The document reports on the performance of high-yielding and disease-resistant wheat genotypes at the Southern Wheat Research Station in Tandojam. It provides details of the research station's objectives, achievements in developing new wheat varieties over time, characteristics of popular varieties, and materials and methods used in experiments. Key findings include the station breeding high-yielding varieties like TD-1 and SKD-1 yielding over 7,000 kg/ha, and methods like evaluating number of tillers per plant in different genotypes.

1. i
In The Name Of
The Most Gracious
The Most Merciful
Who’s Help We Solicit.

2. ii
REPORT
ON
Performance of high yields and diseases resistance genotypes at
Southern Wheat Research Station, Tandojam
By
Anees Ur Rehman
2K10-PD-83
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BREEDING & GENETICS
FACULTY OF CROP PRODUCTION
SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDOJAM
2014-15

3. iii
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
Performance of high yields and diseases resistance genotypes at
Southern Wheat Research Station, Tandojam
By
Anees Ur Rehman
2K10-PD-83
Performance of high yields and diseases resistance genotypes at
Southern Wheat Research Station, Tandojam
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BREEDING & GENETICS FACULTY
OF CROP PRODUCTION SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY
TANDOJAM

4. iv
2014-15

5. v
DEDICATION
“I dedicate
this humble effort
to my beloved parents”
Anees Ur Rehman Rajper

6. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Serial no. PARTICULAR PAGE
1.
INTERNSHIP RESEARCH CERTIFICATE
2.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
3. DEDICATION
ii
4.
LOCATION MAP OF SOUTHERN WHEAT RESEARCH
STATION, TANDO JAM
v
5.
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF SOUTHERN WHEAT
RESEARCH STATION TANDO JAM
vi
6.
INTRODUCTION OF SOUTHERN WHEAT RESEARCH
STATION TANDO JAM
7.
OBJECTIVES AND TOTAL AREA OF WHEAT
RESEARCH STATION TANDOJAM
8. ACHIEVEMENTS
9.
INTRODUCTION ORIGION AND HISTORY OF WHEAT
CROP
10.
IDENTIFICATION AND COLLECTION OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF WHEAT WEEDS
11. MATERIAL AND METHODS
12.
REFRENCES

7. vii
ACKNOWLEDEMENTS
First and foremost, I am very grateful to almighty ‘ALLAH’, the
compassionate, the most beneficent, the most merciful, who blessed me with good
health, kind parents, talented teachers and conducive environment that ultimately
resulted in completing this work. All praises and respects are for Holy Prophet
Muhammad (P.B.U.H.) who taught us all to recognize our creator.
The special thanks and gratitude is extended by the author to his
supervisor Dr. Shah Nawaz Mari, Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Breeding
and Genetics, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam for the skilful guidance, co-
operation, keen interest, encouragement, valuable suggestions and unforgettable help
including sympathetic behavior during this study.
The author is also indebted to Mr. Dalel khan Mandan, Assistant Botanist
Officer, Southern Wheat Research Station, Tandojam, for his guidance and
cooperation during the field work, who also added his input in the preparation of
this report.
ANEES UR RAHMAN RAJPER

8. viii

9. ix
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF SOUTHERN WHEAT
STATION TANDOJAM
1-WHEAT BOTANIST BS-18
1-Sr.Clerk BS-07
1-Tubewell
Opt.BS-O6
4-AssistantBotanist
(Wheat) Bs-17 (SUP)
4-Field
Assistant BS-06
2-Mechanic BS-
05
14-Assistant Res:
Officer Bs-17 (N.S)
2-Lab.Assistant
BS-06
2-Jr.Clerk BS-05
1-Driver BS-04
2-N.Qasid Bs-01
2-F-Jamadar Bs-01 18-F-Beldar Bs-01
5-Lab.Att. Bs-01
1-Malhi Bs-01
2-Chokidar Bs_01

