Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is an irrigation practice for rice that saves water and reduces greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining yields. It involves periodically drying and re-flooding rice fields. In Bangladesh, boro rice is fully irrigated while aman rice is partly irrigated. Research shows AWD can save 15-30% of the estimated 3,000-5,000 liters of water needed to produce one kilogram of rice, without lowering yields. The practice involves irrigating until the water table is 20cm below ground, then allowing the field to partially dry before re-flooding. This technique is being validated in Bangladesh and could help conserve irrigation water and reduce environmental impacts.
This power point presentation will give a complete idea of types of irrigation, water requirement of crops, duty, delta, canal revenue etc. This presentation also contain the numerical for complete understanding the concepts.
Water is required for agriculture.
Sometimes this water requirement is fulfilled by rain, but there are some dry areas where irrigation is the only process by which water is supplied to crops.
Introduction to irrigation and drainageMulenge Peter
Irrigation is any process other than natural precipitation, which supplies water artificially to the soil to make up the deficiency of moisture under natural conditions for the profitable growth of crops, which otherwise would not be assured.
The irrigation process involves investigation, planning, design, construction, maintenance and operation of structures and channels for the proper conveyance of water from the source to the point of application.
the present ppt describes about irrigation methods following from the ancient periods to up to now. the present ppt also describes about sprinkler and drip irrigation methods. it gives an elaborate knowledge on irrigation methods.
This power point presentation will give a complete idea of types of irrigation, water requirement of crops, duty, delta, canal revenue etc. This presentation also contain the numerical for complete understanding the concepts.
Water is required for agriculture.
Sometimes this water requirement is fulfilled by rain, but there are some dry areas where irrigation is the only process by which water is supplied to crops.
Introduction to irrigation and drainageMulenge Peter
Irrigation is any process other than natural precipitation, which supplies water artificially to the soil to make up the deficiency of moisture under natural conditions for the profitable growth of crops, which otherwise would not be assured.
The irrigation process involves investigation, planning, design, construction, maintenance and operation of structures and channels for the proper conveyance of water from the source to the point of application.
the present ppt describes about irrigation methods following from the ancient periods to up to now. the present ppt also describes about sprinkler and drip irrigation methods. it gives an elaborate knowledge on irrigation methods.
different irrigation methods
methods of irrigation system
irrigation methods
farm irrigation sprinkler systems
sprinkler valves troubleshooting
agricultural irrigation sprinkler heads
irrigation sprinkler design calculations
drip irrigation micro sprinklers
sprinkler irrigation system pdf
irrigation system reviews
field irrigation sprinklers
simple irrigation methods
methods of irrigation in agriculture
four types of irrigation
types of wells for irrigation
types of water irrigation systems
methods of irrigation pdf
4 types of irrigation techniques
types of irrigation methods
type of irrigation
types of water irrigation systems
different irrigation methods
traditional method of irrigation
types of irrigation wells
Basic Presentation to Understand Irrigation Engineering. Prepared according to Mumbai University Syllabus. Definition. Necessity. Advantages. Disadvantages. Types. Techniques. Thank You.
Topics:
1, Introduction to Irrigation
2. Methods of Irrigation
3. Indian Agricultural Soils
4. Methods of Improving Soil Fertility & Crop Rotation
5. Soil-Water-Plant Relationship
6. Duty and Delta
7. Depth and Frequency of Irrigation
8. Irrigation Efficiency and Water Logging
different irrigation methods
methods of irrigation system
irrigation methods
farm irrigation sprinkler systems
sprinkler valves troubleshooting
agricultural irrigation sprinkler heads
irrigation sprinkler design calculations
drip irrigation micro sprinklers
sprinkler irrigation system pdf
irrigation system reviews
field irrigation sprinklers
simple irrigation methods
methods of irrigation in agriculture
four types of irrigation
types of wells for irrigation
types of water irrigation systems
methods of irrigation pdf
4 types of irrigation techniques
types of irrigation methods
type of irrigation
types of water irrigation systems
different irrigation methods
traditional method of irrigation
types of irrigation wells
Basic Presentation to Understand Irrigation Engineering. Prepared according to Mumbai University Syllabus. Definition. Necessity. Advantages. Disadvantages. Types. Techniques. Thank You.
