The document discusses smart fertilizers as a solution to enhance food production while preserving environmental quality. It notes that conventional fertilizers can pollute water and soil while smart fertilizers provide controlled nutrient release and avoid excess application. Smart fertilizer formulations discussed include nanofertilizers, water soluble fertilizers, customized fertilizers for specific soils/crops, and coated slow release fertilizers. Research shows these smart fertilizers increase yields and nutrient use efficiency compared to conventional fertilizers. They allow continuous nutrient availability for plants and are more environmentally friendly.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
This is a seminar paper presentation by Md. Parvez Kabir, an MS Student, Department of Soil Science of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) as for the requirement of completing an MS degree.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
This is a seminar paper presentation by Md. Parvez Kabir, an MS Student, Department of Soil Science of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) as for the requirement of completing an MS degree.
Effect of crop residue management on soil qualityRAJESWARI DAS
Crop residue management is very important for environmental safety as well as agricultural sustainability. Hence this presentation is dealing with various crop residue management options especially in rice based cropping system and its effect on soil quality.
A combination of biotechnology and nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize agricultural systems and provide solutions for current and future problems. These include the development and use of smart fertilizers with controlled nutrient release, together with bioformulations based on bacteria or enzymes.
Here, it is a brief presentation regarding nanofertilizer, in relation to its role in enhancing the use efficiency of concerned nutrient, along with some experimrntal findings. Thank you for ur kind consideration.
Control release fertilizers are coated fertilizers that release nutrients over an extended period of time at a rate driven primarily by temperature and moisture of the root zone. It has been estimated that slow-release fertilizers comprise only 8-10% of the total fertilizers used in Europe, 1% in the USA and only 0.25% in the World. Dong and Wang (2007) reported that in Japan 70% of polymer coated controlled-release fertilizers are used in rice. Polymer coated fertilizers are a type of control release fertilizers, which are solid or other nutrient core, coated with various polymers. Fertilizer use efficiency can be increased by application of polymer coated fertilizer compared to common fertilizers due to very less nutrient losses. Most common three marketed products are Nutricote, Osmocote and Polyon. Pawel (2013) found that the polymer-coated fertilizers are not straight nitrogen but NPK fertilizers, particularly when containing secondary and micronutrients, the rate of release of the different nutrients, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg and micronutrients, are generally slow, controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers not stated. Parvathi (2018) reported that customised fertilizers are multi- nutrient carriers facilitating the application of the complete range of plant nutrients in right proportion to suit the specific requirements of a crop during its stages of growth.
Nelson et al. (2012) reported that application of nitrogen @ 120 kg/ha by polymer coated urea (PCU) with non coated urea (NCU) in the ratio of 75:25(PCU:NCU) recorded the highest wheat grain yield (5370 kg/ha) and lowest with ammonium nitrate (5110 kg/ha). Dong and Wang (2007) reported that application of polymer coated nitrogen fertilizer recorded the highest Nitrogen Use Efficiency (70.54%), Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency (32.56 kg/ha) and Nitrogen Physiological efficiency (46.16 kg/ha) compared to uncoated common fertilizers in rice crop. Prasad et al. (2012) reported that application of nano zinc fertilizers showed significantly better results in germination, shoot and root growth and Seed vigour Index over common zinc sulphate and control treatment. They also reported that application of NPK+ZnO (Nano) @2g/15 l resulted the highest plant height (43.80 cm), no. of pods per plant (16.80) and no. of filled pods per plant (15) which were significantly superior over rest of the treatments in groundnut crop.
It can be concluded that application of polymer coated fertilizers increase the Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE), Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency and Nitrogen Physiological efficiency, they increase the % recovery of nutrients and finally the growth and yield of crops. Nano-fertilizer certainly has the potential to improve agriculture production and they release the fertilizer slowly and extend the fertilizer effective period resulted in higher crop yields. Use of Customized Fertilizers can maximize nutrient use efficiency and ultimately improve soil fertility.
