This document describes the aerodynamic design of a 300 kW horizontal axis wind turbine blade for the province of Semnan, Iran. It uses Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory to design the blade shape based on the airfoil type, wind characteristics of the site, rotor diameter, and tip speed ratio. The design process involves determining the chord length and twist angle along the blade that correspond to the maximum achievable power coefficient at the optimum tip speed ratio. Wind data from the province is analyzed to determine the nominal wind speed for sizing the rotor diameter. The resulting blade design distributions of parameters like angle of attack and induction factors are presented.
This document describes a numerical investigation of the aerodynamic performance of a Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine with and without a barrier arrangement. A barrier was designed to be placed in front of the rotor to increase performance by preventing negative torque. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed using Ansys Fluent software to analyze the rotor's power performance with and without the barrier. The results showed that the rotor configuration with the barrier produced higher performance coefficients than the configuration without a barrier.
This document summarizes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of a micro horizontal axis wind turbine blade. The 1.5 meter blade was designed using blade element momentum theory. Parameters like chord length, lift and drag forces, tip speed ratio, and solidity were determined. The blade was modeled, meshed, and boundary conditions were applied in Gambit software. Simulation results in Fluent showed that at a wind speed of 4.8 meters per second and an angle of attack of 8 degrees, the blade could extract a maximum power of 142.66 watts. The CFD analysis validated the blade design and showed that it was capable of harnessing wind energy, a renewable source available in the location. Further experimental testing
This document discusses various aerodynamic models used to predict the performance of straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). It first describes momentum models, including the rotor blade model and single streamtube model. The rotor blade model calculates forces on blade sections, while the streamtube model represents the turbine as an actuator disk. It then introduces the double-multiple streamtube model which divides the swept volume into streamtubes and calculates upstream and downstream induced velocities. The document also discusses experimental wind tunnel tests using laser Doppler velocimetry and pressure sensors on turbine blades to measure velocities and pressures and validate the momentum model calculations.
CFD Analysis of a Three Bladed H-Rotor of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine IRJET Journal
This document describes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of a three-bladed H-rotor vertical axis wind turbine at different height-to-diameter (H/D) ratios using CFX software. The H-rotor was modeled for five H/D ratios between 1.0-2.2. CFD analysis was performed to determine the power output and power coefficient (Cp) of the H-rotor at three low wind velocities ranging from 2-6 m/s for each H/D ratio. The results were used to identify the optimum H/D ratio that produces the maximum Cp and power generation at different wind velocities.
Wind Power Density Analysis for Micro-Scale Wind Turbinestheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineinventy
This study is to carry out a transient flow field analysis on the condition that the wind turbine is working to generate turbine, the wind turbine operating conditions change over time, Purpose of this study is try to find out the rule from the wind turbine changing over time . In transient analysis, the wind velocity on inlet boundary and rotation speed in the rotor field will change over time, and an analytical process is provided that can be used for future reference. At present, the wind turbine model is designed on the concept of upwind horizontal axis type. The computer engineering software GH Bladed is used to obtain the relationship between the rotor velocity and the wind turbine. Then the ANSYS engineering software is used to calculate the stress and strain distribution in the blades over time. From the analytical result, the relationship between the stress distribution in the blades and the rotor velocity is got to be used as a reference for future wind turbine structural optimization.
A Study of Wind Turbine Blade Power Enhancement Using Aerodynamic Properties IJMER
Technological advancements have improvised them over time. In this paper we shall glance at
the features. Wind energy is the most popular renewable energy. In order to increase the use of wind
energy, it is important to develop wind turbine rotor models with high rotation rates and power
coefficients. These elemental forces are summed along the span of the blade to calculate the total forces
and moments exerted on the turbine. This study aimed at manufacturing highly efficient wind turbine
rotor models using NACA profiles.
Power Generation through the Wind Energy Using Convergent Nozzletheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document describes a numerical investigation of the aerodynamic performance of a Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine with and without a barrier arrangement. A barrier was designed to be placed in front of the rotor to increase performance by preventing negative torque. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed using Ansys Fluent software to analyze the rotor's power performance with and without the barrier. The results showed that the rotor configuration with the barrier produced higher performance coefficients than the configuration without a barrier.
This document summarizes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of a micro horizontal axis wind turbine blade. The 1.5 meter blade was designed using blade element momentum theory. Parameters like chord length, lift and drag forces, tip speed ratio, and solidity were determined. The blade was modeled, meshed, and boundary conditions were applied in Gambit software. Simulation results in Fluent showed that at a wind speed of 4.8 meters per second and an angle of attack of 8 degrees, the blade could extract a maximum power of 142.66 watts. The CFD analysis validated the blade design and showed that it was capable of harnessing wind energy, a renewable source available in the location. Further experimental testing
This document discusses various aerodynamic models used to predict the performance of straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). It first describes momentum models, including the rotor blade model and single streamtube model. The rotor blade model calculates forces on blade sections, while the streamtube model represents the turbine as an actuator disk. It then introduces the double-multiple streamtube model which divides the swept volume into streamtubes and calculates upstream and downstream induced velocities. The document also discusses experimental wind tunnel tests using laser Doppler velocimetry and pressure sensors on turbine blades to measure velocities and pressures and validate the momentum model calculations.
CFD Analysis of a Three Bladed H-Rotor of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine IRJET Journal
This document describes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of a three-bladed H-rotor vertical axis wind turbine at different height-to-diameter (H/D) ratios using CFX software. The H-rotor was modeled for five H/D ratios between 1.0-2.2. CFD analysis was performed to determine the power output and power coefficient (Cp) of the H-rotor at three low wind velocities ranging from 2-6 m/s for each H/D ratio. The results were used to identify the optimum H/D ratio that produces the maximum Cp and power generation at different wind velocities.
Wind Power Density Analysis for Micro-Scale Wind Turbinestheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineinventy
This study is to carry out a transient flow field analysis on the condition that the wind turbine is working to generate turbine, the wind turbine operating conditions change over time, Purpose of this study is try to find out the rule from the wind turbine changing over time . In transient analysis, the wind velocity on inlet boundary and rotation speed in the rotor field will change over time, and an analytical process is provided that can be used for future reference. At present, the wind turbine model is designed on the concept of upwind horizontal axis type. The computer engineering software GH Bladed is used to obtain the relationship between the rotor velocity and the wind turbine. Then the ANSYS engineering software is used to calculate the stress and strain distribution in the blades over time. From the analytical result, the relationship between the stress distribution in the blades and the rotor velocity is got to be used as a reference for future wind turbine structural optimization.
