Gul Muhammad Panhwar completed a 14-week internship at the Plant Breeding and Genetics Division of the Nuclear Institute of Agriculture in Tando Jam, Pakistan. The report summarizes his work evaluating agronomic traits of old wheat landraces under field conditions. It includes background on NIA and its divisions, an introduction to wheat describing its domestication and uses, and descriptions of materials and methods used during the internship.

1. INTERNSHIP REPORT
AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF OLD LAND RACES IN FIELD
CONDITIONS
AT
PLANT BREEDING & GENETICS, DIVISION
NUCLEAR INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE (NIA) TANDO JAM
SUBMITTED
BY
GUL MUHAMMAD PANHWAR
REG: NO.2K7-PD-86
TO
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BREEDING & GENETICS
FACULTY OF CROP PRODUCTION
SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, TANDOJAM
2011-2012
1

2. AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF OLD LAND RACES WORK IN FIELD
CONDITIONS
AT
PLANT BREEDING & GENETICS DIVISION, NUCLEAR
INSTITUTE OF
AGRICULTURE (NIA) TANDO JAM
Name of student: GUL MUHAMMAD PANHWAR
Registration No: 2K7-PD-86
Name of Supervisor: Mr. SHAHNAWAZ MARRI
(PROFESSOR DEPOTMENT OF PBG)
Place of Work: Nuclear Institute of Agriculture Tando Jam
Duration of Work: 14 weeks From Dec. 10, 2011 to March 15, 2012
AN INTERNSHIP REPORT SUBMITTED THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF
PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS, FACULTY OF CROP PRODUCTION
TO SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDO JAM IN CONNECTION
WITH THE PARTIAL
FULFILMENTOF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
(AGRICULTURE) HONORS
IN PLANT BREEDING & GENETICS
2011-2012
2

3. Acknowledgement
I bow before, Almighty ALLAH and express my humblest and sincerest
words of gratitude to him, who bestowed upon the feeble author the
potential and ability to make material contribution to the already existing
ocean of knowledge.
I am also thankful to Dr. Shamsuddin Tunio Dean Faculty of
Crop production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando jam for placement of
Internship.
I am extremely grateful to my respected Dr. JURIAL RIND,
chairman department of Plant breeding & genetics, for there advices through
out my research work.
I am also exceedingly grateful to Director Nuclear Institute of
Agriculture (NIA) Tando Jam Sindh; Muhammad Afzal Arain, And HEAD
of Plant breeding and genetics Division NIA Tando Jam, Mr. SHAMADAD
KHANZADA, (DCS) and my supervisor
Mr. MEHBOOB ALI SIYAL, Mr. SALMAN ALI, NIA Tando jam for
providing innumerous facilities to complete this research work.
I am also tremendously thankful to Mr. Asghar halo, Mr. Imdad
korejo, in Nuclear institute field for their unflagging assistance and help
during entire period of my research work, no doubt without their help, it
would not to possible to complete this research work .
I wish to express special thanks, and appreciations due to all of
his friends especially Arsalan memon, irfan chandio, Najeebullah kaka,
Sister Shehnila khanzada, and Sweet Sister Bushra arain, for there pleasant
and moral support.
I am also thankful to the family members, especially father and
uncle for their prayers, encouragement, financial and
moral support to achieve this work
Without the help of all the above mentioned persons, it would
have been really difficult for me to finish-up this work
(GUL MUHAMMAD)
3

4. 4

5. TABLE OF CONTENTS
S# PARTICULAR page
no
1 Introduction of nuclear institute
of agriculture tando jam
2 Introduction of wheat
3 Introduction of plant breeding &
genetics
4 Pakistan wheat production by
year
5 Material and method
6 During the whole internship
observe the things
7 references
5

6. INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR INSTITUTE OF
AGRICULTURE (NIA) TANDO JAM
Nuclear institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tandojam is situated about
18 Km away in the east of Hyderabad (Sindh) near Sindh
Agriculture Tandojam. .It was established as AEARC in 1963. The
main thrust of institute is to carry out research on specific
Agriculture problems related to improvement of major crops .The
significant achievement of this institute is the evolution of 27
varieties of different crop (Wheat, Rice, cotton, Sugarcane and
Mungbean) through conventional and mutational techniques. These
varieties are cultivated successfully in major areas of sindh province.
The Institute comprises of following four basic divisions
1 Plant Breeding and Genetics
2 Plant Protection
3 Soil Science
4 Plant Physiology
PLANT BREEDING AND GENETIC DIVISON
Plant Breeding and Genetics Division is engaged in conducting research for
the evolution of insect and pathogen resistance, and drought stress tolerance
and high yielding varieties through conventional and breeding methods
.This division is also working on evolution of varieties through tissue culture
in sugarcane crop and disease free banana.
PANT PROTECTION DIVISION
Plant protection division is engaged in exploring development and
popularization of eco-friendly insect techniques like biological control,
sterile insect techniques (SIT), widely adopted by growers, have been
lessened the insecticide usage.
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7. SOIL SCIENCE DIVISION
Soil science division working in area of efficient use of fertilizer and
irrigation .This work has been proved to be beneficial for maximization of
crop production.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY DIVISION
This division is engaged in identification of stress tolerance
genotype through screening from the available germplasm for enhancing
crop productivity of salt and drought affected areas
In addition to this, physiological mechanism traits which confer sensitivity
tolerance for using in breeding program to evolve high yielding stress
tolerant genotype .
Exogenous application of growth regulators in different crop
plants for better crop productivity under abiotic stress ,exploration of stress
tolerance mechanism in different crops, bio saline Agriculture for degraded
land have also provided remedial step for problematic soils which can now
be converted into profitable enterprise .
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8. 8