Soil management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration potential of degra...koushalya T.N
Reclamation of degraded lands has huge potential for carbon (C) sequestration to counteract the climate change. It was estimated that about 1,964 Mha of land is degraded worldwide and in India 146.8 Mha of land is degraded ( Bai et al., 2008). The major land-degradation processes in the World and in Asia are water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity, nutrient depletion and metal pollution. Enrichment of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks through sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in agricultural soils and degraded lands is important because of its impacts on improving soil quality and agronomic production, and also for adaptation to mitigation of climate change. Various management strategies like conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, afforestation, alternate land use, plantations and amendments and use of biochar hold promise for long-term C sequestration. It can be concluded that land degradation is a serious problem in India which need to be tackled because shrinking of land resource base will lead to a substantial decline in food grain production which in turn would hamper the economic growth rate and there would also be unprecedented increase in mortality rate owing to hunger and malnutrition.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Effect of crop residue management on soil qualityRAJESWARI DAS
Crop residue management is very important for environmental safety as well as agricultural sustainability. Hence this presentation is dealing with various crop residue management options especially in rice based cropping system and its effect on soil quality.
A combination of biotechnology and nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize agricultural systems and provide solutions for current and future problems. These include the development and use of smart fertilizers with controlled nutrient release, together with bioformulations based on bacteria or enzymes.
Here, it is a brief presentation regarding nanofertilizer, in relation to its role in enhancing the use efficiency of concerned nutrient, along with some experimrntal findings. Thank you for ur kind consideration.
Control release fertilizers are coated fertilizers that release nutrients over an extended period of time at a rate driven primarily by temperature and moisture of the root zone. It has been estimated that slow-release fertilizers comprise only 8-10% of the total fertilizers used in Europe, 1% in the USA and only 0.25% in the World. Dong and Wang (2007) reported that in Japan 70% of polymer coated controlled-release fertilizers are used in rice. Polymer coated fertilizers are a type of control release fertilizers, which are solid or other nutrient core, coated with various polymers. Fertilizer use efficiency can be increased by application of polymer coated fertilizer compared to common fertilizers due to very less nutrient losses. Most common three marketed products are Nutricote, Osmocote and Polyon. Pawel (2013) found that the polymer-coated fertilizers are not straight nitrogen but NPK fertilizers, particularly when containing secondary and micronutrients, the rate of release of the different nutrients, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg and micronutrients, are generally slow, controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers not stated. Parvathi (2018) reported that customised fertilizers are multi- nutrient carriers facilitating the application of the complete range of plant nutrients in right proportion to suit the specific requirements of a crop during its stages of growth.
Nelson et al. (2012) reported that application of nitrogen @ 120 kg/ha by polymer coated urea (PCU) with non coated urea (NCU) in the ratio of 75:25(PCU:NCU) recorded the highest wheat grain yield (5370 kg/ha) and lowest with ammonium nitrate (5110 kg/ha). Dong and Wang (2007) reported that application of polymer coated nitrogen fertilizer recorded the highest Nitrogen Use Efficiency (70.54%), Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency (32.56 kg/ha) and Nitrogen Physiological efficiency (46.16 kg/ha) compared to uncoated common fertilizers in rice crop. Prasad et al. (2012) reported that application of nano zinc fertilizers showed significantly better results in germination, shoot and root growth and Seed vigour Index over common zinc sulphate and control treatment. They also reported that application of NPK+ZnO (Nano) @2g/15 l resulted the highest plant height (43.80 cm), no. of pods per plant (16.80) and no. of filled pods per plant (15) which were significantly superior over rest of the treatments in groundnut crop.
It can be concluded that application of polymer coated fertilizers increase the Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE), Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency and Nitrogen Physiological efficiency, they increase the % recovery of nutrients and finally the growth and yield of crops. Nano-fertilizer certainly has the potential to improve agriculture production and they release the fertilizer slowly and extend the fertilizer effective period resulted in higher crop yields. Use of Customized Fertilizers can maximize nutrient use efficiency and ultimately improve soil fertility.
