Africa And Africans In The Age Of The
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The document summarizes key aspects of the Atlantic slave trade between Africa and the Americas from the 15th to 19th centuries. It discusses how European powers like Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and England established small coastal colonies and traded with African societies for goods like gold, ivory, and pepper. The slave trade grew to dominate commerce over time, transporting over 12 million enslaved Africans, largely reducing African populations. Slavery was a pre-existing institution in Africa that Europeans exploited. The slave trade impacted African politics as states grew or declined based on access to firearms obtained through trade. Regions like Asante and Dahomey rose to power through the slave trade and military expansion. The slave trade connected
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The document discusses Philip II of Spain and the growth of the Spanish empire in the 16th century. It summarizes that in 1555, Charles V abdicated in favor of his son Philip II and retired to a monastery. In 1580, Philip II acquired control of Portugal and its global empire. The Philippines were also seized by Spanish forces in Philip's honor in the 1560s. The document also discusses the history of slavery, noting that indentured peasants were generally more productive than slaves. It describes how the slave trade increased dramatically due to European demand starting in 1444.
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The document provides a timeline of key events and developments in African history from 2.5 million BCE to the colonial period. Some of the earliest developments included stone tools being developed in Ethiopia and Tanzania between 2.5-0.4 million BCE. Later developments included shell jewelry in South Africa at 75,000 BCE, mathematical artifacts in Congo at 25,000 BCE, and domestication of crops like sorghum and barley between 15,000-7000 BCE. The colonial period saw European powers like Belgium exploiting resources in Africa and instituting apartheid in South Africa through the 20th century.
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The document provides a timeline of key events and developments in African history from 2.5 million BCE to the early 2000s CE. It notes some of the earliest stone tools were found in Ethiopia dating back 2.5 million years, and discusses the domestication of crops like sorghum and barley in Nubia and Ethiopia around 15,000 BCE. It also summarizes the rise of important kingdoms and empires in Africa like the Kingdom of Aksum in northeastern Africa in the 1st century CE, Great Zimbabwe between the 11th to 15th centuries, and the impact of colonialism and apartheid in later centuries.
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The document discusses the arrival of the British at the Cape of South Africa and the impact it had on the indigenous population. It notes that the British initially came to protect trade routes but soon sought to develop the Cape for their own needs. This led to the introduction of slavery and forced labor models that profoundly transformed African societies. Over time, contact became colonial rule that disrupted many communities, though some resisted for decades. While Africans initially engaged with Europeans voluntarily for access to goods like firearms, they eventually suffered the most from Europeans' greatest interest - the slave trade that resulted in millions being taken and the deterioration of societies and economies over 400 years.
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The document discusses Philip II of Spain and the growth of the Spanish empire in the 16th century. It summarizes that in 1555, Charles V abdicated in favor of his son Philip II and retired to a monastery. In 1580, Philip II acquired control of Portugal and its global empire. The Philippines were also seized by Spanish forces in Philip's honor in the 1560s. The document also discusses the history of slavery, noting that indentured peasants were generally more productive than slaves. It describes how the slave trade increased dramatically due to European demand starting in 1444.
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The Portuguese were the first Europeans to extensively explore and establish trade relationships along the west coast of Africa between the 15th and 16th centuries. They sought to circumvent Arab control of trade routes and gain access to gold and other resources. Key events included establishing coastal forts and trading posts, Diaz rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, and da Gama's voyage connecting Europe and India around the Cape in 1497-1499. The Dutch later supplanted Portuguese control over sea trade and began regularly rounding the Cape of Good Hope in the 16th century to establish resupply stations for trade with Asia.
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The document discusses European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries. It provides context on why industrialized European nations sought to control areas of the world during this time period. Key reasons included access to raw materials for factories, markets for finished goods, nationalism, and profit motives. New technologies like steamboats and advances in medicine enabled European powers to explore and colonize parts of Africa in this time period, known as the "Scramble for Africa". Social Darwinism and ideas of European racial and cultural superiority also contributed to the wave of imperialism.