9. WHEAT INTRODUCTION
Wheat is the second-most produced crop on
Earth, lagging behind only corn. Wheat
provides a large fraction of the dietary
protein and total food supply, and is grown
all throughout the world, in a wide variety of
climates. Wheat is a staple crop, grown as a
primary food product and for other uses as
well. In this article, we will talk about the
origin and history of wheat as a cultivated
crop, the many uses for wheat, and how
wheat is grown today in the United States
and around the world.
Wheat, cereal plant of the genus Triticum of
the family Gramineae (grass family), a
major food and an important commodity on the world grain market
Grown all over the world, wheat covers more of the earth's surface than any
other cereal crop .However, although it takes more land space than other
cereals, based on a three year average it is only the third-largest cereal crop,
behind maize and rice .The domestication of grains and the development of
agricultural lifestyles led to significant changes in people's lives,
encouraging permanent settlements, the development of civilization, and
trade .Wheat's domestication produced larger grains and a more productive
crop, which could not have survived in the wild and required continued
intervention of farmers intentionally planting it.
As one of the first grains to be domesticated, modern wheat developed from
cultivation starting in the Middle East about 9-11,000 years ago in the fertile
crescent of the Middle East. Without a clearly identifiable timeframe, the
Neolithic period is identified by the domestication of crops and animals
which began with the development of farming, and endured until the
development of metal tools.
By 4,000 BC the expanding geographical range of farming resulted in bread
wheat becoming a common staple from England to China. Although rice
was more important to the development of East Asian cultures, wheat was
the nutritional foundation for cultures in Europe, the Middle East and
western Asia.
9

10. Wheat was introduced in Mexico by the Spaniards around 1520 and to early
American colonists in the 1600's .At that time it was not popular in New
England due to the soils and climate, but in the mid 1800's wheat was grown
from seeds introduced by migrating Europeans and agricultural scientists in
the area that would later be called the "Wheat Belt."
Wheat is generally grown intended for food for humans, but lesser quality
wheat and the nutrient-dense by-products of flour refining are used for
animal feed. Wheat is also used for whiskey and beer production, and the
husk can be separated and ground into bran. Before the introduction of corn
into Europe, wheat was the principal source of starch for sizing paper and
cloth.
. Wheat cultivars can be classified by planting season, hardness of the grain,
and (less importantly) color
Winter wheats are winter hardy, so they are planted in the fall. In the
spring they resume maturation and are harvested early in the summer.
Spring wheats are planted in the spring and harvested late in the summer.
Spring wheat yields are significantly lower than winter wheat yields, but it
offers a very high quality for bread making.
Soft wheat varieties have starchy kernels (less gluten) which mill easier
than the hard wheats. Soft wheat flour is preferred for piecrust, French
bread, biscuits, and breakfast foods.
Hard wheats have higher protein and gluten levels than their softer cousins,
and are used for bread, cakes and flour. The hardest wheat is durum (T.
durum), whose flour is used in the manufacture of macaroni, spaghetti, and
other pasta products. Soft wheat’s and white wheat’s usually bring higher
prices because they are easier to mill and don't require bleaching.
Common Varieties of Wheat
The six major classes of wheat are listed below.
- Durum
- Hard Red Spring
- Hard Red Winter
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11. - Soft Red Winter
- Hard White
Hard Wheat
Hard red winter
Wheat is a high protein wheat used mostly for breads and all-purpose flour,
and as an adjunct in other flours to increase protein content. This class of
wheat accounts for more than 40% of the U.S. wheat crop and half of U.S.
wheat exports.
Durum wheat
Is spring wheat, and may be either white or red. It is the hardest of all U.S.
wheat’s, offers both high protein and high gluten content, and used to make
the semolina flour used for premium pasta products and some Mediterranean
bread.
Hard red spring
Wheat is the highest protein wheat, and is used for bread, hard baked goods,
all-purpose flour, and flour blends.
Hard white
Wheat is medium protein grain that is closely related to red wheat except for
color, in milling and baking qualities. However, it offers a milder, sweeter
flavor, and is used in yeast breads, hard rolls, bulgur, tortillas, oriental
noodles, whole wheat and all-purpose flowers, and used in brewing. It is the
newest class of wheat to be grown in the United States.
Soft Wheat
Soft red winter
Wheat has a low to medium protein content, and is used for breads and
blending. It is used to make cookies, cakes, donuts, and other fine pastries as
well as flat breads, and crackers.
Soft white
Wheat is low protein wheat, but offers high yields to growers. It provides a
whiter product for high quality cakes, crackers, cookies, pastries, and Asian-
11