10. 10
INTRODUCTION OF
SOUTHERN WHEAT RESEARCH STATION TANDO JAM
Wheat research in Sindh started in early 20th century at Mirpurkhas in 1904. A
number of drought and salinity tolerant varieties were released. Thori” is still in cultivation in
the part of Larkana and Jacobabad district. Wheat research shifted to Sakrand in 1926 and then
Tandojam in 1954. The green revaluation that started in late sixties and seventies with advent
of Maxipak has apparently grounded to halt .New varieties have essentially the same yield
potential. For this reason T.J-83, continue to be dominant variety in the field after 20 years of
its release despite releases of several varieties in the intervening period. The Wheat breeders all
over the world are striving to revive the revolution in yield. The efforts in thus end have
yielded little success.
Wheat Research Institute, Sakrand was established in 1986 with old section at
Tandojam as its station. This institute has been successful in releasing Mehran-89, Abadgar-93,
Anmol-91 and Moomal-2002, T-D-1 SKD-1 and Imdad-05.
RESEARCH ACTIVITY
The Research station is handling breeding and Research and Development work
on Wheat, Barley and triticales. Testing of various wheat cultivars are carried out at this station
in addition to grower’s field for evaluation of high yielding disease resistant, early maturing,
none-lodging, good milling and backing quality of wheat varieties. Testing of international
nurseries of Wheat, Barley triticales are executing at this research station the collaboration of
Pakistan Agriculture Research Council. The selected cultivars from international nurseries are
tested in major varietals trails. Zonal varietals trail and micro plot trails for yield, disease
resistance and other yield contributing characters. The programme is approved by the Director,
Wheat Research Institute, Sakrand.

11. 11
OBJECTIVES AND TOTAL AREA OF WHEAT RESEARCH STATION
TANDOJAM
Southern Wheat Research Station Tandojam, works under umbrella of
Directorate of Wheat Research Institute Sindh at Sakrand.
The objectives/functions of this ResearchStation are as under:
a. Evaluation of improved wheat varieties with particular reference to high yielding, early
maturity, heat tolerance and better grain quality.
b. Importance in cultural practices and establishment of proper rotation.
c. Efficient use of fertilizer and its method and time of application.
d. Micro-nutrient requirement of wheat crop.
e. Evaluation of drought resistance wheat and barley varieties.
f. Improvement of grain quality.
g. Evaluation of sprout resistance wheat varieties.
h. Evaluation of shattering resistant wheat varieties
This station has about 46 acres land for conducting research trails evaluation of
wheat varieties, cultivation of single row progeny lines, pre-basic seed multiplication and
barley progenies.

12. 12
ACHIEVEMENTS
S# Name of variety Year of Release Average yield kg/ha
1 C-591 1934 960
2 C-217 1944 790
3 C-271 1957 1000
4 C-273 1957 1100
5 C-518 1957 1150
6 H-68 1958 1240
7 Mexi-pak 1965 3960
8 Indus-66 1966 3960
9 Pak-70 1970 4150
10 Blue silver 1971 3460
11 Yecora 1975 3800
12 Nuri 1975 3800
13 WL-711 1978 3800
14 Sonalika 1978 3460
15 Pavon 1978 4450
16 ZA-77 1982 4450
17 TJ-83 1985 3700
18 Mehran-89 1991 4800
19 Anmol-91 1993 4000
20 Abadgar-93 1996 5000
21 TD-1 2004 7000
22 Moomal-2002 2006 5500
23 SKD-1 2006 5750
24 Imdad-05 2006 6125