Soil management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration potential of degra...koushalya T.N
Reclamation of degraded lands has huge potential for carbon (C) sequestration to counteract the climate change. It was estimated that about 1,964 Mha of land is degraded worldwide and in India 146.8 Mha of land is degraded ( Bai et al., 2008). The major land-degradation processes in the World and in Asia are water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity, nutrient depletion and metal pollution. Enrichment of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks through sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in agricultural soils and degraded lands is important because of its impacts on improving soil quality and agronomic production, and also for adaptation to mitigation of climate change. Various management strategies like conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, afforestation, alternate land use, plantations and amendments and use of biochar hold promise for long-term C sequestration. It can be concluded that land degradation is a serious problem in India which need to be tackled because shrinking of land resource base will lead to a substantial decline in food grain production which in turn would hamper the economic growth rate and there would also be unprecedented increase in mortality rate owing to hunger and malnutrition.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
site specific. nutrient. management.pptxshivalika6
Site – specific nutrient management is the dynamic, field specific management of nutrients in a particular cropping season to optimize the supply and demand of nutrients according to their differences in cycling through soil-plant systems.
Growing Green: Elevating Crop Health Through Sustainable Fertilizer UpgradesNAQ Global
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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SMART FERTILIZERS FOR FOOD SECURITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
1. 1
SUBMITTED BY:
M.THIRUMALA
TAM-2018-06
DR. RAJENDRA PRASAD CENTRAL
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY PUSA, BIHAR
Credit seminar on :
SMART FERTILIZERS FOR FOOD SECURITY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
Major Advisor:
Dr. Amrendra Kumar
Asst.Prof.-cum-Scientist
By :
Deepak Kumar
M.Sc. (Agronomy) 2nd Year
R.No.- M/AGRO/322/2019-20
2. Flow of presentation
Introduction
Food and environmental security in India
Adverse effects of conventional Fertilizers
Smart fertilizers and their formulations
Research studies
Conclusion
Future line of work
3. • The global population is expected to increase from 7.2 to 9.6 billion by 2050
(UN, 2013), which will increase food demand and fodder requirements for
livestock
• In 2015, the UN adopted 17 sustainable development goals, aiming to
eradicate hunger and extreme poverty by 2030, while at the same time
preserving the environment and global climate
• Agricultural land systems (cropland, managed grassland, permanent crops
including agroforestry and bioenergy crops) cover about 40–50 per cent of the
Earth’s land surface on which human needs to secure food production.
• Fertilizer contribute to 50% of todays food production and demand will
increase over time , so for fulfilling food demand and minimizing fertilizer
lost we are adopting the concept of smart fertilizers and by this enhancing rate
of NUE and produced nutritious food.
Preserving the environment
• Excesses amounts of conventional fertilizers always, Pollute water quality and
reservoirs Reduce the quality of soil characteristics
Introduction
4.
5. Food security
“Food security exists when all people, at all times have physical
and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to
meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and
healthy life.” (FAO)
6. Environmental safety
Environmental security addresses the consequences of
environmental degradation, broadly defined to include depletion or
degradation of natural resources such as air, water, land; by
indiscriminate use of fertilizers. So the Smart fertilizers which are
ecologically sound, having high nutrient use efficiency, reducing
excess fertilizer application and maintaining continuous availability
of plant nutrients throughout plant growth and finally saving
environment.
7. Adverse effects of conventional Fertilizers
Soil hardening
GHG emissions
Mortality of soil
Microorganisms
Root burn
Ground water
contamination
Dead zone
Air and water
pollution
Fertilizer
Fig. 1
9. The aim is to bring innovations related to smart
fertilizer technology for food security.
Smart fertilizers may be a solution to enhance food
production and environmental quality.