12. style noodles (bakery products other than breads), and is ideally suited to
Middle Eastern flatbreads.
Wheat Varieties and Their Uses
The wheat plant is an annual, probably derived from a perennial; the
ancestry of and precise distinctions between species are no longer always
clear. For its early growth wheat thrives best in cool weather. Among the
more ancient, and now less frequently cultivated, species are
einkorn (T. monococcum),
emmer (T. dicoccum),
Spelt (T. spelta). Modern wheat varieties are usually classified as winter
wheat’s (fall-planted and unusually winter hardy for grain crops) and spring
wheat’s. Approximately three fourths of the wheat grown in the United
States is winter wheat.
Flour from hard wheat’s (varieties evolved for the most part from T.
aestivum) contains a high percentage of gluten and is used to make bread
and fine cakes.
The hardest-kernelled wheat is durum (T. durum); its flour is used in the
manufacture of macaroni, spaghetti, and other pasta products.
White- and soft-wheat varieties are paler and have starchy kernels; their
flour is preferred for piecrust, biscuits, and breakfast foods. Wheat is used in
the manufacture of whiskey and beer, and the grain,
History
Wheat was one of the first of the grains domesticated by humans (see grain).
Its cultivation began in the Neolithic period. Bread wheat is known to have
been grown in the Nile valley by 5000 B.C., and its apparently later
cultivation in other regions (e.g., the Indus and Euphrates valleys by 4000
B.C., China by 2500 B.C., and England by 2000 B.C.) indicate that it spread
from Mediterranean centers of domestication. The civilizations of W Asia
and of the European peoples have been largely based on wheat, while rice
has been more important in E Asia. Since agriculture began, wheat has been
the chief source of bread for Europe and the Middle East. It was introduced
into Mexico by the Spaniards c.1520 and into Virginia by English colonists
early in the 17th cent.
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13. Wheat Genome
“The wheat genome is five times larger than the human genome and presents
a huge challenge for scientists,” said “The genome sequences are an
important tool for researchers and for plant breeders and by making the data
publicly available we are ensuring this publicly funded research has the
widest possible impact.”
The reference species used in the study was Chinese Spring wheat. The
scientists hope that by understanding the genetic differences between
varieties with different desirable traits, selective breeding can produce new
types of wheat better able to withstand drought and salinity, and that provide
higher yields. Perhaps we could even finally see the much-sought-after
perennial wheat
“It is predicted that within the next 40 years world food production will need
to be increased by 50 per cent,” “Developing new, low input, high yielding
varieties of wheat, will be fundamental to meeting these goals.”
Wheat is probably the most important crop in the world, yet it has one of the
most challenging genomes. Bread wheat is a hexaploid, with three complete
genomes termed A, B and D in the nucleus of each cell. Each of these
genomes is almost twice of the human genome and consists of around 5,500
million letters. Several groups around the world are working towards
sequencing wheat. Details of individual efforts can be found on the wiki
below.
Genome sequencing projects can be generally divided into whole genome
shotgun (WGS) methods or BAC by BAC methods.
WGS attempts to sequence the genome in one go, by generating a large
amount of sequence data and then assembling this to produce a
representation of the string of letters which make up the genome. WGS has
the benefit in that it is quick and relatively inexpensive, but it is often
confounded by the inability to stitch the individual sequence reads together,
resulting in a poor quality assembly. This is particularly problematic for
polyploids, where more than one genome is present in each cell, or where
there is a substantial quantity of repetitive sequences. Wheat is a polyploid
with 3 genomes, each of which is 80% repetitive, making WGS unattractive.
The alternative BAC by BAC approach requires breaking the genome down
to relatively small pieces (c. 120 kbp), ordering these as a minimal tiling
path, then sequencing each of the BACs in the tiling path. While sequence
13

14. assembly or repetitive regions remains problematic, this approach offers the
potential to produce the best quality finished genome. However, BAC by
BAC sequencing of wheat is hugely expensive, time consuming and is still
not guaranteed to produce a complete genome due to some regions being
underrepresented in BAC libraries.
Individual chromosome arms are being assembled and annotated. They are
made publically available as they are produced using the genome viewer
GBrowse2.
On top of the total size of the wheat genome, further difficulties come from
the fact that wheat genome is actually made up of three overlapping and
similar genomes (The A, B and D genomes of wheat), making it very
difficult to piece together which bits of DNA sequence belong to which
genome.
.Piecing a genome together is hard.
By releasing the raw sequencing
reads, rather than an assembled
sequence, the groups behind the
wheat genome accomplished two
big things. They were able to
release a “draft genome” much
faster and, at the same time,
they’ve ensured no one else can do
the sort of whole genome analysis
that genome groups often seem
worried will result in their own
results getting scooped. The
downside is that they’ve also
ensured people like me have no way to assess how useful the sequence will
be for our own research.
Five-fold coverage with 454 reads seems pretty low for a genome as
complex and difficult to assemble as the wheat genome, but I can’t judge
how much it will impact their ability to assemble a complete genome
sequence until I see the assembly itself. The clickthrough page to download
the sequencing reads says the research group currently plans to complete
their analysis by next April, with publication coming sometime before April
2012. So sometime in the next year and a half, I hope to be back with
something real to say about the wheat genome sequence.
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15. BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION
Common name kanak, gandhum
English name Wheat
Botanical name Triticum aestivum
Family poaceae
Sub family pooideae
Chromosome no: 2n = 42
Genomoic formula: AABBDD
Order poales
Class Monocots
Genus: Triticum
Tribe: Triticeae
Kingdom Plantae
Magnoliophyta
Magnoliophyta, division of the plant kingdom consisting of those organisms
commonly called the flowering plants, or angiosperms, the angiosperms
have leaves, stems, and roots, and vascular, or conducting, tissue (xylem and
phloem). The ovules, which develop into seeds, are enclosed within an
ovary, hence the term angiosperm, meaning “enclosed seed.” The flowering
plants are the source of all agricultural crops, cereal grains and grasses,
garden and roadside weeds, familiar broad-leaved shrubs and trees, and most
ornamentals.
Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
Plants of this class usually have two seed leaves, or cotyledons, and
cambium tissue in the stems (see meristem). Much the larger of the two
classes of flowering plants, dicots are divided into many families, among
15

16. which several of the more conspicuous and easily recognized are the pink,
mustard, rose, pea
Class Liliopsida (Monocotyledons)
Plants of this class generally have only one seed leaf, or cotyledon, and
generally lack cambium tissue..
Wheat production in Sindh
The Sindh Agriculture Department had set the production target for this year
on the figures achieved last year. The target not only has been achieved but
it has crossed the estimates set. The wheat crop has been yielded on irrigated
and un-irrigated land in Sindh. The irrigated land comes under the command
area of canal system of irrigation and un-irrigated land comes in non
command of canal system.
The production target was achieved because the crop was sowed on more
land that the previous year. A total of 937,060 hectares came under wheat
cultivation that was more than the last year. The sowing area of wheat
increasedby0.41percent.
The Sindh is the second largest wheat producing province in the country
after Punjab. Though the province is self sufficient in wheat yet shortages
had occurred from time to time due to malpractices of the traders and flour
mill owners, who create artificial shortage by either hoarding the grain or
releasing it in small quantity.
It was alleged that the traders sell the grain in black market on higher rates to
earn extra profit.
The latest estimation was made by agriculture department through their field
staff of “Crop Reporting Service Centre” and its head office established in
Hyderabad.
Another important reason for the increased production was availability of
irrigational water than last year. More area was brought under the wheat
16