A Study of Wind Turbine Blade Power Enhancement Using Aerodynamic Properties IJMER
Technological advancements have improvised them over time. In this paper we shall glance at
the features. Wind energy is the most popular renewable energy. In order to increase the use of wind
energy, it is important to develop wind turbine rotor models with high rotation rates and power
coefficients. These elemental forces are summed along the span of the blade to calculate the total forces
and moments exerted on the turbine. This study aimed at manufacturing highly efficient wind turbine
rotor models using NACA profiles.
Power Generation through the Wind Energy Using Convergent Nozzletheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IRJET- Effects of Dimples on Aerodynamic Performance of Horizontal Axis W...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research into the effects of adding dimples to the surfaces of horizontal axis wind turbine blades. It aims to investigate how dimples impact the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine blades. The researchers used computational fluid dynamics software to simulate flow over a baseline wind turbine blade design with and without various dimple configurations. The simulations found that blades with dimples experienced delayed flow separation, resulting in enhanced aerodynamic performance and increased power extraction compared to the baseline blade without dimples. Validation with experimental wind tunnel testing of a scaled down model supported the numerical results.
In this paper, a new technique has been proposed to solve the trade off common problem in hill climbing search algorithm (HCS) to reach maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The main aim of the new technique is to increase the power efficiency for the wind energy conversion system (WECS). The proposed technique has been combined the three-mode algorithm to be simpler. The novel algorithm is increasing the ability to reach the MPPT without delay. The novel algorithm shows fast tracking capability and enhanced stability under change wind speed conditions.
A Good Effect of Airfoil Design While Keeping Angle of Attack by 6 Degreepaperpublications3
Abstract: Airfoil is a shape of wing or blade of (a propeller, rotor or turbine) by which a fluid generates an aerodynamic force. The component of this force perpendicular to the direction of its speed is called lift force and the component parallel to its speed is called drag forces. Here we see that if we set the angle of attack by 6 degree in fluid NACA0012 we found the aerodynamic forces with suitable positive result our research is totally based on iterations method and based on the help of cfd software.
This document summarizes an optimization study to maximize the power output of a ducted vertical axis wind turbine. The study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations coupled with a genetic algorithm to optimize the geometry of the duct surrounding the turbine. The duct geometry is defined by 7 curvature points and optimized at 3 positions relative to the turbine center. The optimized duct configuration resulted in a 20° convergence angle with the throat at the turbine center. This optimized duct increased the tip speed ratio and power coefficient at maximum power output and decreased the torque ripple factor compared to an un-ducted turbine.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document discusses various techniques for mathematically modeling wind turbine power curves. It begins by explaining the basic components and equations for wind energy conversion. It then describes factors that influence power output like wind speed distribution and tower height. Methods are classified as parametric (using equations) or non-parametric (no assumptions). Parametric techniques include linear segmented models, polynomials, and logistic functions. Non-parametric techniques involve cubic spline interpolation, neural networks, fuzzy methods, and copula models. Accurately modeling power curves is important for wind farm optimization and energy forecasting.
IRJET- CFD Analysis of Wind Turbine Blade for Low Wind SpeedIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the aerodynamic performance of six-bladed wind turbine blades designed for low wind speeds using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The study used ANSYS Fluent software to model the flow around blades designed with different airfoil profiles at a hub height wind speed of 3 m/s. The parameters analyzed included lift, drag, coefficient of lift and drag, and lift to drag ratio. The results were validated according to IEC wind turbine standards. The goal was to design blades that can optimize power production at low wind velocities for small-scale wind turbine applications.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes the Hess-Smith panel method for analyzing aerodynamic forces on airfoils. It begins with background on aerodynamics and the different types of air flow. It then describes the 2D Hess-Smith panel method, which involves discretizing an airfoil shape into panels and calculating source strengths to model the air flow. The document provides the theoretical equations for calculating velocity potential and solving for source strengths. It concludes by explaining the Python code used to implement the 2D source panel method on a NACA 0010 airfoil.
This study investigates unsteady aerodynamic effects for a vertical axial wind turbine through computational fluid dynamics simulations. A two-dimensional model of the turbine was created using a NACA0015 airfoil for the blades. Simulations were run at different tip speed ratios to analyze blade forces, torque, and dynamic stall. Results showed that maximum average torque occurred at a tip speed ratio of 1.3. Blade forces were highest when the rotor was at 50 degrees. Dynamic stall phenomena, such as vortex shedding and detachment, were observed and affected turbine performance.
Design of a vertical axis wind turbine how the aspect ratio affectsPhuong Dx
- The document analyzes how the aspect ratio of a vertical-axis wind turbine affects its performance.
- It finds that turbine performance is strongly influenced by the Reynolds number of the rotor blades, which is linked to the aspect ratio.
- A lower aspect ratio leads to a higher Reynolds number and improved turbine performance, as well as a lower rotational velocity.
Design of a vertical axis wind turbine- how the aspect ratio affectsPhuong Dx
- The document analyzes how the aspect ratio of a vertical-axis wind turbine affects its performance.
- It finds that turbine performance is strongly influenced by the Reynolds number of the rotor blades, which is linked to the aspect ratio.
- A lower aspect ratio leads to a higher Reynolds number and improved turbine performance, as well as a lower rotational velocity.
Comparative Study on NDCT with Different Shell Supporting StructuresIJTET Journal
Natural draft cooling towers are very essential in modern days in thermal and nuclear power stations. These are the hyperbolic shells of revolution in form and are supported on inclined columns. Several types of shell supporting structures such as A,V,X,Y are being used for construction of NDCT’s. Wind loading on NDCT governs critical cases and requires attention. In this paper a comparative study on reinforcement details has been done on NDCT’s with X and Y shell supporting structures. For this purpose 166m cooling tower with X and Y supporting structures being analyzed and design for wind (BS & IS code methods), seismic loads using SAP2000.