13. 13
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL WHEAT VARIETIES
Varieties TJ-83
Mehran-
89
Anmol-
91
Abadgar-
93
Moomal-
2002
TD-1 SKD-1 Imdad-05
Year of Release 1985 1991 1993 1996 2006 2004 2006 2006
Duration Short Long Sort Long Long
Short,
medium
Short,
medium
Long
Maturity days 120 145 120 140 136 100-120 118 130
Heading days 72 78 70 74 74 55 68 75
Yield potential
4000
kg/ha
6000
kg/ha
4200
kg/ha
6800
kg/ha
6200
kg/ha
7000
kg/ha
5750
kg/ha
6125 kg/ha
Average yield
3700
kg/ha
4800
kg/ha
4000
kg/ha
4000
kg/ha
5000
kg/ha
5868
kg/ha
5363
kg/ha
543 kg/ha
Plant
color/booting
Light
green
Dark
green
Dark
green
Dark
green
Light
green
Green Green Dark green
Seed color Amber Amber Amber Amber Amber Amber Amber Amber
1000 grain
weight
36.0
grams
39.26
grams
44.26
grams
41.7
grams
36.0
grams
47.10
grams
41.54
grams
42.0 grams
Test
weight(kgs/HL)
72.20 76.16 73.50 77.20 78.30 77.00 76.10 78.20
Grain moisture
(%)
9.65 10.00 9.35 9.65 9.20 9.60 9.60 10.10
Hardness index
(%)
81.75 81.45 79.10 81.15 82.10 81.60 80.10 82.10
Pelshanke
Value(minutes)
65.00 70.00 72.00 68.00 62.00 62.00 61.60 60.00
Protein (%) 12.50 16.26 12.45 13.52 15.50 13.46 14.20 13.20
Gluten (%) 10.50 10.60 10.56 10.58 10.60 10.40 9.60 10.20
Chapatti quality Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good

14. 14
INTRODUCTIONORIGION AND
HISTORY OF WHEAT
Common name Kanak, Gandhum
English Name Wheat
Botanical Name Triticum aestivum L.
Family Poaceae
Sub Family Pooideae
Chromosome No: 2n = 42
Genomoic formula: AABBDD
Order Poales
Class Monocots
Genus: Triticum
Tribe: Triticeae
Kingdom Plantae

15. 15
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most significant cereal food crop in
the world and wheat is the second-most produced crop on earth, lagging behind only
corn. Wheat provides a large fraction of the dietary protein and total food supply, and is
grown throughout the world, in a wide variety of climates. Wheat is a staple crop, grown
as primary food product and for other uses as well. Wheat is perhaps the oldest
domesticated plant. Wheat is one of the important cereal staple food crops of the world
(Akbar et al., 2001). According to pleo-botanists and archaeologists, the modern
domesticated form of this cereal grain originated in South Eastern Anatolia, around the
region of Diyarbakir province in present-day Turkey, around 8500 BC. Many cultures in
the region had developed a semi-dependence wild grains that were the forebears of
modern wheat plants, and as cultures grew more adapted to using this handy wild plant,
some un-named experts developed methods to permanently cultivate suitable wheat
varieties. Over a period of hundreds, and later thousands of years, farmers and proto-
agronomists developed more and more fruitful and reliable specimens and bred them
selectively. Since ages, wheat has been playing an important role in the economy several
countries (Singh et al., 2010). Modern wheat varieties have short stems, the result of RHt
dwarfing genes that reduce the plant's sensitivity to gibberellic acid, a plant hormone that
lengthens cells. RHt genes were introduced to modern wheat varieties in the 1960s by
Norman Borlaug from Norin 10 cultivars of wheat grown in Japan. Short stems are
important because the application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise
cause the stems to grow too high, resulting in lodging (collapse of the stems). Stem
heights are also even, which is important for modern harvesting techniques.

16. 16
Wheat is an important Rabi food crop in Pakistan. Being a staple food,
wheat is cultivated on a lot of area in Pakistan. It is effectively cultivated in Pakistan on
more than 9.05 million hectares with a production of 24 million tons annually. The
average yield of Pakistan. Grain and Feed Annual. Apr 2013. Report Highlights: MY
2013/14 wheat production is forecast at 24.0 million tons, up three percent from last year,
or even to its adjoining countries like India (2801 Kg ha-1) and China (4762 Kg ha-1)
(GoP, 2013).