10. Smart fertilizers..??
SMART FERTILIZERS are form of fertilizers
capable of minimizing the various losses and
enhance the use efficiency of the nutrients,
providing the continuous availability of the
plant nutrients throughout plant growth.
Features of Smart fertilizers
Controlled release of plant nutrients
Avoiding excess fertilizer application
Improved fertilizer use efficiency
Reduced frequency of fertilizer
application
11. 1-Enhance soil fertility, yield and quality
parameters of the crops.
2-Non toxic and less harmful to the ecosystem.
3-Increase nutrient use efficiency.
4-Reduce environmental pollution.
Why Smart fertilizers are advantageous over
traditional fertilizers because they –
14. Nano-fertilizers
• Nanofertilizers are nutrient carriers with nano
dimensions of 1- 100 nm
• 1 Nanometer = 10-9 m = 1 billionth of a meter
• Nanoforms of crop nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn,
Cu, B, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mo…coated by Nanoparticles such as :
• Carbon nanotubes
• Silver (Ag)
• Titanium oxide (TiO2)
• Cerium oxide (CeO2)
• Aluminum (Al)
• Silicon (Si)
15. • Unique features of nano-fertilizers
include :
Smaller size and higher surface area
High absorption rate
Slow, targeted and efficient release of
plant nutrients
Increase in NUE
Reduce adverse effects on the environment
compared to application of conventional
mineral fertilizers
The application of nano-urea can save up to
12.4-41.7 per cent of nitrogen application
to the soil (Huang et al., 2015)
17. Hydroponic techniques
Foliar spraying
Seed treatment
Seedling root dipping
Direct soil application
Application in liquid media for tissue culture
Invitro culture
Through irrigation water
Methods of application of nano fertilizers
18. Advantages
• Higher NUE (Controlled release)
• Targeted delivery
• More soluble or more reactive
• Improved penetration
• Reduces risk of Eutrophication
• Improve crop growth, yield and quality
• Alleviate abiotic stress and heavy metals toxicity
19. Effect of nano zinc fertilizer on yield and Zn content of tomato
Treatments Yield
(kg plant-1)
Fruit Zn
(mg 100gm-1)
Nano ZnO 3.54 2.60
Nano ZnO seed priming 4.30 4.91
Nano ZnO seed priming +foliar spray @ 0.5 % nano ZnO 4.67 6.93
Nano ZnO foliar Spray @ 0.5 % nano ZnO 3.97 4.69
ZnSO4 3.54 2.60
ZnSO4 seed priming 3.54 2.60
ZnSO4 seed priming + foliar spray @ 1 % ZnSo4 4.23 2.96
ZnSO4 foliar spray @ 1 % 4.43 5.19
SEm ± 0.08 0.13
C.D. (P=0.05) 0.27 0.41
CV (%) 3.62 5.58
Hajira et al( 2018)
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
Table no. 1
20. Effect of zinc nano-particles on phenological parameters of pearl millet
Treatments Shoot length
(cm)
Root length
(cm)
Total soluble leaf
Protein
(mg kg-1)
Control 152 58.6 37.7
Ordinary Zn 158 60.9 43.6
Nano Zn 175 61.1 52.3
C.D. (p =0.05) 0.58 0.14 0.49
Agricultural Research Tarafdar et al( 2014)
ZnO Nano particle size :18.5 nm
Foliar application rate @ 16 ltr ha-1 at 10 ppm concentration
Table no. 2
21. Water soluble fertilizers
• Water soluble fertilizers are fertilizers (may be liquid or solid)
that can be dissolved in water and applied to the crop.
• Contains fertilizers which are readily available for plant uptake
Examples :-
• Urea Phosphate 17:44:0
• Urea Phosphate with SOP 18:18:18
• Sulphate of potash 0:0:50
22. Advantages
• Easy to apply and provides even feeding
• Nutrients are readily available for plant uptake.,(Reduces the preperation
phase)
• Highly reliable for supplying both macro and micro nutrients
• Increase yield and improves quality of the product
• Often effective when roots are unable to absorb nutrients due to
fixation, losses, leaching etc.