Topics:
1, Introduction to Irrigation
2. Methods of Irrigation
3. Indian Agricultural Soils
4. Methods of Improving Soil Fertility & Crop Rotation
5. Soil-Water-Plant Relationship
6. Duty and Delta
7. Depth and Frequency of Irrigation
8. Irrigation Efficiency and Water Logging
This discussion will focus on the application of Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Leading-Edge Blade Coatings to prevent blade degradation that decreases the performance of the WTG. We will explore the root causes of the blade erosion cycle and the effect of the leading edge erosion in the WTG performance output. Next, we will provide information on the WTG leading-edge blade coatings that offer protection against blade erosion and thereby increase both service life of the blade and maintain the original performance of the WTG.
Watch this webinar to learn:
1. What is leading edge erosion
2. What are the causes of leading edge erosion and buildup
3. The benefits of leading edge protection
4. Loss of turbine performance and revenue
I have tried to discuss about the fundamental knowledge related to Irrigation and Flood Control in short. For more details anyone can visit the books that I have mentioned in my slide presentation. I have tried to cover major topics from books so that student can find it easy to understand and learn about irrigation and flood control. I hope it will help everyone who has interest to Irrigation Engineering.
Irrigation development in India, necessity, scope, benefits
and ill effects of irrigation, types of irrigation systems, methods of irrigation, physical
and chemical properties of soils, soil nutrients, classification of irrigable soils, suitability
of soils for irrigation, quality of irrigation water, soil water plant relations in irrigation,
measurement of soil moisture, field capacity, wilting point, available water , hydraulic
conductivity, water movement through soils.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
Agr 241 prepared by sosanta paul
1. 1.What is irrigation? Briefly explain the different types of irrigation are generally
followed in Bangladesh.
Ans: Irrigation:The artificial application of water to plant for its proper growth and
development is called irrigation. Its is supplied to supplement the water available
from rainfall, residual soil moisture and ground water contribution.
Methods of irrigation: There are a number of irrigation methods according to the
soil,physiography,sources and amount of water, types of crop ,labour cost capital
etc.The important methods of irrigation are shown in the Flow chart-
2. A. Surface irrigation: This methods of irrigation is widely used in Bangladesh. Surface
irrigation includes flood irrigation check basin irrigation, border stripe irrigation, furrow
irrigation and basin irrigation.
1.Flood Irrigation
In this methods, water is allowed from the irrigation channel into the entire field and it
slowly spread all the land. This methods is practiced where water is in abundance and
inexpensive. It is followed in smooth and even land
Advantage of flood irrigation:
Less time consuming
Cost of irrigation is minimum
There is no extra cost except land leveling
Labour requirement is minimum
Waste of land is minimum
Limitation of flood irrigation:
It is very inefficient methods
Only 20-25% of the supplied water is used by plant and rest amount is lost by different
process
It is not suitable in unleveled land
There of no control of water
There may be water logging in lower end of field
Possibility of soil erosion is high
Suitable crops: Rice,jute,Mustard,Pulses,Linseed etc
3. 2.Check Basin Irrigation: In this methods the field is divided into a number of plots and
leveled .It is also known as bed methods .water from the main channel is supplied to
the field channels one after another .Each field channel supplies water to adjacent
plots.
Advantages of Check Basin Irrigation:
Water can be supplied uniformly
Soil erosion is lower
Water loss is minimum
Water can be applied efficiently
Limitation of Check Basin Irrigation:
It is more costly than flood irrigation
More labour is required for field layout and irrigation
More land is wasted due to channel preparation
Movement of farm animals and implements is difficult
Intercultivation is difficult due to obstruction by bunds
Suitable crops: Wheet,T.Aman,Mustard
3.Border strip irrigation
Border strip irrigation methods involves irrigating a field by dividing it into long strip
separated by low parallel borders (bounds).the size of the strip ranges from 30-300 m in
length and 3-15 m in breadth. This methods for suitable for medium to heavy textured
souls but not for sandy soils.
