learning is taking over the world- and with that, there is a growing need among companies for professionals to know the ins and outs of Machine Learning
The Machine Learning market size is expected to grow from USD 1.03 Billion in 2016 to USD 8.81 Billion by 2022, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 44.1% during the forecast period.
What skills will you learn from this Machine Learning course?
By the end of this Machine Learning course, you will be able to:
1. Master the concepts of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning concepts and modelling.
2. Gain practical mastery over principles, algorithms, and applications of Machine Learning through a hands-on approach which includes working on 28 projects and one capstone project.
3. Acquire thorough knowledge of the mathematical and heuristic aspects of Machine Learning.
4. Understand the concepts and operation of support vector machines, kernel SVM, naive Bayes, decision tree classifier, random forest classifier, logistic regression, K-nearest neighbours, K-means clustering and more.
5. Be able to model a wide variety of robust Machine Learning algorithms including deep learning, clustering, and recommendation systems.
We recommend this Machine Learning training course for the following professionals in particular:
1. Developers
2. Information Architects
3. Analytics Professionals
4. Graduates
Learn more at https://www.simplilearn.com/big-data-and-analytics/machine-learning-certification-training-course
Expert System Lecture Notes Chapter 1,2,3,4,5 - Dr.J.VijiPriyaVijiPriya Jeyamani
Chapter 1 Introduction to AI
Chapter 2 Introduction to Expert Systems
Chapter 3 Knowledge Representation
Chapter 4 Inference Methods and Reasoning
Chapter 5 Expert System Design and Pattern Matching
Example of iterative deepening search & bidirectional searchAbhijeet Agarwal
There are the some examples of Iterative deepening search & Bidirectional Search with some definitions and some theory related to the both searches. If you have any query please ask in comment or mail i will be happy to help you
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
Problem-Solving Strategies in Artificial Intelligence" delves into the core techniques and methods employed by AI systems to address complex problems. This exploration covers the two main categories of search strategies: uninformed and informed, revealing how they navigate the solution space. It also investigates the use of heuristics, which provide a shortcut for guiding the search, and local search algorithms' role in tackling optimization problems. The description offers insights into the critical concepts and strategies that power AI's ability to find solutions efficiently and effectively in various domains.
In "Problem-Solving Strategies in Artificial Intelligence," we dive deeper into the foundational techniques and methodologies that AI systems rely on to tackle challenging problems. This comprehensive exploration begins with an in-depth examination of search strategies. Uninformed search strategies, often referred to as blind searches, are dissected, along with informed search strategies that harness domain-specific knowledge and heuristics to guide the search process more intelligently.
The role of heuristics in AI problem-solving is thoroughly investigated. These problem-solving techniques employ domain-specific rules of thumb to estimate the quality of potential solutions, aiding in decision-making and prioritization. The famous A* search algorithm, which combines actual cost and heuristic estimation, is highlighted as a prime example of informed search.
Local search algorithms, another critical component, are discussed in the context of optimization problems. These algorithms excel in finding the best solution within a local neighborhood of the current solution and are particularly valuable for various optimization challenges. You'll explore methods like hill climbing and simulated annealing, which are vital for optimizing solutions in constrained problem spaces.
This insightful exploration provides a comprehensive understanding of the problem-solving strategies employed in AI, offering a solid foundation for those seeking to apply AI techniques to real-world challenges and further the field of artificial intelligence.
A Heuristic is a technique to solve a problem faster than classic methods, or to find an approximate solution when classic methods cannot. This is a kind of a shortcut as we often trade one of optimality, completeness, accuracy, or precision for speed. A Heuristic (or a heuristic function) takes a look at search algorithms. At each branching step, it evaluates the available information and makes a decision on which branch to follow.
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
What is artificial intelligence,Hill Climbing Procedure,Hill Climbing Procedure,State Space Representation and Search,classify problems in AI,AO* ALGORITHM
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
Data Structures, Array, Pointer, Trees, rooted tree graph, last-in-first-out (LIFO), stack, reverse polish notation (rpn), first-in-first-out (FIFO), queue, non-hierarchical relationship, graph, Data Structure Operations, Traversing: Accessing each record exactly once so that certain items in the record may be processed.