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The document provides an overview of three major empires in Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean region between 1500-1750 CE:
1) The Ottoman Empire expanded its control over the Mediterranean and Balkans under Suleiman the Magnificent, but faced economic and military decline in the 17th-18th centuries.
2) The Safavid Empire converted Iran to Shi'ite Islam and distinguished its culture from Sunni neighbors, but declined due to economic problems and was conquered by Afghan invaders in 1722.
3) The Mughal Empire was established in India and prospered under Akbar's administration, but faced challenges expanding its control and relied on Europeans for foreign trade.
Colonial empires and the american revolution
This document summarizes the political, social, and economic developments in Latin America, Britain, and British North America between 1714-1790 CE. Portugal and Spain established colonial empires across Latin America seeking gold, silver, and agricultural exports. Britain gained control over North America after the Seven Years' War and sought new tax revenues from the colonies, leading to tensions and ultimately the American Revolution for independence.
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The Visigothic Kingdom had a system of elected monarchy where the king was chosen from among the nobles, however this led to frequent conflicts between nobles vying for the crown. The king administered the government and laws, led the military, and was advised by the Aula Regia council of nobles. Visigothic society was stratified with the king and nobility having privileges over the majority of free men who paid taxes and worked lands. The main economic activities were agriculture, herding, and some crafts and trade.
Ap ch 26
1) Between 1850-1900, new technologies like railroads, steamships, and electricity connected the global economy and drove industrialization.
2) Major industrial powers in Europe and North America grew in economic and political influence during this period.
3) Countries like Germany and Italy unified politically, and new national identities emerged across Europe driven partly by nationalism.
4) International relations revolved around competition between the major powers, including new industrial powers like Germany and Japan, which was undergoing rapid modernization and military buildup after opening to the West.
African Colonization Timeline
European colonization of Africa began in the late 15th century and continued into the late 19th century. Key events included Portugal helping Ethiopia fight Arab invaders in 1542; Britain beginning the slave trade in Africa in 1562; Angola becoming a Portuguese colony in 1570; Holland and France becoming involved in the slave trade in the 17th century; and Britain, France, Portugal, and other European powers establishing colonies, trading posts, and influence over various African kingdoms and empires throughout this period. By the late 19th century, most of Africa was under formal European colonial control or influence.
History of Portugal
Portugal has a long history dating back to when it was named Portus Cale by the Romans after they invaded in 219 BC. Through invasions by Celts, Germans, and Islamic Moors, Portugal gained independence in 1065 and established its empire beginning in 1415 when they conquered Ceuta in North Africa. Portuguese exploration then expanded, with Gil Eanes first sailing along the coast of Africa in 1434. Under the patronage of Henry the Navigator in the 1400s, the Portuguese built trading posts and forts along the Gold Coast and reached India, establishing Portugal as a global power through its trade and colonies in the east.
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Similar to Africa And Africans In The Age Of The
Africa and the Africans
I. The Atlantic slave trade transported over 12 million Africans between 1450-1850, with the 18th century seeing the height of the trade. The Portuguese initially dominated the trade, though the Dutch, English, and French later played major roles.
II. The slave trade intensified slavery and influenced politics in West and Central African societies like the Asante and Dahomey empires, with states close to the coast having more power.
III. Bantu-speaking peoples migrated to Southern Africa by 1500, where they encountered Dutch settlers at the Cape and later British rule, while the Zulu rose to power under Shaka in the early 1800s.
For centuries, the trade along a triangular trading route, provide.docx
For centuries, the trade along a triangular trading route, provided the capital to finance the industrialization of Europe and development of the European economy - trade only possible at the expense of slaves.
The Triangular Trade consisted of three stops:
· The outward passage from Europe to Africa bearing manufactured goods.
· The middle passage from Africa to the Americas bearing African captives.
· The homeward passage from the Americas to Europe carrying sugar, tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo, and cocoa (Source: Triangular Trade).