4. Advantage of Border strip irrigation
Border can be used for growing crops
Efficient of water application is high
Construction of borders is easy and does not involve much cost
Labour requirement for irrigation is low than check basin irrigation
Limitation of Border strip irrigation:
Initial cost for land preparation and land grading is high
Excess water may accumulate at the tail end of the strip
It can be used in light textured soils
Suitable crops :Wheat, Oat, jowar,Mungbeen,upland rice etc
4.Furrow Irrigation: In furrow irrigation water is applied in small stream between the
rows of crop grown on ridges or furrow sides. This methods of irrigation is generally
used to irrigated row crops and vegetables.
Advantage of furrow irrigation:
Great saving of water over other flooding methods
Irrigation water can be used efficiently
Flow of water can be controlled
Furrow acts as drainage channel
Low cost for crops which are cultivated in ridge
5. Limitation of furrow irrigation:
It is not suitable for the crops which do not require ridge and furrow
More cost for furrow making
It is unsuitable for light irrigation
Excessive water flow in the furrow can break the ridge
Weeds may grow I furrows
Suitable Crops: potato,groundnut,sugarcane,coton,cabbage etc
5.Basin irrigation:
Basin methods is almost similar to check basin method where only the basins around the
plant are irrigated. Basins are generally round in shape and occasionally square or
rectangular. Basins are connected by an irrigation channel. This method is suitable for
fruit crops.
Advantage of Basin irrigation
A considerable amount of water is saved
Water application efficiency is very high
Entire area does not require leveling except basin area
Does not hamper the fruit crops
No land is wasted
6. Limitation of Basin irrigation
This methods is only suitable for trees and shrubs
Primary cost is high
Channels and basins restrict the movement of animals and farm machineries
Suitable crops :Mango,apple,oraqnge berry, olive etc.
2.Define Irrigation and Drainage. What are the importance of irrigation and drainage in
relation to crop production in Bangladesh.
Ans: Drainage: Advantage water is essential for crop plant but the excess water is harmful
for crops. So as the irrigation is needed to meet the water requirement ,the excess water
should also drain out immediately, the artificial removal of excess water from crop field is
called drainage.
Importance of irrigation to crop production:
To ensure the proper growth and development of plant by supplying adequate water.
To make the plant nutrient soluble so that they can be easily uptaken by plant
To accelerate the decomposition of organic substances
To control soil temperature
To soften tillage pans and clods
To control some destructives pests and diseases
To avoid short duration drought
7. Water for food production:
For vegetative growth and development, plants require, within reach of their roots, water
of adequate quality, in appropriate quantity and at the right time. Most of the water a plant
absorbs performs the function of raising dissolved nutrients from the soil to the aerial
organs, from where it is released to the atmosphere by transpiration: agricultural water use
is intrinsically consumptive. Crops have specific water requirements, and these vary
depending on local climatic conditions. Whereas an indicative figure for producing one
kilogram of wheat is about 1000 litres of water that is returned to the atmosphere, paddy
rice may require twice this amount.
Importance of drainage to crop production:
Drainage improves the soil structure and increases productivity
It facilitates proper growth of crop plants
It facilitates early ploughing and planting
It facilitates proper root growth
It increase soil erosion
It increase soil temperature
It prevent the soil from water logging
8. 5 importance of drainage:
1. Drainage ensures proper soil aeration is maintained in the field. Excess water (after a
rainfall for example), can cause standing water (or saturated soil) which will choke our
crops.
2. Drainage reduces soil and nutrient loss via runoff where water flows on the soil
surface, causing erosion.
5. Drainage can be such so that water and soil sediments are channelled and collected in
sediment ponds/basins/ditches, where collected water can be saved for future use
during periods of dry weather or the collected soil sediments returned back to the farm.
9. 4. What do you mean by Hydrology cycle? Briefly explain the hydrology cycle of water.
Ans: Hydrology treats the waters of the Earth, their occurrence, circulation, and
distribution, their chemical and physical properties,. However, hydrology for irrigation
includes those segments of the field pertinent to planning, designing, and operation of
irrigation projects for the control and use of water. The concepts of the hydrologic cycle
is useful to understand occurrence and distribution of precipitation.”
10. At beginning water evaporates from the oceans.
The resulting water vapor is transported by moving air masses.