• No risk of burning a plant as long as label directions are followed
Disadvantages
• They are relatively expensive
• Low availability
23. Effect of WSF and conventional fertilizers on yield of chilli
Parameters
T1: RDF
100% WSF
T2:RDF
50%WSF:
50% CF
T3:RDF
25%WSF:
75% CF
SEm C.D. (p=0.05)
No. of fruits
plant-1 110 96 88 2.14 4.94
Fruit length
(cm)
11.5 9.4 7.8 0.72 1.64
Fruit weight (g) 8.7 7.8 6.5 0.36 0.82
Yield plant-1 (g) 960 756 574 14.16 32.14
RDF: Recommended dose of fertilizer
CF: Conventional fertilizers
WSF: Water soluble fertilizers
Journal of krishi vigyan Krishnamoorthy and Hanif, 2014
Table no. 3
24. Customized fertilizers
• The Central Fertilizer Committee has included customized fertilizers in the
Fertilizer (Control) Order 1985, as a new category of fertilizers that are
area/soil/crop specific
• Customized Fertilizer is a concept around balanced plant nutrition
• Such fertilizers are based on the sound scientific plant nutrition principle
• Customized fertilizers are multi nutrient carrierslti-
• Facilitates the application of the complete range of plant nutrients in right
proportion to suit the specific requirements of a crop during its stages of
growth
• nutrient carriers
25.
26. Advantages
• Promote site specific nutrient management (SSNM) and
precision agriculture
• Maximum FUE of applied nutrients in a cost effective
manner
• Combination of nutrients (Macro and Micro)
• Improves soil fertility and is environment friendly
• Soil-crop-climate based fertilizer
• Specific to crop and area based on soil fertility
• Developed using scientific data base
• Available in ready to use form in a balanced way
27. Challenges
Risk for the customized fertilizers industry
More research is needed to develop CF according to
soil type for same crop as the deficiency of all
nutrients does not in all soil in a similar way.
Soil analysis of different regions is time consuming
and tedious job.
28. Effect of customized fertilizers on grain and
straw yield of wheat
Treatment
Grain yield (t ha-1) Straw yield(t ha-1)
Mean Mean
T1: Control 1.59 2.19
T2: 50% CF dose 2.57 3.67
T3: 75% CF dose 3.33 4.24
T4: 100% CF dose 3.72 5.17
T5: 125% CF dose 3.87 5.11
T6: 150% CF dose 4.40 5.56
T7: RDF 3.43 4.35
SEm± 0.09 0.15
C.D. (p=0.05) 0.30 0.47
CF: Customized fertilizers (11:18:9:5.3:0.7% N, P, K, S and Zn )
Dose of CF 100% - 375 kg ha-1.
RDF: Recommended dose of fertilizers (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1)
The Bioscan Dwivedi et al ( 2014 )
Table no. 4
30. 1. Polymers
A broad range of synthetic materials, such as petroleum based
polymers have been used to encapsulate water-soluble fertilizers
Types:
• Polymer (polyethylene, polyesters)
• Sulphur
• Sulphur plus polymer.