We know that before the Middle Passage, a slave trade already existed in Africa, but this was different. The Middle Passage was a systematic process of extracting Africans for a specific purpose, as workers stripped of their humanity in the New World.
The ill-fated relationship between the Kongolese and Portuguese evolved over time. While the Portuguese struggled to find an asset with which they could entice the Africans to trade, the shift in their subservient position was gradual. The influx of European goods, particularly firearms, slowly disrupted West African cultures. The technological advancement of gunfire brought the Europeans power and wealth, but for some West Africans is empowered them to more efficiently captured slaves. Religious and political structural division within West African states reinforced the slave system and produced a profitable supply of slaves which were traded for European goods, largely guns. Those communities that captured the most slaves received the most European goods, and were the best equipped to expand their power and prestige in West Africa (Source: Scott).
The Ashantis and Dahomeans specialized in the art of enslaving. Initially cut off from the Europeans by coastal tribes, who acted as middlemen, these two tribes from the interior of Africa, pushed toward the sea, extending their terror as their power increased. In 1727, John Atkins complained that the triumph of Dahomey had destroyed the orderly patterns of the slave trade. Specialized trading states was matched by the arrival of independent traders who sights were set on acquiring slaves quickly for maximum profit (Source: Scott).
It can be argued quite effectively that sugar was the number one crop that produced growth for Europe. Sugar production and potential profits served as the basis for a plantation complex that fueled the need for slaves. Your textbook states that something as evil and gruesome as the Atlantic slave trade was set in motion largely to produce something as apparently benign as sugar. While that is overly simplified, it paints a vivid reality -- trafficking of humans for their labor to satisfy the sweet tooth of Europe and to feed the coffers of capitalists (though they would not have been called capitalists in the 15th century).
Sugar was introduced to Europeans by Muslims during the Crusades. Cultivation began in Cyprus and Sicily at least a centuries before the Portuguese started exploring the ...
C H A P T E R 4The European Organizationof the Slave T.docx
C H A P T E R 4
The European Organization
of the Slave Trade
The Atlantic slave trade was one of the most complex economic enter-
prises known to the preindustrial world. It was the largest transoceanic
migration in history up to that time; it promoted the transportation
of people and goods among three different continents; it involved an
annual fleet of several hundred ships; and it absorbed a large amount
of European capital invested in international commerce. The trade was
closely associated with the development of commercial export agricul-
ture in America, and Asian trading with Europe. It involved complex
capital and credit arrangements in Europe, Africa, and America and
was carried on by a very large number of competing merchants in an
unusually free market. Finally, it was the largest movement of workers
to the Americas before the mid-nineteenth century.
How did this extraordinary trade develop in Europe? What mecha-
nisms were used to get this system into operation and what were the
relative roles of the state and of private capital? How was the trade
financed and what were the goods used to purchase the slaves? What
types of ships and crews were involved in the transport of these slaves
and how were they purchased in Africa and how were they sold in Amer-
ica? What were the profits generated by the trade and what was their
relative importance within the expanding European economy? These
are some of the issues I will deal with in this and the following chapter
on the African part of the trade.
Given the high entry costs to trading, and the initial lack of detailed
knowledge of the various African and American markets, the earliest
period of the slave trade was one in which the state played a major role.
Though slaves were shipped off the African coast by private European
traders from the 1440s onward as part of general exports of gold and
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EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 2/16/2019 3:31 PM via EXCELSIOR COLLEGE
AN: 331300 ; Klein, Herbert S..; The Atlantic Slave Trade
Account: s4946256.main.ehost
76 THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
ivory, the organization of an intensive slave trade took several hundred
years to develop. Africa was a modest source of slaves for southern
Europe until the beginning of the sixteenth century, and it was only
the opening up of America to European colonization that slave trading
finally turned into a major economic activity.
Although the Portuguese were rich enough to allow private con-
tractors to develop some part of the early trade, both they and all the
Europeans who followed used heavy state control in the form of taxa-
tion, subsidization, or monopoly contracts to get the .