Study and Dimensioning of the Tanks Dedicated to a Compressed Air Energy Stor...IJECEIAES
The fundamental idea of storage is to transfer available energy During periods of low demand , using only a fraction of the fuel that would be consumed by the standard production machine (gas turbine, thermal engine, etc.). The main role of energy storage is therefore to introduce an energy degree of freedom to decouple Consumers and the producer by supplying or Delivering the difference between these two powers. In this paper is this paper presents a brief study and dimensioning of compressed air storage tanks to a hybrid system wind-PV. adopts the CAES system as a storage agent. starting with the technical criteria on which the choice of reservoirs is based and the mechanical constraints that must be taken into consideration for dimensioning of the reservoirs
FE Analysis of Bolted Connections for Wind Turbine Towers by Yadneshwar S. JoshiYadneshwar Joshi
Analysis of bolted flange plate and friction connections, to assess the potential benefits from implementing them in wind towers.
To investigate the performance of a new friction connection and to compare it with conventional ring-flange connections
Comparative study for strength, ease of erection, man power and material consumption/cost
The document summarizes an experimental and numerical study of the effect of sweep on the three-dimensional flow downstream of axial flow fans. Three low-pressure axial flow fans were studied, with radial, forward, and backward sweep. Hot-wire anemometry was used to measure the velocity components downstream, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) were performed for comparison. The results show that forward sweep decreases the radial velocity component while backward sweep increases it. The sweep also significantly influences the turbulent kinetic energy downstream of the fan.
Geometric regeneration and mechanical analysis of a gas turbine blade type Fr...Barhm Mohamad
Simulation and visualization of the mechanical components have become a predominant phase
during the design and the production stages. Several means are used to improve the design and
to reduce study time. Today, the powerful hardware and the software available on the market
have contributed greatly on the improvement of design, visualization and manufacturing
process of complex parts (turbine blade). In this context, our study is a contribution to the
establishment of a methodology to a CAD modelling and finite element analysis, which allows
us to identify the mechanical behavior of a gas turbine blade. The profile of the blade turbine
model is obtained after regeneration using the CATIA V5R20 software from the retro-design
technique using a FARO-type scanner. The turbine blade is analyzed under a static mechanical
behavior. It has been observed that the maximum stresses and deformations are located in the
vicinity of the root and the upper surface along the turbine blade. On the other hand, the elastic
energy is located at a distance from the root of the turbine blade.
CFD Analysis for Computing Drag force on Various types of blades for Vertical...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of drag forces on various blade profiles for vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). Three blade profiles were analyzed: a conventional airfoil blade (EPPLER863), the EPPLER863 profile with one-fourth of the trailing edge removed, and a Lenz2 type turbine blade profile. The CFD analysis found that the Lenz2 profile generated the maximum drag force of 11.21 Newtons and had the lowest drag coefficient of -7.5, indicating it is the most suitable option for VAWTs in urban areas with typical wind speeds of 6-10 m/s. Modifying the EPPLER863 profile was partially successful
This document summarizes an experimental study that analyzed the performance of small wind turbine blades with and without winglet additions. The study found that blades with winglets attached increased output power by 2.01% and reduced noise levels by 25% compared to blades without winglets. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and noise analysis were used to simulate and compare blade performance. Testing of actual blade designs confirmed the CFD results, showing improved efficiency and reduced noise from blades with winglet additions at the tips.
Performance Analysis of Aerodynamic Design for Wind Turbine BladeIRJET Journal
1) Researchers in Nigeria designed and simulated a wind turbine blade in MATLAB to serve as an alternative energy source for a university faculty building.
2) The simulation analyzed how varying wind speed and tip speed ratio affected the blade's power output and power coefficient. It found that maximum power could be generated at 12m/s wind speed.
3) The results showed the blade could produce 150kW of power needed for the faculty at a wind speed of 9m/s, with a maximum theoretical power coefficient of 0.48, showing high wind energy utilization.
Simulation of Wind Power Dynamic for Electricity Production in Nassiriyah Dis...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that simulated wind power dynamics for electricity production in Nassiriyah District, Iraq. The study measured wind speed data from 2010-2013 at 10m altitude and used this to mathematically model and predict important wind energy parameters. It found that the minimum altitude for feasible wind speed (≥5m/s) for power production was 44m for a friction coefficient of 3.0 and 32m for a friction coefficient of 4.0. Weibull distribution analysis showed that the percentage of days with mean wind speeds ≥5m/s increased with higher altitudes and friction coefficients, making wind energy more viable at greater heights.
This document discusses using wind energy for irrigation in Iraq. It analyzes wind speed data from meteorological stations in Iraq to determine suitable locations for wind energy irrigation projects. Calculations are shown to determine the water requirements for different crops, livestock, and people. Equations are provided to calculate the pumping power required based on water needs, wind speed, and turbine characteristics. The results can help identify areas of Iraq with sufficient wind resources to power irrigation using wind energy, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and electricity.
IRJET- Effects of Dimples on Aerodynamic Performance of Horizontal Axis W...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research into the effects of adding dimples to the surfaces of horizontal axis wind turbine blades. It aims to investigate how dimples impact the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine blades. The researchers used computational fluid dynamics software to simulate flow over a baseline wind turbine blade design with and without various dimple configurations. The simulations found that blades with dimples experienced delayed flow separation, resulting in enhanced aerodynamic performance and increased power extraction compared to the baseline blade without dimples. Validation with experimental wind tunnel testing of a scaled down model supported the numerical results.
In this paper, a new technique has been proposed to solve the trade off common problem in hill climbing search algorithm (HCS) to reach maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The main aim of the new technique is to increase the power efficiency for the wind energy conversion system (WECS). The proposed technique has been combined the three-mode algorithm to be simpler. The novel algorithm is increasing the ability to reach the MPPT without delay. The novel algorithm shows fast tracking capability and enhanced stability under change wind speed conditions.
A Good Effect of Airfoil Design While Keeping Angle of Attack by 6 Degreepaperpublications3
Abstract: Airfoil is a shape of wing or blade of (a propeller, rotor or turbine) by which a fluid generates an aerodynamic force. The component of this force perpendicular to the direction of its speed is called lift force and the component parallel to its speed is called drag forces. Here we see that if we set the angle of attack by 6 degree in fluid NACA0012 we found the aerodynamic forces with suitable positive result our research is totally based on iterations method and based on the help of cfd software.