17. 17
MATRIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was conducted at Southern Wheat Station, Tandojam.
Randomly Five plants from each entry & each replication were studied for No: of
Tillers per plant.
DETAIL OF EXPERIMENT
Experimental design: Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
Replication: 3
Genotypes: 8
No of rows: 4
Length of row: 6 m
Space b/w Row to Row: 30 cm
Date of sowing: 18-11-2014
Irrigations: 6

18. 18
Number of Tillers per plants
No of Plants No of Tillers/plant Total Mean
R I R II R III
1) 8 9 10 27 9
2) 8 7 9 24 8
3) 9 8 8 25 7
4) 9 10 9 28 8
5) 7 8 9 24 8
6) 9 8 9 26 9
7) 11 12 10 33 11
8) 10 11 8 29 10

19. 19
Traits
The further more characteristic will be re ended as.
1. Plant height in cm
2. Days to heading
3. Day to maturity
4. No of grains/spike
5. Length of spike in cm.
6. Spikelets/spike
7. Yield plant in grain
8. & yield plant/plots in as.
9. 1000 gram weight.
10. Yield per ha in kg.
Conclusion
The data showed that entry S.No, 7 gave 11 maximum no of tillers/plant where as S.No 3
gave of minimum 7 no of tillers/plant. The Further data revealed that S.no 8, 1, 6, 2, 4, 5,
& 6 gave 10, 9, 8, 8, 8, 9 and of tiller/plant respectively.

20. 20
1. Land Selection
In general wheat can be sown on all type of soils, sweet, well drained soils, rich
in organic matter with good water holding capacity are preferred, water logged, saline, candy and
depleted soil nutrient soils due to continue cropping be avoided.
2. Land Preparation
Land preparation is the basic factor for getting high wheat yields. In Kharif fallow
soils, at-least two dry plowing by given and left open to sun. after soaking dose when lands come
into condition at-least one cross plowing followed by planking in necessary.
Prior to sowing the land plowed should be well leveled and divided into plots of
10 to 20 ghuntas to ensure equal distribution of chemical fertilizer and irrigation water.
3. Use of pure seed of recommended varieties
Seed of high genetic purity with good germination percentage, free from need
needs and other impurities should be used. It has been observed that by suing pure seed about
20% high production can be obtained as compared to seed obtained from local market.
4. Seed Rate
In order to get optimum plant population per hectare proper seed rate of
recommended verities is necessary, recommended seed rate for Abadgar-93 and Mehran-89 is 50
kg per acre and for T-J-83 and Anmol-91 is 60 kg per acre.

21. 21
5. Sowing Time
Sowing of wheat crop in proper time is the pre requisite for setting potential
yields from recommended verities. Delay of one day in sowing than the recommended period
causes less of 10 kg per acre per day.
6. a. Varieties recommended for lower Sindh
Variety Sowing
1. Mehran-89 1st
. November to 20th
. November
2. Abadgar-93 1st
. November to 20th
. November
3. Benazir 1st
. November to 20th
. November
4. Humal 1st
. November to 20th
. November
5. T-J-83 1st
. November to 15th
. December
6. Anmol-91 21st
. November to 15th
. December
7. Moomal-2002 1st
. November to 20th
December
8. Imdad-05 1st
. November to 20th
December
9. SKD-1 1st
. November to 20th
December
10. TD-1 1st
. November to end of December

22. 22
b. Varieties RecommendedFor Upper Sindh
Variety Sowing
1. Mehran-89 7th
November to 30th
November
2. Abadgar-93 7th
November to 30th
November
3. Benazir 1st
. November to 20th
. November
4. Hamal 1st
. November to 20th
. November
5. T-J-83 1st
November to 21st
December
6. Anmol-91 1st
November to 21st
December
7. Moomal-2002 1st
. November to 20th
December
8. Imdad-05 1st
. November to 20th
December
9. SKD-1 7th
. November to 25th
December
10. TD-1 1st
. November to end of December
7. Sowing methods