17. crop by growers because more area remained inundated due to excess of
water in Indus River which remained at high level for a long time, the
official of agriculture department said.
Other reason for more area that came under wheat cultivation was due to
prolonged monsoon rains. The low-lying areas remained under rainwater
and growers failed to grow Kharif crop but the same land came under
cultivation once the water dried up. The attractive market price of wheat, the
official claimed, induced the growers to bring more area under the crop,
which helped to achieve production target.
Other reason of more production of wheat crop was subsidy announced by
the government on the phosphatic fertilizer, said official of agricultural
department and claimed that the growers applied balanced dose of the
nutrient in the wheat crop.
Prolonged winter season, especially at the milky stage also favoured
increase in the yield per hectare.
It may be mentioned here that the final and third achievement report would
be announced soon .It will show the final figure of wheat production in the
province.
The Sindh Food Department was engaged to procure wheat direct from
growers and from market. It has set up procurement centers in various towns
of the province. The wheat would be stored to face any crises of wheat
shortage, official said.
The wheat growers complained that officials of food department were
deducting Rs 2 on per bag instead of announced Rs 1, during measurement
on the weight of bag at procurement centres.
Khairpur, Ghotki, Naushero Feroze, Nawabshah, Sanghar and Mirpurkhas
districts are wheat producer in largest quantity.
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18. MORPHOLOGY OF WHEAT PLANT
 CULM: Plant height is typically from o.7-1.2 meter
 ROOT: Wheat produce both nodal and seminal root (crown &
adventitious) from the lower nodes are associated tillers and
becomes in important as plant growth
 STEM & TILLERS: Wheat has a single main stem typically 2-
3 tillers per plant the number of tillers tends to increase with better
growing condition with lower crop density tillering starts from 3-4
leaf stage approximately first nodal root can seen
 LEAF: Wheat leaves forms at each node leaf wrapped seen
 SPIKE: The spike are also called ear or head form at top of the
plant spike has 35-50 grains or kernel
18

19. SINDH PUNJAB BALOCHISTAN NWFP
Marvi-02 Inqlab-91 Zarlashta-99 Saleem-2000
Bhittai-04 Bakhir-2002 Zamindar-80 Tatara
Td-1 Ufaq-2000 Zargoon-89 Fakhr-e-sarhad
Tj-83 Auqab-2000 Sariab-92 Khyber-87
Sindh-83 G.a-2002 Raskoh-05 Khyber-79
Sindh-81 Wafaq-2001 Zardana-89 Kagan-93
Sasui-5 Saher-2006 Zam-2004
Khirman-5 Shafaq-2006 Pirsabak-04
Sarsabz Fareed-2006 Pirsabak-05
Mehran-89 Chaqwal-50 Pirsabak-85
Imdad-05 Lasani-2008 Pirsabak-91
Skd-01 Faisalabad-2008 Naseer-2000
Moomal-02 Faisalabad-83 Hashim-07
Nia sunder Faisalabad-85 Bathur-80
Nia sunehri Mairaj-2008 Pirsabak-08
Toofan Narc-2009
Johar-78 Baras-09
Kkk Dharabi-11
Kiran-95 Narc-2011
Millat-11
Aari-11
Aas-11
19

20. PROVED VARIETIES FOR BARANI AND IRRIGATED
AREAS
Pakistan Wheat Production by Year
Growth Rate
Market Year Production Unit of Measure Growth Rate
2001 19024 (1000 MT) -9.75 %
2002 18227 (1000 MT) -4.19 %
2003 19183 (1000 MT) 5.24 %
2004 19500 (1000 MT) 1.65 %
2005 21612 (1000 MT) 10.83 %
2006 21277 (1000 MT) -1.55 %
2007 23295 (1000 MT) 9.48 %
2008 20959 (1000 MT) -10.03 %
2009 24000 (1000 MT) 14.51 %
2010 23900 (1000 MT) -0.42 %
2011 24000 (1000 MT) 0.42 %
20

21. Package of improved technology for
wheat crop
1. Land Selection
In general wheat can be sown on all type of soils, sweet, well drained soils, rich in
organic matter with good water holding capacity are preferred, water logged, saline,
candy and depleted soil nutrient soils due to continue cropping be avoided.
2. Land Preparation
Land preparation is the basic factor for getting high wheat yields. In Kharif fallow soils,
at-least two dry plowing by given and left open to sun. after soaking dose when lands
come into condition at-least one cross plowing followed by planking in necessary.
In paddy and silaba soils two plowing followed by samaring are necessary as and when
they come into condition. Efforts may be made to pulverize the soil. Clods of paddy soils
may be broken as germination in cloddy soils shall highly be affected.
Prior to sowing the land plowed should be well leveled and divided into plots of 10 to 20
ghuntas to ensure equal distribution of chemical fertilizer and irrigation water.
3. Use of pure seed of recommended varieties
Seed of high genetic purity with good germination percentage, free from need needs and
other impurities should be used. It has been observed that by suing pure seed about 20%
high production can be obtained as compared to seed obtained from local market.
Certified seed of improved varieties can be obtained from Sindh Seed Corporation and
SASO.
Mehran-89 variety and Abadgar-93 for early sowing and TJ-83 and Anmol-91 for late
sowing are the recommended varieties.
4. Seed Rate
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22. In order to get optimum plant population per hectare proper seed rate of recommended
verities is necessary, recommended seed rate for Abadgar-93 and Mehran-89 is 50 kg per
acre and for T-J-83 and Anmol-91 is 60 kg per acre.
5. Sowing Time
Sowing of wheat crop in proper time is the pre requisite for setting potential yields from
recommended verities. Delay of one day in sowing than the recommended period causes
less of 10 kg per acre per day. Variety wise/sown-wise recommended sowing time is
a. Varieties Recommended For Lower Sindh
Variety Sowing
1. Mehran-89 1st
. November to 20th
. November
2. Abadgar-93 1st
. November to 20th
. November
3. T-J-83 1st
. November to 15th
. December
4. Amol-91 21st
. November to 15th
. December
5. Moomal-002 1st
. November to 20th
December
6. Imdad-05 1st
. November to 20th
December
7. SKD-1 1st
. November to 20th
December
8. TD-1 1st
. November to end of December
22