Africa and the Atlantic World
1) The document discusses Africa and the Atlantic slave trade between the 15th and 18th centuries. It describes the triangular trade route that brought slaves from Africa to the Americas and goods back to Africa.
2) Millions of Africans were captured and sold into the slave trade, severely impacting some African societies. Slaves were brought to plantations in the Caribbean, South America, and North America to work in agriculture.
3) African cultural traditions were difficult to preserve under slavery. However, slaves developed new creole languages and blended religious beliefs and practices in the Americas. The slave trade was abolished in the 19th century in many countries.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The document summarizes the Atlantic slave trade, which involved the transport of enslaved Africans by European powers to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. Millions of Africans were captured from their homes and shipped across the Atlantic to work on plantations, mines, and other facilities in the Americas. The slave trade developed a triangular route, with European goods traded for African slaves, who were then transported to the Americas to be sold, with American goods then brought back to Europe. The journey, known as the Middle Passage, was horrific, with captives packed tightly into ship holds where many died from disease and poor treatment. The slave trade had devastating impacts on African societies and cultures but contributed greatly to the
Slavery Lecture
The document discusses the history of slavery in Africa and its role in the triangular slave trade. It notes that slavery was a normal part of African societies, with slaves often treated well and able to hold positions of responsibility. The slave trade expanded as Islamic traders exported slaves from Africa beginning in the 8th century. Between 1450-1850, approximately 12 million Africans were sent to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade, in which slaves were exchanged for goods that were shipped between Africa, Americas, and Europe. The slave trade had significant impacts on African demographics, politics, and societies.
Slave trade, afst
The document discusses the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade which began in the 17th century. Plantations in the Americas and Caribbean demanded labor, and Africans were forcibly taken to these colonies as slaves. It is estimated that millions of Africans were transported this way by the 18th century, with the numbers doubling from the 17th century. While slavery had existed in Africa, the slave trade with Europeans industrialized and vastly increased the scale. Africans were often captured from other tribes or cultural groups and sold on the coast to European traders. The transport of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic became known as the Middle Passage. The slave trade profoundly impacted societies and economies in both Africa and the Americas.
Ap ch 18
1. Between 1550-1800, European colonization of West Africa and the West Indies increased the demand for slaves to work on sugar plantations.
2. The transition from indentured servants to slaves was driven by declining European immigration and higher slave mortality.
3. The Atlantic slave trade developed into an extensive circuit, transporting slaves from Africa to the Americas and goods from the Americas back to Europe and Africa.
Slave trade and impact on africa
The document summarizes the impact of the slave trade on Africa's development in 3 main points:
1) The slave trade drained Africa of able-bodied men and women who could have contributed to developing the continent. This led to a shortage of labor that caused economic stagnation, particularly in the agricultural sector.
2) The strategies used by slave traders, such as raiding and kidnapping, led to serious social violence and increased warfare within and between communities in Africa.
3) Africa became viewed as only existing to serve the development needs of Europe and America by supplying slaves for their plantations, rather than as a place that needed development itself. This hindered development and empire building in Africa.
Ch 20 africa ppt
The document summarizes the rise and fall of several empires and kingdoms in Western Africa between the 11th-16th centuries, as well as the development of the Atlantic slave trade. It describes the Kingdom of Ghana and its capital Kumbi Saleh, the influence of Islam, and Ghana's decline giving way to the Mali Empire under Sundiata and Mansa Musa. It then discusses the Songhai Empire that replaced Mali, and its rulers Sonni Ali and Askia Muhammad. The document concludes by outlining the Portuguese role in establishing the Atlantic slave trade along the West African coast in the 15th century.
Scramble for africa th
The document discusses the colonization of Africa by European powers between the 15th-20th centuries. It outlines how Portugal established the first colonies in the 1400s, followed by other European nations seeking resources like gold, ivory and slaves. By the 1880s, European powers divided up most of Africa through treaties with local leaders. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 formalized the colonial boundaries, ignoring African peoples' rights and leading to political fragmentation in Africa. By 1900, most of the continent was under European rule except for Ethiopia and Liberia.