23. 23
In Sindh sowing of wheat is done either by drilling or by broadcasting or by
gurbi method of sowing. In general drill method of sowing is preferred because seed is put at its
proper depth (2’’) and spacing (9’’row to row and 2’’plant to plant). This is the only method by
which required plant population / hectare is obtained and equal distribution of nutrients and water
to the plants is provided. By this sowing method weeding and inter-culturing are easily done.
About 15% higher yields have been obtained in drill sown crop than broadcasted crop.
In hard soils drilling is not possible due to heavy soils. In such soils broadcasting is
generally done. In this method plants are not kept at proper spacing and the nutrients are shared by
weeds are weeding and inter-culturing cannot be done in broadcasted in the mud.
8. Use of chemical fertilizer
To get potential yields of wheat from commercial approved wheat varieties
application of 57 kg N and 28 kg P per acre is necessary. Details of fertilizer application are terms
of bags are:

24. 24
9. Fertilizer requirements for wheat crop
Sr.
No.
Chemical name N P
1.
1 ½ bag of DAP
1 bag of urea at the time of sowing
1 bag of urea at the time of 1st
irrigation
11.2 kg
23.0 kg
23.0 kg
28.7 kg
-
-
2 ½ bags of nitrophos at the time of
sowing
1 ½ bags of urea at the time of 1st
irrigation
28.7
28.7
28.7
-
2.
1 ½ bags of DAP
¾ bags of urea a the time of sowing
1 bag of urea at the time of 1st
irrigation
13.5
17.2
23.0
34.5
-
-
3 bags of nitrophos at the time of
sowing
1 bag of urea at the time of 1st
irrigation
34.7
23.0
34.5
-
3.
3 bags of S.S.P.
½ bag of ammonium nitrate at the
sowing time
1 bag urea at the time of 1st
irrigation
1 bag of urea a the time of 2nd
irrigation
-
13
23
23
27
-
-
-
4.
2 bags of nitrophos at the time of
sowing
1 bag of urea at the time of 1st
irrigation
1 bag of urea at the time of 2nd
irrigation
23.0
11.5
11.5
23
-

25. 25
10. Irrigation Schedule for Wheat Crop
1) Crown root initiation 1st irrigation after 3 weeks i.e. 21 day
2) Tillering stage 2nd irrigation after 6 weeks i.e. 42 days
3) Flowering stage 3rd irrigation after 9 weeks i.e. 64 days
4) An thesis stage 4th irrigation after 12 weeks i.e. 84 days
5) Milky stage 5th irrigation after 15 weeks i.e. 105 days
6) Dough stage 6th irrigation after 18 weeks i.e. 126 days
11. IDENTIFICATION AND COLLECTION OF DIFFERENTTYPES
OF WHEAT WEEDS
INTRODUCTION
Weeds are unwanted plants in a crop, if allowed them to grow with crop;
they utilize nutrients, water and salts given to crop. They cause losses of 40-50% if they
are not removed up to 8 weeks of sowing.
Besides, these weeds caste their shade on crop plants and interfere with
photosynthetic activity of the crop plants, resulting in low yield. They produce toxicity in
soil, interfere with harvesting, reduce crop quality and provide shelter to insect pests.
 Monocot Weeds; Jhangli jai, Dumbi / Dhanak, Kabah etc
 Dicot weeds; Naro, Mariro, Basri, Kanderi, Jhil, Kini buti, Sinjh, Kheerul, Oin,
Jheluro, Jangjli palak, Lunak, Dhaturo, Nili buti, Waho etc
 Permanent Weeds; Chabbar, Drabh etc

26. 26
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Akber, .A, M. Yaseen, M. Arshad and Q. Ali. 2011b. Response of wheat (Triticum
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Alam, M. R., M. A. Ali, M.S.H. Molla, M. A. Momin and M. A. Mannan. 2009.
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conditions. Pak. J. Bot., 38(4) : 1027-1034.
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