23. b. Varieties Recommended For Upper Sindh
Variety Sowing
1. Mehran-89 7th
November to 30th
November
2. Abadgar-93 7th
November to 30th
November
3. T-J-89 1st
November to 21st
December
4. Anmol-91 1st
November to 21st
December
5. Moomal-2002 1st
. November to 20th
December
6. Imdad-05 1st
. November to 20th
December
7. SKD-1 7th
. November to 25th
December
8. TD-1 1st
. November to end of December
6. Seed Treatment
Before sowing, the seed may be treated with any of the following fungicides against seed
born disease like:
Fungicides Dose
1. Topsin-M 2 gms/kg seed
2. Setan 1.5 gms/kg seed
7. Sowing methods
In Sindh sowing of wheat is done either by drilling or by broadcasting or by
gurbi method of sowing. In general drill method of sowing is preferred
because seed is put at its proper depth (2’’)
Spacing (9’row to row and 2’plant to plant). This is the only method by
which required plant population / hectare is obtained and equal distribution
of nutrients and water to the plants is provided. By this sowing method
weeding and inter-culturing are easily done. About 15% higher yields have
been obtained in drill sown crop than broadcasted crop.
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24. In hard soils drilling is not possible due to heavy soils. In such
soils broadcasting is generally done. In this method plants are not kept at proper
spacing and the nutrients are shared by weeds are weeding and inter-culturing
can not be done in broadcasted in the mud.
8. Harvesting and Threshing
When color of the plants turn green to yellow, ear-heads leaves and stem
become dry. Seed becomes hard; wheat crop should be harvested
immediately. Delay in harvesting causes losses to yield. Harvested crop
should be allowed to remain in the field for 2-3 days for drying
HYBRIDIZATION IN WHEAT
It’s the process of crossing or mating of two different individuals, having the
dissimilar genetic constitution, is said to be the hybridization. Before starting the process
of hybridization, Plant Breeders must have certain objectives for desirable traits and
knowledge about male and female parents’ characteristics.
Generally two techniques of hybridization are practiced in wheat.
a) SELFING b) CROSSING
 Material Required:
 Fine forceps, scissors
 Butter paper bag
 Pencil, eraser and register
 Tag or label
a. SELFING
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25. As you know that, wheat is a 100% self-pollinated grain cereal crop and also
wheat flower is in cleistogamy condition in spite of this its believed that
there are 2% chances of cross-pollination in wheat and therefore, Selfing is a
process in which 100% selfing or purity is maintained.
 Select an immature and healthy spike for selfing which emerges out
next day from the flag leaf.
 Cover the selected spike with butter paper bag and label it.
CROSSING (Emasculation)
 Select an immature and healthy spike which emerges out next
day from the flag leaf.
 Remove the flag leaf with the help of Scissors to expose the
spike.
 Remove the upper most and lower most spikelets from the
spike with the help of Scissors or forceps.
 Remove the central florets from the spikelet with the help of
fine forceps only laterals are left.
 Cut the spikelets 2-3rd
to expose the essential whorls with the
help of fine Scissors.
 Remove all of the three anthers with the help of fine forceps
without damaging the stigma.
 Bag the emasculated bud with butter paper bag.
 Label it with the name of female parent variety with the help of
pencil .
b) CROSSING
25

26.  On the next day, select the mature and healthy spike of male parent
variety
 Cut the 2/3rd
of the flowering glumes to expose the anthers and
keep it under the sunlight, until anthers may come out
 shed the male parent spike directly on the emasculated spike
 Again bag the crossed spike and complete the entries (male parent
name, crossing date etc.) on the label.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The field experiment was conducted at nuclear institute of agriculture Tandojam,
to observe agronomic parameters for desirable objectives of different coded wheat
genotypes during Rabi season 2011-2012. The data of 1-25 old land races wheat such as
T-1, T-2, were recorded on the basis of agronomic parameters and compared with all
release varieties
DETAIL OF EXPERIMENT
Experimental design: Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
Replication: 3
Genotypes: 25
Local check one side sassui & other side green revolution
No of rows: 6
Length of row: 5 meter
26

27. Space b/w Row to Row: 1 foot
Date of sowing: 17-11-2011
Irrigations: 3
THE FOLLOWING AGRONOMIC TRAITS WERE STUDIED
DURING RABI SEASON (2011-12)
 Plant height (cm)
 Spike length (cm)
 No of tillers plant-1
 No of spikelets spike-1
 No of grains spike-1
 Seed index (weight of 100 grains into grams )
Plant height (cm)
At the time of maturity, the height of
each selected plant was measured in
centimeters from the surface of soil to the
tip of ear-head excluding awns.
27