This document summarizes an optimization study to maximize the power output of a ducted vertical axis wind turbine. The study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations coupled with a genetic algorithm to optimize the geometry of the duct surrounding the turbine. The duct geometry is defined by 7 curvature points and optimized at 3 positions relative to the turbine center. The optimized duct configuration resulted in a 20° convergence angle with the throat at the turbine center. This optimized duct increased the tip speed ratio and power coefficient at maximum power output and decreased the torque ripple factor compared to an un-ducted turbine.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document discusses various techniques for mathematically modeling wind turbine power curves. It begins by explaining the basic components and equations for wind energy conversion. It then describes factors that influence power output like wind speed distribution and tower height. Methods are classified as parametric (using equations) or non-parametric (no assumptions). Parametric techniques include linear segmented models, polynomials, and logistic functions. Non-parametric techniques involve cubic spline interpolation, neural networks, fuzzy methods, and copula models. Accurately modeling power curves is important for wind farm optimization and energy forecasting.
IRJET- CFD Analysis of Wind Turbine Blade for Low Wind SpeedIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the aerodynamic performance of six-bladed wind turbine blades designed for low wind speeds using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The study used ANSYS Fluent software to model the flow around blades designed with different airfoil profiles at a hub height wind speed of 3 m/s. The parameters analyzed included lift, drag, coefficient of lift and drag, and lift to drag ratio. The results were validated according to IEC wind turbine standards. The goal was to design blades that can optimize power production at low wind velocities for small-scale wind turbine applications.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes the Hess-Smith panel method for analyzing aerodynamic forces on airfoils. It begins with background on aerodynamics and the different types of air flow. It then describes the 2D Hess-Smith panel method, which involves discretizing an airfoil shape into panels and calculating source strengths to model the air flow. The document provides the theoretical equations for calculating velocity potential and solving for source strengths. It concludes by explaining the Python code used to implement the 2D source panel method on a NACA 0010 airfoil.
This study investigates unsteady aerodynamic effects for a vertical axial wind turbine through computational fluid dynamics simulations. A two-dimensional model of the turbine was created using a NACA0015 airfoil for the blades. Simulations were run at different tip speed ratios to analyze blade forces, torque, and dynamic stall. Results showed that maximum average torque occurred at a tip speed ratio of 1.3. Blade forces were highest when the rotor was at 50 degrees. Dynamic stall phenomena, such as vortex shedding and detachment, were observed and affected turbine performance.
Design of a vertical axis wind turbine how the aspect ratio affectsPhuong Dx
- The document analyzes how the aspect ratio of a vertical-axis wind turbine affects its performance.
- It finds that turbine performance is strongly influenced by the Reynolds number of the rotor blades, which is linked to the aspect ratio.
- A lower aspect ratio leads to a higher Reynolds number and improved turbine performance, as well as a lower rotational velocity.
Design of a vertical axis wind turbine- how the aspect ratio affectsPhuong Dx
- The document analyzes how the aspect ratio of a vertical-axis wind turbine affects its performance.
- It finds that turbine performance is strongly influenced by the Reynolds number of the rotor blades, which is linked to the aspect ratio.
- A lower aspect ratio leads to a higher Reynolds number and improved turbine performance, as well as a lower rotational velocity.
Comparative Study on NDCT with Different Shell Supporting StructuresIJTET Journal
Natural draft cooling towers are very essential in modern days in thermal and nuclear power stations. These are the hyperbolic shells of revolution in form and are supported on inclined columns. Several types of shell supporting structures such as A,V,X,Y are being used for construction of NDCT’s. Wind loading on NDCT governs critical cases and requires attention. In this paper a comparative study on reinforcement details has been done on NDCT’s with X and Y shell supporting structures. For this purpose 166m cooling tower with X and Y supporting structures being analyzed and design for wind (BS & IS code methods), seismic loads using SAP2000.
Study and Dimensioning of the Tanks Dedicated to a Compressed Air Energy Stor...IJECEIAES
The fundamental idea of storage is to transfer available energy During periods of low demand , using only a fraction of the fuel that would be consumed by the standard production machine (gas turbine, thermal engine, etc.). The main role of energy storage is therefore to introduce an energy degree of freedom to decouple Consumers and the producer by supplying or Delivering the difference between these two powers. In this paper is this paper presents a brief study and dimensioning of compressed air storage tanks to a hybrid system wind-PV. adopts the CAES system as a storage agent. starting with the technical criteria on which the choice of reservoirs is based and the mechanical constraints that must be taken into consideration for dimensioning of the reservoirs
FE Analysis of Bolted Connections for Wind Turbine Towers by Yadneshwar S. JoshiYadneshwar Joshi
Analysis of bolted flange plate and friction connections, to assess the potential benefits from implementing them in wind towers.
To investigate the performance of a new friction connection and to compare it with conventional ring-flange connections
Comparative study for strength, ease of erection, man power and material consumption/cost
The document summarizes an experimental and numerical study of the effect of sweep on the three-dimensional flow downstream of axial flow fans. Three low-pressure axial flow fans were studied, with radial, forward, and backward sweep. Hot-wire anemometry was used to measure the velocity components downstream, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) were performed for comparison. The results show that forward sweep decreases the radial velocity component while backward sweep increases it. The sweep also significantly influences the turbulent kinetic energy downstream of the fan.
Geometric regeneration and mechanical analysis of a gas turbine blade type Fr...Barhm Mohamad
Simulation and visualization of the mechanical components have become a predominant phase
during the design and the production stages. Several means are used to improve the design and
to reduce study time. Today, the powerful hardware and the software available on the market
have contributed greatly on the improvement of design, visualization and manufacturing
process of complex parts (turbine blade). In this context, our study is a contribution to the
establishment of a methodology to a CAD modelling and finite element analysis, which allows
us to identify the mechanical behavior of a gas turbine blade. The profile of the blade turbine
model is obtained after regeneration using the CATIA V5R20 software from the retro-design
technique using a FARO-type scanner. The turbine blade is analyzed under a static mechanical
behavior. It has been observed that the maximum stresses and deformations are located in the
vicinity of the root and the upper surface along the turbine blade. On the other hand, the elastic
energy is located at a distance from the root of the turbine blade.