Ch16 Age of Imperialism
The document provides an overview of European imperialism in Africa from the early 1800s to 1914. It discusses factors that prompted European imperialism like nationalism, demand for resources from industrialization, and feelings of cultural/racial superiority. It then describes how European powers came to control most of Africa through exploration, missionary activities, and the Berlin Conference which partitioned African territory to prevent conflict between European nations over claims in Africa. Resistance to European rule is also mentioned. Key figures like Livingstone, Stanley, and the activities of countries like Britain, France, and Belgium in places like North Africa, Egypt and the Congo are summarized.
Scramble For Africa
The document discusses the "Scramble for Africa" period from 1870-1900 where European powers rapidly colonized the African continent. It explains that initially Europeans had only established coastal colonies and influence in Western Africa for the slave trade. However, over a brief 30 year period, European control of Africa expanded from 10% to 90% of the land mass. Major European powers like France, Britain, Belgium, and Portugal partitioned Africa among themselves through conferences like the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, with no African representation or consideration of internal African borders and groups.
1CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AFRICA South AfricaConcepts to Know·
1
CHAPTER 4: SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa
Concepts to Know
· Afrikaner
· Apartheid
· Natives Land Act (1913)
· African National Congress
· National Party
· Group Areas Act (1950)
· Nelson Mandela
· Freedom Charter (1955)
· Truth and Reconciliation Commission
· Ubuntu
· National Assembly
· Public Protector
· Independent Police Investigative Directorate
· S v. Makwanyana (1995)
· Judicial Service Commission
· Law Reform Commission
· Constitutional Court
· Advocates
· Assessors
· Inspecting Judge
· NICRO
· Child Justice Act (2008)
Introduction
SOUTH AFRICA encompasses the southern tip of the African continent. It is the ninth largest country on the continent and the thirty-third largest in the world. Its northern border is shared with Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. Its coastline borders the Indian Ocean on the east and south and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. In addition, South Africa surrounds the small country of Lesotho, which is approximately the size of the state of Maryland. Lesotho is a constitutional monarchy that gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 (see Figure 4.1).
The population of South Africa is almost 53 million and consists of 79.5 percent black, 9 percent white, 9 percent “colored,” and 2.5 percent Asian or Indian residents. The use of the word “colored” in the South African context refers to people of mixed race and often is associated with people of African and Dutch ancestry. The principal industries of the country are minerals, mining, motor vehicles, and machinery. South Africa is a significant producer of platinum, manganese, gold, and chrome. Its major trading markets include China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
South Africa has 11 official languages: Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga. With the exception of Afrikaans and English, the other languages are all Bantu languages. Bantu languages are spoken by more than 100 million Africans in east, central, and southern Africa. Afrikaans is a seventeenth-century variation of Dutch that has been considered a distinct language since the nineteenth century. Approximately 7 percent of the South African population are Afrikaners, that is, people who trace their roots to the early Dutch, French, and German settlers. Most of the English spoken is by nonwhites, along with approximately 2 million English-speaking whites who trace their ancestors to British immigrants and to the 1 million people of Asian/Indian origins.
Throughout the second half of the twentieth century South Africa was associated most with its policy of apartheid, a white supremacist ideology that emphasized white domination and racial discrimination. More will be said about apartheid shortly. First, an outline is offered of the arrival of white Europeans to this part of Africa and the pre-apartheid policies of racial segregation that had been introduced and in practice for a num ...
The partition of africa
The document discusses the European colonization of Africa in the late 19th century. It describes how European powers divided Africa at the 1884 Berlin Conference without any African representatives present. Within 20 years, Europeans had partitioned almost the entire continent among themselves. France, Britain, Portugal, Italy, and Germany established colonies in different regions of Africa. Some Africans resisted European rule, such as the Ethiopians who repelled Italian forces, but most of the continent came under imperial control.