28. Spike Length (cm)
At the time maturity, the length of each
selected spike was measured in
centimeters from the base of spike to the
tip of central terminal spikelet excluding
awns.
No. of tillers plant-1
The number of tillers produced by each selected plant was counted at the
time of maturity and the data were recorded replication wise.
No. of spikelets spike -1
The number of spikelets in the primary tiller of each selected plant was
counted and the data were recorded as spikelets spike-1
.
No. of grains spike -1
The main spike or primary tiller of each selected plant was threshed
separately, number of grains was counted and the data were recorded.
28

29. Seed index weight of 100 grains (g).
100 grains were randomly taken from each selected plant and were weighted
in grams on electric balance in the laboratory.
Agronomic Characters of Old Land Races
genotype
s
Date of
heading
Spike
length
Spikelets
/spike
No of
grains/sp
Leaf
length
Leaf
width
Plant
height
100
grain
wt
T1 02-03-12
T2 04-03-12
T3 22-2-12
T4 02-03-12
T5 19-02-12
T6 =
T7 =
T8 =
T9 20-02-12
T10 =
T11 14-02-12
T12 13-02-12
T13 19-02-12
T14 25-02-12
29

30. T15 27-02-12
T16 22-02-12
T17 19-02-12
T18 =
T19 27-02-12
T20 19-02-12
T21 13-02-12
T22 14-02-12
T23(W) 09-02-12
T23(R) 07-02-12
T24 17-02-12
T25 20-02-12
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF OLD LAND
RACES
Genotypes Awn/awn
less
Hairy/Non
hairy
Lodging Spike
colour
T1 Awns like
durum type
Hairy Yes
T2 Awns Hairy Yes
T3 Awns Non hairy Yes
T4 Awns Hairy Yes
T5 Awn less Non hairy Yes
T6 Awn less Non hairy Yes
T7 Awn less Non hairy Yes
T8 Awns Hairy Yes
T9 Awns Hairy Yes
T10 Awns Hairy Yes
T11 Awns Non hairy Yes
T12 Awns Non hairy Yes
T13 Awns Non hairy Yes
30

31. T14 Awns Non hairy Yes
T15 Awns Non hairy Yes
T16 Awn less Non hairy Yes
T17 Awns Hairy Yes
T18 Awn less Hairy Yes
T19 Awns Hairy Yes
T20 Awns Non hairy Yes
T21 Awn less Non hairy Yes
T22 Awn less Non hairy Yes
T23(W) Awn less Non hairy Yes
T23(R) Awn less Non hairy Yes
T24 Awns Non hairy Yes
T25 Awn less Non hairy Yes
MEAN PERFORMANCE TABLE
Genotype
s
Spike
length
Spikelets
/spike
No of
grains/sp
Leaf
length
Leaf
width
Plant
height
T1 9.83 25.33 26.33* 2.3
T2 11.46 27.66* 26.8 2.33*
T3 5.5 21 15 1.5
T4 10.66 25.33 19.66 2.16
T5 6.83 21 18.33 1.6
T6 5.5 20.33 16.33 1.5
T7 6.0 22.33 17.66 1.6
T8 11.66 23.66 15.33 1.4
T9 9.0 22 18 1.5
T10 11.16 22.66 16 1.5
T11 10.83 20 25.33 1.9
T12 9.66 19.33 29 1.8
T13 33.5* 23 17.33 1.6
T14 10 23.66 19.66 1.5
31

32. T15 11.16 22.66 20.66 1.9
T16 14 26 23.33 1.6
T17 11.16 23 19 1.86
T18 11 24.33 19.33 1.73
T19 11 25 19.66 1.73
T20 13 22 19.66 1.26
T21 8.16 22 19.66 1.56
T22 9.83 20.33 18 1.46
T23(W) 10.5 21.66 21.33 1.7
T23(R) 9.16 18 14 1.26
T24 10.33 24 22 2.03
T25 9.83 24 24 2.03
RESULTS
The study was carried out during the year 2011-2012 at Nuclear
institute of agriculture tando jam to study the different agronomic traits. 25
wheat old land races were included in this study, including all release variety
as a check variety.
PERFORMANCE OF WHEAT OLD LAND ACES ON THE BASIS OF
AGRONOMIC TRAITS
The performance result for various agronomic characters for
different wheat genotypes indicate that the coded wheat genotype T-1
showed its superiority in plant height, averaging (104.66cm), number of
32

33. spikelets spike-1
,(22.33), number of grains spike-1,(67) and seed index
(4.25g).
It was observed that for character plant height, coded wheat
genotype T-1 produced plants of maximum average height (104.66cm) as
compared to check variety ALL RELEASE VARIETY with average plant
height of (90.0cm), while coded wheat genotype T-1 had the plants of
minimum height of (67.0cm).
The data for the character number of tillers plant-1
suggested that
our check variety ALL RELEASE VARIETY showed the maximum number
of tillers plant-1
(6.33), as compared to coded wheat genotype AI-5 with
(6.0), tillers plant-1
. However, the lowest number of tillers (4.33) plant-1
was
demonstrated by T-1 coded genotype.
For the trait number of spikelets spike-1
, coded wheat genotype T-1
produced the maximum spikelets (22.33) spike-1
as compared to check
variety ALL RELEASE VARIETY with (20.33) average number of
spikelets spike-1
. While, coded wheat genotype T-1 (17) showed the lowest
number of spikelets spike-1
For the character number of grains spike-1
, coded wheat genotype T-1
produced the maximum number of grains (67) spike-1
as compared to check
variety ALL RELEASE VARIETY with (63) average number of grains
spike-1
. While, coded wheat genotype T-1 (44) showed the lowest number of
grains spike-1
For the data of character seed index weight of hundred grains (g) plant-1
,
suggested that coded wheat genotype T-1 produced the highest seed index
33