CFD Analysis for Computing Drag force on Various types of blades for Vertical...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of drag forces on various blade profiles for vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). Three blade profiles were analyzed: a conventional airfoil blade (EPPLER863), the EPPLER863 profile with one-fourth of the trailing edge removed, and a Lenz2 type turbine blade profile. The CFD analysis found that the Lenz2 profile generated the maximum drag force of 11.21 Newtons and had the lowest drag coefficient of -7.5, indicating it is the most suitable option for VAWTs in urban areas with typical wind speeds of 6-10 m/s. Modifying the EPPLER863 profile was partially successful
This document summarizes an experimental study that analyzed the performance of small wind turbine blades with and without winglet additions. The study found that blades with winglets attached increased output power by 2.01% and reduced noise levels by 25% compared to blades without winglets. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and noise analysis were used to simulate and compare blade performance. Testing of actual blade designs confirmed the CFD results, showing improved efficiency and reduced noise from blades with winglet additions at the tips.
Performance Analysis of Aerodynamic Design for Wind Turbine BladeIRJET Journal
1) Researchers in Nigeria designed and simulated a wind turbine blade in MATLAB to serve as an alternative energy source for a university faculty building.
2) The simulation analyzed how varying wind speed and tip speed ratio affected the blade's power output and power coefficient. It found that maximum power could be generated at 12m/s wind speed.
3) The results showed the blade could produce 150kW of power needed for the faculty at a wind speed of 9m/s, with a maximum theoretical power coefficient of 0.48, showing high wind energy utilization.
Simulation of Wind Power Dynamic for Electricity Production in Nassiriyah Dis...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that simulated wind power dynamics for electricity production in Nassiriyah District, Iraq. The study measured wind speed data from 2010-2013 at 10m altitude and used this to mathematically model and predict important wind energy parameters. It found that the minimum altitude for feasible wind speed (≥5m/s) for power production was 44m for a friction coefficient of 3.0 and 32m for a friction coefficient of 4.0. Weibull distribution analysis showed that the percentage of days with mean wind speeds ≥5m/s increased with higher altitudes and friction coefficients, making wind energy more viable at greater heights.
This document discusses using wind energy for irrigation in Iraq. It analyzes wind speed data from meteorological stations in Iraq to determine suitable locations for wind energy irrigation projects. Calculations are shown to determine the water requirements for different crops, livestock, and people. Equations are provided to calculate the pumping power required based on water needs, wind speed, and turbine characteristics. The results can help identify areas of Iraq with sufficient wind resources to power irrigation using wind energy, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and electricity.
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1. Aerodynamic design of a 300 kW horizontal axis wind turbine for province
of Semnan
A. Sedaghat ⇑
, M. Mirhosseini
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Available online 12 April 2012
Keywords:
Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT)
Aerodynamic design
BEM theory
Chord
Twist
a b s t r a c t
In this research, Blade Element Momentum theory (BEM) is used to design a HAWT blade for a 300 kW
horizontal axis wind turbine. The airfoil is RISØ-A1-18, produced by RISØ National Laboratory, Denmark.
Desirable properties of this airfoil are related to enhancement of aerodynamic and structure interactions.
Design parameters considered here are wind tip speed ratio, nominal wind speed and diameter of rotor.
The nominal wind speed was obtained from statistical analysis of wind speed data from province of
Semnan in Iran. BEM is used for obtaining maximum lift to drag ratio for each elemental constitution
of the blade. Obtaining chord and twist distribution at assumed tip speed ratio of blade, the aerodynamic
shape of the blade in every part is specified which correspond to maximum accessible power coefficient.
The design parameters are trust coefficients, power coefficient, angle of attack, angle of relative wind,
drag and lift coefficients, axial and angular induction factors. The blade design distributions are presented
versus rotor radius for BEM results. The blade shape then can be modified for ease of manufacturing,
structural concerns, and to reduce costs.
Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
In consideration of the pertinent policies such as geographical
position, environmental protection and government’s tax allow-
ance, many countries proffered huge funds on technology of
wind-power electricity generation and so it developed very fast
than compare with technology of thermal power. Utilizing of wind
energy has been progressed by more than 50 countries in the
whole world considerably [1]. Wind turbines have exhibited their
ability to sustain whereas wind energy is a clean, raw material-
costless, favorable renewable energy. Wind turbine are classified
into two configurations based on their rotational rotor axis with
respect to the ground: the older generation, lower-power vertical
axis (e.g. Savonius and Darrieus rotor) and the higher power,
horizontal-axis at wide commercial deployment (e.g. AWE series
54-900, 52-750, Vestas series v39, and v66, and Nordtank-300).
The potential energy of wind is estimated to be about 6500 MW
in Iran [2]. Germany, for example, produced some 4400 MW of
electricity from wind; while, Iran with a similar level of available
wind power produces approximately 100 MW according to recent
news from the ministry of power in Iran [3]. There are abundant
wind resources freely available in Northern part of Iran. Manjil,
Binalood, and Semnan areas are located in the northern part of
the country. There are 21 installed wind turbines in Manjil, 1 with
500 kW, 5 with 550 kW and 15 with 300 kW capacities plus 27
more wind turbines were installed by 1999 in Manjil, Roodbar
and Harzevil and recent employment of 28.4 MW in Binalood
[3–5]. Semnan province, as shown in Fig. 1, with 5.6% of the whole
area of Iran is the sixth big province in the country. Semnan
province area is 95,815 km2
. Semnan is located between
N34°400
–N37°100
latitude and E51°590
–E57°40
longitude [4].
The province of Semnan is bordered from east by the province
of Khorasan razavi, from north, Northern Khorasan, Mazandaran
and Golestan provinces, from south, Yazd and Esfahan provinces,
west, Tehran and Qom provinces. The center of province, Semnan
is located at 228 km from Tehran and the distance from interna-
tional waters of Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea in turn is 1600 and
200 km. This province includes 5 townships, 13 districts, 18 cities
and 29 villages. According to the latest statistics in 2001, the pop-
ulation of the province is estimated to be 558,000 that 73.5% were
in urban area and 26.5% were rural dwellers [7]. In general, the
dominant prevailing wind in the area is blowing from the north-
west to the southeast and is called Tooraneh. Also other winds in
the province called Shahriari, Kavir and Khorasan winds, blow from
west, south and east to west in different seasons of the year,
respectively [8,9]. Detailed statistical study of wind at 10 m,
30 m and 40 m height in Semnan province is presented in [4].