Polymers used are:-
• Polysulfone
• Polyacrylonitrile
• Polyvinyl chloride
• Polyurethane
32. Effect of polymer coated urea on yield
attributing parameters of rice
Treatments/ N sources Panicle
length
(cm)
Panicle
weight
(g)
Straw
yield
(g/hill)
Grain
yield
(g/hill)
Harvest
index
(%)
Urea Supergranules 18.26 2.31 54.46 39.43 42.00
Polymer coated urea
(single layer)
19.61 2.56 64.04 48.85 43.25
Polymer coated urea
(Double layer)
20.14 2.61 69.93 54.39 43.75
Neem coated urea 19.26 2.50 60.06 45.16 42.92
Sulfur coated urea 18.52 2.42 59.11 43.60 42.41
C.D. (p=0.05) 0.93 0.07 3.21 3.60 NS
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science Rajani and Sen ( 2017 )
Table no. 5
33. • Biodegradable polymers have also been used in
bioformulations, acting as microbial carriers
• These carriers protect microbial inoculants from
various stresses and prolong shelf life
Examples:
• Sodium alginate
• Potassium alginate
2. Biodegradable polymers
34. Advantages
• Minimize nutrient losses and
Increase Nutrient Use efficiency
(NUE)
• Increased nutrient release timing
• Meet plant demand timely and
efficiently
• Reduction of plant toxicity
• Root burn can be avoided with
the application of controlled
release fertilizers even at the
increased quantities of fertilizers
supplied
Disadvantages
• Very high cost
• Applying sulphur coated urea
almost always
• Lowers soil pH
• Prills can be damaged by
abrasion
• Only about 0.25 per cent of the
total fertilizers consumption is
such products
• Nutrient deficiencies may occur
if nutrients are not released as
predicted because of low
temperatures, flooded or
droughty soil, or poor activity of
soil microbes
35. Effect of different slow release nitrogenous fertilizers on
growth of maize
Treatments LAD (days) Total dry matter production
(g plant-1)
T1: 50 % Rec. N (urea-basal) + 50 % Rec. N (urea) at 30 DAS 66.97 260.11
T2: 100 % Rec. N (NCU- basal) 91.92 295.34
T3: 75 % Rec. N (NCU- basal)+ 25 % Rec. N (NCU) at 30 DAS 80.41 284.89
T4: 75 % Rec. N (NCU- basal)+ 25 % Rec. N (Urea) at 30 DAS 75.05 273.05
T5: 100 % Rec. N (COCU as basal) 86.85 285.98
T6: 75 % Rec. N (COCU- basal) + 25 % Rec. N (COCU) at 30 DAS 76.96 277.00
T7: 75 % Rec. N (COCU- basal) + 25 % Rec. N (Urea) at 30 DAS 70.07 267.14
T8: 100 % Rec. N (POCU- basal) 89.52 290.44
T9: 75 % Rec. N (POCU- basal)+ 25 % Rec. N (POCU) at 30 DAS 78.53 279.58
T10: 75 % Rec. N (POCU- basal)+ 25 % Rec. N (Urea) at 30 DAS 72.75 270.99
SEm± 3.52 3.06
C.D. (p=0.05) 10.46 9.10
NCU: Neem coated urea, COCU: Castor oil coated urea, POCU: Pongamia oil coated urea
Journal of Farm Science Shilpa et al ( 2018 )
Table no. 6
36. Factors affecting the release of nutrients from
Coated fertilizers
Temperature
Solutes such as urea move through the coating by diffusion
which is dependent on temperature
Thickness of coating material
As coating thickness increases, the diffusion time through the
coating increases
Moisture
Moisture is required but is a non-factor for irrigated crops
37. Conclusion
• Smart fertilizers based on slow release and or carrier delivery
systems have been shown to improve crop yields, soil
productivity, and lower nutrient loss compared with conventional
fertilizers.
• Nanotechnology have the potential to facilitate improved nutrient
management and use efficiency in agroecosystems.
• Several materials such as clays, nano-clays, and degradable
polymers, and agricultural wastes are suitable for the development
of smart fertilizers by acting as carrier for nutrients.
38. Future line of work
• Future research should explore and evaluate the composition,
agronomic and environmental performance of various smart
fertilizers such as polymers
• Development of agriculture sector is only possible by accelerating
the resource use eficiency through effective utilization of modern
technologies
• More research is needed to develop customised fertilizers according
to soil type for same crop as the deficiency of all nutrients does not
in all soil in a similar way and to provide long term assurrance
• Availability, cost feasibility of various smart fertilizers and security
standardization of nano might bring more adoption among farmers
39. 39
THANK
Smart fertilizers : A way to assure the country
‘Ever Green Revolution, Food and Nutritional
Security’.