Under the proper conditions, the water vapor is condensed to form clouds, which in turn
may result in precipitation
A portion of water finds its way over and through the surface soil to stream channels
Other water penetrates further into the ground to become part of the ground water
Consequently under the influence of gravity, both surface stream flow and ground water
move towards lower elevations and may eventually discharge into the ocean.
The greater part is retained in the soil near where it falls and is ultimately returned to
ocean
A significant part is intercepted by vegetation
There are four phases of hydrologic cycle
Precipitation (rain, hail, sleet or snow)
Evaporation & transpiration
Surface stream flow and
Ground water
Sources of precipitation: The Hydrologic cycle- (rain, hail, sleet or snow)
Sources of irrigation water:
Surface – River ,dam, lake, ponds
Underground- Wells, STW, DTW, Canats, -
11. 5. Define Drainage. What are the objective of drainage? How drainage improves the soil
productivity for better crop production?
Ans: Drainage: Advantage water is essential for crop plant but the excess water is harmful
for crops. So as the irrigation is needed to meet the water requirement ,the excess water
should also drain out immediately, the artificial removal of excess water from crop field is
called drainage.
Objective of drainage:
Drainage improves the soil structure and increases productivity
It facilitates proper growth of crop plants
It facilitates early ploughing and planting
It facilitates proper root growth
It increase soil erosion
It increase soil temperature
It prevent the soil from water logging
Drainage improves the productivity of soils in the following way:
Removes excess water
Improves soil structure
Increase the depth of root zone
Improves the air circulation in the soil
Improves the organic matter decay and nitrification
Reduce erosion; higher infiltration reduce soil erosion
12. Removes soluble salts from the root zone or soil profile
Increase soil temperature
Decreases CO2 accumulation and increase oxygen level
Increase the availability of nutrients to plants.
6. What do you mean by soil structure and soil texture? What are the texture
classification of soil?
Ans: Soil structure
Soil structure is the shape that the soil takes on based on its physical and chemical
properties. Each individual unit of soil in the overall structure is called a ped. Soil
structure is most easily determined by taking a sample of soil that has not been
disturbed and looking closely at its shape. The shape of the soil will fall into one of the
following categories: granular, crumb, blocky, platy, prismatic, columnar, single-grained,
or massive.
Soil texture:Soil texture is a soil property used to describe the relative proportion of
different grain sizes of mineral particles in a soil. Particles are grouped according to their
size into what are called soil separates. These separates are typically named clay, silt, and
sand. Soil texture classification is based on the fractions of soil separates present in a
soil. The soil texture triangle is a diagram often used to figure out soil textures.
13. Soil texture classification
Soil textures are classified by the fractions of each soil separate (sand, silt, and clay)
present in a soil.
Classifications are typically named for the primary constituent particle size or a
combination of the most abundant particles sizes, e.g. "sandy clay" or "silty clay."
A fourth term, loam, is used to describe a roughly equal concentration of sand, silt, and
clay, and lends to the naming of even more classifications, e.g. "clay loam" or "silt loam."
In the United States, twelve soil texture classifications are defined by the USDA:
Determining the soil textures is often aided with the use of a soil texture triangle.
14. Clay, Silt, Sand ,Loam ,Silty clay ,Sandy clay ,Clay loam ,Silt loam ,Sandy Loam ,Loamy
sand,Silty clay loam ,Sandy clay loam
3. AWD: Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is a management practice in irrigated
lowland rice that saves water and reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while
maintaining yields. The practice of AWD is defined by the periodic drying and re-flooding
of the rice field.
Explain: Boro rice in Bangladesh is fully irrigated and the aman rice is partly irrigated. An
estimated 3,000 to 5,000 litres of water is required to produce one kilogram of rice.
Recent research at IRRI has proven that using Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD), about
15-30%, if not more, could be saved without reduction in yield. Starting from about 15
days after transplanting, irrigate until the water table goes 20 cm below the ground level.
Dig a 20 cm deep hole in the rice field and install a perforated plastic pipe to monitor the
level of the water table after each irrigation. Continue the practice until flowering starts.
Keep 2-4 cm standing water from flowering to dough stage. This is now being valided in
Bangladesh by BRRI, BADC, BMDA and othe partners. The savings of irrigation water will
have impact on environment because of reduced withdrawal of ground water, reduction in
burning diesel. This may also reduce arsenic contamination in rice grain and straw.