Searching: Finding the location of the record with a given key value, or finding the locations of all records which satisfy one or more conditions. Inserting: Adding a new record to the structure. Deleting: Removing a record from the structure.
AI-04 Production System - Search Problem.pptxPankaj Debbarma
Production Systems
A simple string rewriting production system example
Search Problem
Basic searching process
Algorithm’s performance and complexity
Computational complexity
‘Big - O’ notation
Tower of Hanoi
8 Puzzle
Water Jug Problem
Can Solution Steps be Ignored
Is Good Solution Absolute or Relative
Issues in the Design of Search Programs
The presentation is for support of Network Layer class on Logical Addressing topic. From IPv4 address to Network Address Translation. Resources have been derived from Data Communication & Networking by Behrouz A. Forouzan
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. CONTENTS
Game Playing
• Means-Ends Analysis
• Ways to play
• Game trees
• Game Tree and Heuristic
Evaluation
• Minimax Evaluation of
Game Trees
• Minimax with Alpha-
Beta Pruning
• Game tree numericals
3. Means-Ends Analysis
• One of the earliest AI systems was the General Problem Solver
(GPS) of Newell and Simon (1963). GPS used a technique for
problem solving and planning called Means-Ends Analysis.
Very loosely the means-ends analysis algorithm is:
1. Until the goal is reached or no more procedures are available:
– Describe the current state, the goal state and the differences between
the two.
– Use the difference the describe a procedure that will hopefully get
nearer to goal.
– Use the procedure and update current state.
2. If goal is reached then success otherwise fail.
4. Distances Airplane Train Car Taxi Bus Walk
More than 5000 km Yes
100 km – 5000 km Yes Yes Yes Yes
3 km – 100 km Yes Yes Yes Yes
Less than 3 km Yes Yes Yes
6. Searching
The table below lists the states in a search domain, along with the
transitions available from that state. For this question, assume that the
start state is always A and the goal state is always K.
a) Assuming that there is a cost of 1 (unit cost)
to move from one state to another, draw a
diagram in the space below that illustrates
the search tree of explored states, given a
breadth-first search.
b) The heuristic values for each state are shown
above. Given these values, draw a diagram in
the space below that illustrates the search
tree of explored states, given an A* search
(the path cost is still a unit cost). Indicate the
calculated cost at each node in the tree.
7. Ways to Play
• Analysis
Strategy Move
Tactics
• If-then-else
• Look ahead and evaluate
• British Museum algorithm
8. Game Trees
• Game playing introduces an additional challenge:
– an adversary who is trying to impede your
advancement.
– combinatorial explosion.
• Apply a heuristic evaluation of game positions.
9. Game Tree and Heuristic Evaluation
• The X player would pursue those moves with the
highest evaluation (that is 2 in this game) and avoid
those game states that evaluate to 0 (or worse).
11. Minimax Evaluation of Game Trees
Show the backed-up values for the nodes in the following
game tree and show the branches that are pruned by alpha-
beta pruning. For each branch pruned, write down the
condition that is used to do the pruning. Follow the
convention to examine the branches in the tree from left to
right.
13. Minimax with Alpha-Beta Pruning
The game tree below illustrates a game position.
It is Max's turn to move.
14. Game Tree
1. Evaluate and fill the heuristic values for all the empty states in the game tree above.
Assume that the minimax algorithm is being used, according to the labels on the right.
2. Indicate which states will not be explored if alpha-beta pruning is used. Circle all
unvisited subtrees, and indicate next to them whether alpha-pruning or beta-pruning
was used by writing ‘α’ or ‘β’ next to the state. Assume exploration from left to right.
15. A game is being played on a more complicated board. A partial game tree is
drawn, and leaf nodes have been scored using an (unknown) evaluation
function e. a) In the dashed boxes, fill in the
values of all internal nodes using
the minimax algorithm.
b) Cross o any nodes that are not
evaluated when using alpha-beta
pruning (assuming the standard
left-to-right traversal of the tree).
Game
Tree