Imperialism
The document discusses European imperialism between 1850-1914. It describes the four main forms of colonial control that emerged - colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, and economic imperialism. It then discusses the scramble for Africa in the late 19th century, where European powers divided up the continent at the Berlin Conference without consideration for African peoples. Finally, it examines the different patterns of imperialism in Asia, including Britain's rule over India, the Opium Wars between Britain and China, and Japan's modernization in response to Western imperialism.
The African Slave Trade
This document provides an overview of the history of slavery from ancient times through modern slavery. It discusses slavery in Africa, including enslavement by Arabs and the transatlantic slave trade conducted by European powers. The slaving process is described in six steps from capture to sale. Comparisons are made between slave experiences in different colonies. Resistance by slaves and little known facts about slavery in America are also presented. The document concludes by noting the ongoing problem of modern slavery.
Caribbean history slave trade
The document summarizes key aspects of the African slave trade. It discusses:
- Africans were captured from the interior and held in baracoons along the coast until being transported. Major European powers like Portugal, France, England were involved in the triangular slave trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe from the 1500s to 1807.
- An estimated 8-15 million Africans were taken as slaves, with around 2 million going to the British Caribbean alone. The largest numbers went to Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, and Haiti.
- There was a sexual imbalance in the slave trade, with more men transported than women. Planters preferred male workers and internal African markets drove up prices
Imperialization of sub saharan africa
The document summarizes the imperialization of Sub-Saharan Africa in the late 19th century. European powers scrambled to colonize Africa due to economic, political, and military motivations. Explorers like David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley helped Europeans learn about Africa's natural resources and potential for trade. King Leopold II of Belgium established a private colony in the Congo through treaties negotiated by Stanley. The Berlin Conference formally divided African territories among European nations. France and Britain competed for control of the Nile River, and Britain defeated the Boers to gain control of South African land and its resources.
Imperialization of sub saharan africa
The document summarizes the imperialization of Sub-Saharan Africa in the late 19th century. European powers scrambled to colonize Africa due to economic, political, and military motivations. Explorers like David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley helped Europeans learn about Africa's natural resources and potential for trade. King Leopold II of Belgium established a private colony in the Congo through treaties negotiated by Stanley. The Berlin Conference formally divided African territories among European nations. France and Britain competed for control of the Nile River, and Britain defeated the Boers to gain control of South African land and its resources.
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For centuries, the trade along a triangular trading route, provide.docx
For centuries, the trade along a triangular trading route, provide.docx
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1CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AFRICA South AfricaConcepts to Know·
1CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AFRICA South AfricaConcepts to Know·
More from Colleen Skadl
Industrialization Notes
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and was driven by technological innovations, new energy sources like steam power, and increases in agricultural productivity. Britain was particularly well-suited for the Industrial Revolution due to its political stability, strong merchant class, accumulation of capital, supply of natural resources like coal and iron, and emphasis on practical science. The Industrial Revolution transformed British society, creating a large middle class and urban working class that faced poor living and working conditions. It subsequently spread across Western Europe and to the United States, profoundly changing social and economic structures globally.
The history of the world: 9th Grade Edition
This document provides a summary of world history from 3 million BC to 1500 AD in brief sections. It describes early humans migrating out of Africa around 3 million BC with no written language. The Neolithic Revolution beginning around 8000 BC marked the beginning of civilization with agriculture, permanent settlements, and the first forms of writing. River valley civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China emerged around 4000 BC each with their own governments, writing systems, architecture, and religions. Major early societies included the ancient Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, the rise of Islam, classical China and India, feudal Europe during the Middle Ages, and the Aztec and Inca empires in the Americas. The Renaissance and major
The high middle ages
The document discusses several major turning points in medieval Europe during the High Middle Ages: the Crusades, which ended Western European isolation and led to increased trade; the Magna Carta signed by King John, which established early limitations on royal power; the Hundred Years' War between England and France, which strengthened both monarchies; the Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism, which weakened the Catholic Church's authority; and the Black Death plague, which killed a third of Europe's population and accelerated the decline of feudalism.