34. weight of hundred grains (4.25g) plant-1
, as compared to check variety ALL
RELEASE VARIETY with (3.68g) average seed index weight of hundred
grains plant-1
. While, coded wheat genotype T-1 (3.48g) plant-1
demonstrated
the lowest seed index plant-1
DURING THE INTERNSHIP SEEN & ANALYSIS
THE FOLLOWING THINGS
WHAT IS BREEDING
Production of offspring, the production of new forms of plant through the
selection, crossing, and hybridization
WHAT IS GENETICS
Genetics is the science of gene; heredity and variation Human begin applying
knowledge of genetics
GENERAL TERMINOLOGY
 DONOR PARENT: An individual from which tissue is taken for
transfer of another
34

35.  RECURRENT PARENT: The parent to which successive back
cross are made in back cross breeding
 TRAIT: Any detectable phenotypic property of an organism
 HERITABILITY: Those plants in which have ability to transfer the
characters in the off springs OR percentage of character that transfer
to off springs from their parent
 HEREDITY: The transfer of characters character from parent to off
spring
 INHERITANCE: It is the process by which properties passed from
parents to child elements
 GENE: Units of heredity and variation
 EMASCULATION: Removal of anthers from bisexual flower at
immature stage
 POLLINATION: Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma
 POLLEN GRAINS: It is male sexual organs or male reproductive
parts or microspores
 ANTHER: It is the male parent in androecium
 MALE PARENT: Anderoecium is the male parent in which anther,
filament, and pollen grains are present
 FEMALE PARENT: Gynoecium is the female parent and stigma,
style, ovary is the parts of gynoecium and ovules is present in ovary
 YIELD:Physical product of any thing EX grain product of wheat
YIELD COMPONENT
i. Plant height
ii. No of spikes
iii. No of tillers
iv. No of grains
v. No of spikelets
vi. No of leaves
 DOUBLE CROSS: A cross between two F1 hybrid
 BACK CROSS: Across of hybrid to either of its parent in genetics a
cross of heterozygote to homozygote recessive
 TOP CROSS: A cross b/w a selection, line, clone, etc, and a
common pollen parent which may be a variety inbred line etc, The
common pollen parent is called top cross or tester parent, a top cross
is commonly an inbred variety cross
 FERTILIZATION: A fusion of nuclei of male and female parent
 THREE WAY CROSS: One which a cross plants is mated an plant
from other population EX F1 cross with C
35

36.  CROSS: Cross or matting of two individual parents
 WHAT IS POINT MUTATION: A point mutation or single
substitution is a single type of mutation that cause a single
replacement of nucleotide with another nucleotide of genetic
material DNA or RNA
 EX replacement of purine base with another purine or replacement
of Purimydine with another purimydine
 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENT B/W MUTATION OR POINT
MUTATION: Mutation change in one or more base pairs of
nucleotide where point mutation is change in any one nucleotide
 PHYSICAL MUTATION: Physical mutation in which rays are
involved
 EX. x-rays, gamma rays,
 CHEMICAL MUTATION: A type of mutation in which chemical
are involved
 EX. Methyl, Ethanol
 WHAT IS VIRULENT: The definition of virulent would be one
which considered as dangerous pathogens for our crop. The relative
ability of an organism produce disease
 WHAT IS RUST: Rust is general disease of earth, yellow rust
appeared of yellow coloured strip produce parallel along the
primary host of yellow rust (triticum aestivum) breed
wheat(triticum durum) or triticum tuggid rust gives heavy loss to
spike grain upto 50%
 TRANSGRESSION: The cross between two colors the result give
third colour is called transgression
 CHROMOSOME: Thin thread like structure present in the nucleus
 GENE: A small segment of a chromosome having a unitary
biochemical function and a specific effect on the properties of the
individual
 HEXAPLOID: Having six chromosome
 RACE: Group of biotypes with certain properties in common or a
certain average genetic constitution
 SPORE: Propagation cell which is not sexual, The spore in
flowering plants ferms noses etc is a product of meiosis with halved
chromosome number, by germination and mitosis the spore gives
rise to the haplophase
 TETRAPLOID: Having four chromosome
 RUSTS: Foliar disease of plant due to fungal organism
 F1: Immediate product of intercropping b/w two parents
36

37.  GENOME: A set of chromosome(n) inherited as a unit, in
polyploidy series a diploid has two genomes tetraploid has four
genomes and hexaploid having six genomes
 SEGREGATION: The separation of alleles during meiosis giving
rise due to a separation of the F2 progeny into distinct types
 PATHOGENCITY: The ability of organism or virus to cause
disease
 PATHOGENE: An organism or virus with the capacity to cause
disease in its host
 RACE SPECIFIC RESISTANCE: Host plant resistance which is
operational against one or few races of pathogen species, Generally
produced immune or hyper sensitive, reaction and is controlled by
one or few gene
 NONE-RACE SPECIFIC RESISTANCE: Host plant resistance
which is operational against all resists of pathogenic of pathogens
species it is variable sensitive to environmental changes and is
usually pollygenically controlled
 SEED: Ripened ovule containing embryo is called seed
 FRUIT: Ripened ovary containing the seed is called fruit
 TEMPERATURE: The major degree of hotness or coolness
 HEAT: It is the form of energy which flow from high temperature
to low low temperature
 KINETIC ENERGY: The energy possess the moving body
 WHAT IS CULTIVOR: A variety of plant produce through
selective breeding by human and maintain by cultivar
 CROSSING BLOCK: Wheat germ plasm comparing of 4125
indigenous or exotic line have been maintained
 WHAT IS GENOTYPE: It is genetic make up OR genetic
constitution of an individual some thing opposite to physical
expression of gene genotype
 WHAT IS VARIETY: A number of different type of thing EX in
one category of OR kind of root
 MODIFIED ROOT: (under ground) Those vegetable which
developed in soil and used for eating
 EXAMPLE: Radish, Turnip, Carrot
 MODIFIED STEM: Those vegetable which stem is used for eating
purpose
 EXAMPLE: Potato, ginger
 MODIFIED FLOWER: Those vegetable which flower is used for
eating purpose
 EXAMPLE: Onion, garlic
37