2. Aerodynamic of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT)
In the development of modern commercial wind turbines, the
size has contiguously increased to the latest multi-MW turbines
such as the wind farm shown in Fig. 2. Generally, the two
0196-8904/$ - see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.01.033
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sedaghat@cc.iut.ac.ir (A. Sedaghat).
Energy Conversion and Management 63 (2012) 87–94
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Energy Conversion and Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enconman
2. fundamental objectives of the design of a HAWT turbine are to
maximize its annual energy production (AEP) and to minimize
the cost of energy (COE) produced [11–13]. Recently, focus has
been intensified on designing wind turbine rotors for maximum
aerodynamic performance [14–22]. According to particularly chal-
lenges and difficulties to achieve a good efficiency and thus in
obtaining better economical performance, any improvement in
the aerodynamic design of wind turbines infers a significant bene-
fit that increase. Aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbines extre-
mely depends on the performance of the rotor blade, the airfoil
section, and the design form. The theoretical maximum for the
power coefficient, Cp, marked by the Betz limit Cp,max = 16/
27 = 0.593. Modern horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) work
with Cp up to 0.5, nearby the Betz limit [23]. The Blade Element
Momentum (BEM) model which is used here is the most common
model used in aerodynamic and aero elastic codes for wind turbine
performance.
2.1. Wind characteristics in Semnan province
The best way to evaluate the wind resource available at a poten-
tial site is by calculating the wind power density. It indicates how
much energy is available at the site for conversion to electricity by
a wind turbine. The wind power per unit area, P/A or wind power
density is related to cube of wind speed U as follow [23]:
P
A
¼
1
2
qU3
Cpg ð1Þ
Cp and g are the power coefficient and the electrical–mechanical
efficiency, respectively. Based on wind statistics, the annual rated
wind speed (the average cubic wind speed) may be used to deter-
mine the diameter of the rotor as follow [23]:
P
A
¼
1
2
Z 1
c
qU3
pðUÞdU ¼
1
2
qc3
Cð1 þ 3=kÞ %
1
2
qU3
ð2Þ
where q is the air density varied linearly with height (also depends
on local air pressure and air speed in actual wind turbine), q is the
average air density at rotor area, U is the Gama function, U3
is the
average cubic wind speed, and p(U) is the Weibull probability den-
sity function given by [23]:
pðUÞ ¼
k
c
U
c
kÀ1
exp À
U
c
k
#
ð3Þ
Determination of the Weibull probability density function
requires knowledge of two parameters: k, shape factor and c,
scale factor also appeared in Eq. (2). Analytical and empirical
methods are used to find k and c, such as Justus formulas expressed
by [23]:
ru ¼
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
PN
i¼1ðUi À UÞ2
N À 1
s
ð4Þ
k ¼
rU
U
À1:086
;
c
U
¼
k
2:6674
0:184 þ 0:816k
2:73855
ð5Þ
where ru and U represent the standard deviation and the annual
mean wind speed, respectively. Standard deviation also is defined
as a function of k [23]:
Fig. 3. Power coefficient versus blade tip speed ratio.
Fig. 1. The location of Semnan province in the map of Iran [6].
Fig. 2. Group of HAWTs in a wind farm in UK [10].
Fig. 4. Actuator disk modelling of a wind turbine in a stream tube.
88 A. Sedaghat, M. Mirhosseini / Energy Conversion and Management 63 (2012) 87–94
3. rU ¼ U
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Cð1 þ 2=kÞ
C2
ð1 þ 1=kÞ
À 1
!v
u
u
t ð6Þ
For Haddadeh region in province of Semnan in Iran, k = 1.6,
c = 6.52, and the annual mean wind speed and the corresponding
rated wind speed is calculated to be 5.85 and 8 at a height of
40 m, respectively [4].
2.2. Rotor specification for HAWTs
The design of the blade requires a great number of design vari-
ables parameters to control rotor shape and airfoil characteristics
including: the number of blade B, the rotor diameter D, the section
airfoil lift to drag ratio that depend on the angle of attack a, and the
chord length c, and twist angle ht at each section of blade. In com-
mercial HAWTs, it is normally chosen three blades (B = 3). If fewer
than three blades are selected, there will be a number of structural
problems that must be considered in the hub design.
To determine rotor diameter from Eq. (1), the maximum acces-
sible power coefficient, Cp,max, is sought. According to the type of
application, we need an optimum wind tip speed ratio, defined
as the rotational speed of blade tip, RX, to the wind speed, U; i.e.
k ¼ RX=U. For a water pumping windmill, for which greater torque
is needed, we use 1 k 3. For electric power generation, we nor-
mally use 4 k 10. The machines with higher speeds use less
material in the blades and have smaller gearboxes, but require
more sophisticated airfoils.
In this work, the maximum accessible power coefficient, Cp,max,
and the corresponding optimum value of kopt is calculated from the
empirical relation [23]:
Cp;max ¼
16
27
k
1:32 þ kÀ8
20
À Á2
B2=3
#À1
À
ð0:57Þk2
Cl
Cd
k þ 1
2B
À Á ð7Þ
Fig. 3 shows a group of Cp–k curves for a three bladed HAWT
from which the optimum value for the tip speed ratio, kopt, can
be obtained for the specified airfoil lift to drag ratio Cl
Cd
, from the
point at which the maximum accessible power coefficient, Cp,max,
is obtained.
In order to specify the airfoil type, the maximum lift-to-drag ra-
tio is criterion with other dynamical, roughness sensitivity, and
stall behavior of airfoil for the class of wind power considered. Fun-
damentally, the determination of the rotor size depends on the re-
quired energy and blown mean wind speed. As relative wind speed
is the resultant of the stream wind speed, blade section speed and
rotor induced flow. Lift force is the main force for operating the
wind turbine to produce useful power. Airfoils for HAWT are often
designed to be used at low attack angle, where the drag coefficient
is usually much lower than the lift coefficient. Especially, at blade
Fig. 5. Annular control volumes for calculating wake rotation.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
r/R
Chord(m)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
r/R
AngleofTwist(θT
)indegree
(a)
(b)
Fig. 7. (a) Chord length distribution and (b) twist angle distribution.Fig. 6. Annular control volumes for calculating wake rotation.