The rise of europe
1. During the Early Middle Ages in Europe, the fall of Rome led to a lack of centralized power and the Catholic Church remained one of the only remnants of Rome in the West.
2. Groups like the Vikings invaded and peasants sought protection from warriors, leading to the rise of a warrior aristocracy and eventually kings who developed feudalism.
3. Under feudalism, peasants were bound as serfs to manors, which were largely self-sufficient economic units where peasants had to fulfill obligations to lords in exchange for land.
Clasical civilizaions
The document summarizes key aspects of classical civilizations in China, India, and the Mediterranean world. In China, the Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties established Confucianism and centralized political power. India saw the Maurya and Gupta empires embrace Hinduism and Buddhism. The city-states of Greece and the Roman Republic and Empire advanced law, government, philosophy and culture in the Mediterranean while expanding territorially. Common themes across civilizations included religious, cultural and economic development alongside political unification and integration of new lands.
The Mongols
The Mongols originated as nomadic tribes from Central Asia. They were united under Genghis Khan, who conquered vast territories across Asia and Eastern Europe using advanced horseback tactics and weaponry like bows and arrows. At its peak, the Mongol Empire stretched from Korea to Eastern Europe and was subdivided and ruled by other powerful Mongol leaders, such as Batu Khan who controlled the Golden Horde in Russia, Tamerlane who ruled over Persia and India, and Kublai Khan who established the Yuan Dynasty in China and ruled over large parts of Asia. Though the Mongols brought periods of stability and promoted trade along the Silk Road, their empire declined after the deaths of strong leaders as it was too
Africa
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai grew wealthy trading gold for salt. Mansa Musa went to Mecca and Made Mali Muslim
Brief history of ireland
A brief history of Ireland including a timeline, discussions of the Great Huinger and the movement towards independence. Also includes links to music.
Islam notes
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2) Muhammad was born in 570 CE in Mecca and began receiving revelations from God in 610 CE that became the basis of the Quran and new monotheistic religion of Islam. He gained followers by preaching in Mecca and Medina and helped mediate conflicts between tribes.
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The New Imperialism
The document discusses the decline of the Ottoman and Qing Empires from the late 18th century through the early 20th century. It analyzes the internal problems like rebellions and external threats from European imperialism that contributed to their decline. The empires attempted reforms like self-strengthening in China and the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire, but they struggled to modernize effectively in the face of growing foreign domination and domestic opposition.
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Rome notes
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Chapter 21
The Ottoman Empire expanded throughout Anatolia in the 1350s and captured Constantinople in 1453 under Mehmed II, establishing itself as a major power. It was ruled by absolute monarchs and the grand vizier was the head of state. The empire reached its peak but later declined due to military defeats and an inability to keep up with technological advances in Europe. The Safavid Empire established Shi'a Islam in Iran and battled the Ottomans until suffering a defeat in 1514. Under Abbas I from 1587-1629, the empire was strong and prosperous but later declined rapidly. The Mughal Empire was founded in 1526 and expanded greatly, reaching its peak under Akbar from 1556
Chapter 21: Muslim Empires Summary notes
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
220711130083 SUBHASHREE RAKSHIT Internet resources for social science
Internet resources for social science
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
IT WILL BE HELPFULL FOR THE NUSING STUDENTS
IT FOCUSED ON MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND NURSING MANAGEMENT.
HIGHLIGHTS ON HEALTH EDUCATION.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف أحرف الخلاف للقراء العشرةأعد أحرف الخلاف بالتلوين وصلا سمير بسيوني غفر الله له
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 8 - CẢ NĂM - FRIENDS PLUS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (B...
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https://app.box.com/s/nrwz52lilmrw6m5kqeqn83q6vbdp8yzpHow to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
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