38.  WHAT IS SHURB: A low usually several steamed woody plant
 WHAT IS HERB: A plant naturally dying to the ground at the end
of growing season without persisting stem above ground and taking
a definite woody form structure
 WHAT IS TREES: A woody plant that produce one main trunk a
more or less distinct and elevated head
 WHAT IS HYDROPHYTES: A water plant partially or wholly
immersed
 WHAT IS MESOPHYTES: A plant intermediate between
hydrophytes and xerophytes
 WHAT IS XEROPHYTES: A plant which subsist with small
amount of moisture OR desert plant
 Subsist: To manage stay a live
 VIRULENCE: Organism having a high capacity to reduce disease
 CORRELATION: The degree of associates between two variables
in breeding see phenotypic correlation, genetic correlation
 ADVENTITIOUS ROOT : Those root which do not directly from
the primary or taproot but from a stem
 BACILLUS: A rod shaped bacterium
 BACTERIOCIDE: A substance capable of destroying bacteria
FACTOR AFFECTING ON WHEATYIELD GAP
1. Non- availability of seed
2. Late planting
3. Poor seed preparation
4. Shortage of water/rain fall
5. Weed infestation
STAGES OF WHEAT PLANT
1. Crown root initiation stage
2. Tillering stage
3. Vegetative stage
4. Booting stage
5. Anthesis stage
6. Milky stage
SEED RATE OF WHEAT
38

39. THREE METHODS OF SOWING
Drilling early sowing 50 kg/acre
Drilling late sowing 60 kg/acre
Broad casting 55-60kg/acre
Ghurbi 65-70 kg/acre
VARIETIES OF PAKISTAN WHICH GROW IN NIA
FIELD
Varieties of sindh 16
Varieties of moen jo daro 27
Varieties of NIA 13
Varieties c number(moen jo daro) 6
Varieties of Punjab 66
Varieties of Balochistan 6
Varieties of KPK 22
CROSSES THE ADVANCED LINES WITH COMMERCIAL
VARIETIES FOR THE PURPOSE OF DESIRABLE OBJECTIVES
Sr.
No.
VARIETIES
OF
emasculation
Emasculation
date
Pollinatio
n date
No of
crosses
sp
Variety of
pollination
1 E3 TD-1
MYT-2
21-01-2012
23-01-
2012
05
Sundar
2 E3 TD-1
MYT-2
23-01-2012
25-01-
2012
05
Shafaq
3 E3 TD-1
MYT-2
=== === 05
TJ 83
4 E3 TD-1
MYT-2
=== === 04
TD-1
5 TJ 83 24-01-2012 26-01-12 05 TD-1
6 TJ 83 === == 04 SUNCO*
39

40. TJ83
7 SHAFAQUE 26-01-12 28-01-12 03 TD-1
8 FAREED-06
26-01-12 == 05
TD-1*D-
108
9 SHAFAQUE === == 03 TD-I
10 TD-1
28-01-12 30-01-12 05
F6 AS-
2002
11 AS-2002
30-01-12 01-02-12 05
F5
6007*TD-
1
12 F6 25B3*AS
2002
== == 04
TD-1
13 F6 TD-1*AS-
2002
== == 02
TJ-
83*4085
14 PYT-4 TD-1
31-01-12 02-02-12 06
dwmons
dwarf TD-
1
15 AS-2002
01-02-12 03-02-12 04
TJ-
83*inqlab
16 SEHAR-2006
=== === 05
D-153*TJ
83
17 SNDAR 06-02-12 08-02-12 05 D-153
Seed Multiplication
1. Nucleus Seed
Nucleus seed is the initial amount of pure seed of improved variety The
nucleus seed generally 100% pure
2. Breeder Seed
It is the progeny of nucleus seed. Some of the standards set for breeders’
seed are genetic purity 99.9% or more, physical purity 98%
3. Pre-basic Seed
Pre-basic seed the progeny of breeder seed The genetic purity of pre-
basic seed should be maintained at 99.5 per cent.
40

41. 4. Basic Seed
Basic seed is the progeny of pre-basic seed.
5. Certified seed
Certified seed is the progeny of basic seed. This is the commercial seed
which is available to the farmers and its genetic purity should be 99 percent.
LAND MEASUREMENT UNIT
41

42. References:
• 1. International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center, Nov 2005. International
Wheat Improvement Network (IWIN)
Gunta in one acre 40
Canals in one acre 8
Marla in one acre 20
One canal equal 5 gunta
Jareb in one acre 2
One gunta equal 33 feet length
AND
33 feet wide
One gunta equal 1089 feet squire
2 Gunta equal 1 Marla
One acre equal 4840 gaze(yard)
One acre equal 43560 ft square
one acre equal 4000 meter square
One hectare equal 2.47 acre
One hectare equal 10’000 meter square
One hectare equal 1.7593.2 ft square
42

43. • 2. Beuerlein, J., 2001. Classes and Uses of Wheat, Fact Sheet
• 3. Wroot, S., Pinkersgall, D., and "Oz", (2001). The History of Wheat.
• 4. "Oz", 2001. Modern Wheat: Wheat Characteristics and Usage.
• 5. Wroot, S., 2003. Wheat - structure and genetics.
• 6. History of Wheat. from
• 7. Nov 2005. US Wheat Associates, "Wheat Classes”
43