A. Sedaghat, M. Mirhosseini / Energy Conversion and Management 63 (2012) 87–94 89
4. tip airfoils with high lift to drag ratio, low roughness sensitivity,
low noise character should be selected to insure the nearest opti-
mum aerodynamic performance. Griffiths [24] showed that the
output power is greatly affected by the airfoil lift-to-drag ratio. A
general aviation airfoil shape is NACA series, and dedicated airfoil
shapes used in modern wind turbines are: S8 series developed by
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in USA, FFA-W ser-
ies developed by FOI in Sweden, RISØ-A1 series developed by RISØ
in Denmark, DU series developed by Delft University of Technology
in Netherlands. It has been found in some applications that more
than one airfoil shape can be used for the wind turbine blade de-
sign, but there will be bending between these airfoils which may
add to uncertainties in the design process.
In this project, the RISØ type airfoils are used [25]. In this class
of airfoils, the different families of modern airfoils applied in wind
turbines, are verified that with regarding verification of criteria re-
late to design of wind turbines, the airfoils RISØ-A1-18, FFA-W3-
301, FFA-W3-241, DU93-W-210, were proper choices from which
RISØ-A1-18 is selected for the 300 kW HAWT in this study [25].
The experimental results of RISØ-A1 are related to open test part
of VELUX wind tunnel measurements with 1% turbulence. Details
of these tests and measurement instruments are given in [26]. Also
the tests were carried out in the Reynolds number equal to
1.6 Â 106
. A generalized analysis on manufacturing, industrializa-
tion, and costs shows that the obtained chord length and twist an-
gle from the theoretical analysis should be modified [27]. Whereas
the chord length and twist angle of the wind turbines design are
not linear, one procedure for this goal (e.g. simplification in CNC
machining for blade’s mold manufacturers) is applying fitted linear
relationship on the chord length and twist angle curves separately,
yet not considered here.
From the experimental data for the RISØ-A-18 airfoil [25], lift
coefficient against angle of attack, i.e. Cl–a, and drag coefficient
against angle of attack, i.e. Cd–a, is used and approximated by a lin-
ear equation for the lift coefficient and a quadratic equation for the
drag coefficient versus the angle of attack. The maximum lift to
drag ratio (Cl/Cd) is calculated to be (Cl/Cd)max = 167 at the angle
of attack of a = 7° for RISØ-A1-18 airfoil. From Fig. 3 for the
RISØ-A-18 aerofoil with the maximum lift to drag ratio equals of
167, the optimum tip speed ratio is obtained to be kopt = 10 for
the corresponding maximum power coefficient of Cp ,max = 0.51.
Assuming a mechanical-electrical efficiency of g = 0.9 and adopting
the rated wind speed of U ¼ 8 m
s
from the statistical analysis of
wind data at Semnan province [4], the Rotor diameter is calculated
from Eq. (1) to be equals to D = 54 m. To obtain an optimum blade
shape as a guide, i.e. chord length and twist angle distribution
along the blade, the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory is
employed discussed next [23]. The blade shape then can be modi-
(a)
(b)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
r/R
Angleofreletivewind(φ)indegree)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
r/R
Angleofattack(α)indegree
Fig. 8. (a) Angle of relative wind and (b) angle of attack.
(a)
(b)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
r/R
LocalLiftcoefficient
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
r/R
LocalDragcoefficient
Fig. 9. (a) Lift coefficient and (b) drag coefficient.
90 A. Sedaghat, M. Mirhosseini / Energy Conversion and Management 63 (2012) 87–94
5. fied for ease of manufacturing, structural concerns, and to reduce
costs.
2.3. Rotor design using BEM theory
The primitive blade shape is determined using an optimum
shape blade considering wake rotating. Ultimate blade shape and
its performance are specified with iterative relations and including
drag, tip losses and ease of manufacturing. It is also worth empha-
sizing that with more accurate aerodynamic coefficients at high at-
tack angles, the more accurate design and performance prediction
can be obtained. But the aerodynamic coefficients of a rotating air-
foil are different from the ones of a linear moving airfoil at stall
conditions.
Considering the rotor as an actuator disk which its effects are a
sudden drop in pressure and assuming constant speed at the rotor
[23], the linear momentum theory is used for air flow through a
one dimensional tube as shown in Fig. 4.
From Betz theory, an ideal wind turbine reduces wind speed to
two third of the freestream value [23]. Since the wind turbine pro-
duces a useful torque for generating power, the conservation of
moment of momentum must be satisfied by employing a wake
rotation downstream of the wind turbine in some annular control
volumes as shown in Fig. 5.
In actuator disk theory, friction drag is ignored which is not
realistic. In order to modify this shortcoming [23], blade element
theory is considered to incorporate the effects of drag force exerted
on each elemental constitution of blade as shown in Fig. 6.
Adopting the procedure discussed in Manwell [23], one may
calculate the power coefficient through an iterative method to
the following form:
Cp ¼ 8=k2
Z k
kh
Fk3
r
að1 À aÞ 1 À ðCd=ClÞ cot h½ Šdkr ð8Þ
F is tip loss correction factor, a is axial induction factor, a is angular
induction factor, kr ¼ rX=U is the local speed ratio for an element of
blade at radial distance of r. The element dimension is c as the local
chord length and dr as the width of element. The drag to lift ratio
ðCd=ClÞ corresponds to the local airfoil section.
2.4. Rotor control for HAWTs
In high wind speeds, it is noteworthy to be able to control and
limit the rotational mechanical power. The power limitation may
be done either by stall control, pitch control or active stall control.
Pitch control system in wind turbines have become the more appli-
cable type of installed wind turbines in recent years. For low wind
speeds, the speed controller can continuously adjust the speed of
(a)
(b)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.3
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.4
0.42
0.44
0.46
r/R
AxialInductionFactor
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
r/R
AngularInductionFactor
Fig. 10. (a). Axial induction factor and (b) angular induction factor.
(a)
(b)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
r/R
LocalThrustcoefficient
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
r/R
LocalPowerCoefficient(CP
)
Fig. 11. (a) Trust coefficient and (b) local power coefficient.
A. Sedaghat, M. Mirhosseini / Energy Conversion and Management 63 (2012) 87–94 91
6. the rotor to maintain the tip speed ratio constant to produce the
maximum power coefficient, and to improve the efficiency of the
turbine. For higher wind speeds however pitch angle regulation
is required to keep the rotational speed constant. Small changes
in pitch angle can reduce considerably the power output. There-
fore, the purpose of the pitch angle control may be expressed as
[28,29]:
1. Optimizing the power output of the wind turbine.
2. Regulating input mechanical power to avoid exceeding the
design limits. Above rated wind speed, pitch angle control pro-
vides an effective way to control the aerodynamic power and
loads produced by the rotor.
3. Minimizing vibrations and fatigue loads on the turbine mechan-
ical component. Avoiding a generator from over speed by con-
trolling the input mechanical torque, a pitching system has
the advantage of actively controlling the input mechanical tor-
que. Although the acceleration of the generator has been lim-
ited by the pitch control, the speed of the generator may rise
again after the controls have been removed.
3. Results and discussion
Fig. 7a shows that chord length distribution from the BEM anal-
ysis. The maximum chord length calculated to be 2.6 m at nearly
10% of blade length from the blade root to the value of nearly
0.3 m at tip. From the practical point of view, higher chord length
near the root contribute less to the power gained from wind
turbine and therefore it can be modified to reduce material weights
and costs and also provide ease of manufacturing [30–33]. Fig. 7b
shows the twist angle distribution across the blade length varying
from 38° in root to nearly 0° near tip of blade. The twist angle var-
iation along the rotor blade maintains the optimum sectional angle
of attack for producing the maximum lift to drag ratio at each
section.
In Fig. 8a, the angle of relative wind is varying from 43° in root
to 3° at tip producing the much desirable angle of attack value of 7°
as shown in Fig. 8b. The angle of attack, a, is constant for the full
length of the blade except from 90% of the blade length near to
tip that rapidly decreases to values of 6.2° due to tip losses. Tip
losses are due to tip vortexes generated at the tip of blades. The
undesirable effects of tip losses may be reduced by incorporating
new technologies developed in aviation industry [34] such as
wingtips implemented in fixed wing aircrafts or reshaping tip
blades in aircraft propellers.
Fig. 9a demonstrates that for any angle of attack, Cl is almost
constant to the value of 1.11 except at the tip which it drops to
the value of 1.05. Drag coefficient distribution is shown in Fig. 9b
which exhibit a constant value of 0.0069 everywhere. This provides
a lift to drag ratio of 161 nearly for 90% of the length of blade a very
desirable value for wind turbine blades. For large HAWT blades, the
effects of three dimensionality of flow field over blades may be
used to include lift losses due to effects of downwash. Downwash
effects in non-rotary fixed wings [13] causes a reduction in effec-
tive angle of attack and therefore a reduction in lift coefficient.
Fig. 10a shows that the axial induction factor is about 1/3 on
most of the blade length (0.2 r/R 0.8) which increases to a value
about 0.46 near tip of the nonlinear blade. However, the angular
induction factor attains high values near the root (0.55) which re-
duces considerably within 10% away from the root of blade as
shown in Fig. 10b. This suggest a room for improving aerodynamic
characteristics near both the root and the tip of blade using more
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
λ
PowerCoefficient(CP
)
Fig. 12. Power coefficient versus k.
Fig. 13. Monthly power density of Haddadeh at 40 m.
92 A. Sedaghat, M. Mirhosseini / Energy Conversion and Management 63 (2012) 87–94
7. comprehensive methods such as experimental measurements [33]
and/or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques [35].
Fig. 11a shows the local thrust coefficient, Ct, which is almost
equals to the constant value of nearly 0.88 which gradually de-
creases to about 0.84 near in both the root and the tip of blade.
Fig. 11b shows the power coefficient for the rotor blade which pos-
sess its maximum (Cp = 1.1) near tip at 90% of the blade length. The
variation of power coefficient across the rotor blade is nearly a lin-
ear function except a small margin near the tip of blade. An opti-
mum power distribution along the blade may concern with
reducing blade’s loads towards the tip of blade. This accomplish
in some designs by using variable airfoil sections from root to tip
of blade to reduce the maximum lift coefficient Clmax at sections
near the tip of blade [31].
In Fig. 12, the characteristic performance of the designed blade
in terms of the power coefficient Cp against tip speed ratios k is
shown. It is observed that Cp increases to its maximum (0.51) with
k up to its optimum value of 10, and then it decreases at higher tip
speed ratio values.
Thus, the predicted aerodynamic characteristics of the designed
300 kW HAWT is achieved according to the initial achievable opti-
mum value of Cpmax = 0.51 at k = 10. The monthly power density of
wind at Haddadeh calculated from annual wind data [7] is pre-
sented in Fig. 13. The available 10 minutely measured wind data
at the heights of 10 m, 30 m, and 40 m were provided by the Ira-
nian renewable energy organisation (SUNA) [36] for the period of
12 months.
Fig. 14 also compares the results from the measured wind data
by the Iranian renewable energy organisation (SUNA) [36] and our
Weibull distribution which shows power density at height of 40 m
is relatively good around 300 W/m2
for the class of wind turbine
designed here.
4. Conclusion
There are abundant high quality wind resources available in
Iran; however, the growth of wind turbine industry has been very
slow in Iran. This work attempts to address some issues and to pre-
liminary design a site specific 300 kW wind turbine based on man-
ufacturing and economical capabilities and also power demands in
the province of Semnan. The positive attitudes in power organiza-
tion in Iran for moving towards clean and renewable energies have
encouraged this type of research in several universities and private
organizations in Iran. This as yet requires incentives from European
and other developed countries to support research in renewable
energies in developing countries both economically and technolog-
ically to assist moving faster towards the world of carbon free. To
withstand against increasing CO2 emission into our environment
and global warming, imminent international efforts and collabora-
tions are required to further develop and enhance use of wind en-
ergy and other renewable resources.
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