This document discusses the differences between approved and acceptable repair data and how it impacts aircraft repairs. It explains that major repairs require approved data from authorities like the FAA or EASA, while minor repairs can use acceptable data. The new US-EU agreement will recognize acceptable minor repair data developed under FAA rules. Understanding these definitions helps operators get the right repair data and return aircraft to service more quickly.
Middle East Airlines MEA Internship Report - Industrial EngineeringMohammad Ali Rida
The document provides an overview of the author's 5-week internship training program with Middle East Airlines (MEA) and its technical services company MASCO. The training covered MEA's aircraft systems through formal classroom instruction and visits to MASCO's shops including wheels and tires, machine shop, metal shop, and CAMO (Continuous Airworthiness Management Organization). The goal was to link the author's theoretical aviation knowledge to practical maintenance experience and understand MEA's maintenance processes and adherence to aviation regulations. The training concluded that the author learned significantly about aircraft maintenance from this experience.
Mohammed Shueab Mujawar has over 32 years of experience in aviation, including 15 years in aircraft maintenance and 12 years in ground support equipment and ground handling. He currently mentors and coordinates aviation courses. He has an MBA in Aviation and Hospitality from IIMRT Ahmadabad and qualifications in aircraft maintenance. He has worked for the Indian Navy, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Air India, and as a faculty member and mentor for various aviation training programs. He is seeking a managerial, training, or ground operations position in aviation.
This document discusses Mihin Lanka's plan to replace its existing fleet of three Airbus aircraft with two new Boeing 737-800 aircraft in early 2015. It outlines the process for defining the aircraft systems, cabin layout and interior, vendor selection, and next steps. Key aspects that will be defined include the seat configuration, galley layout, interior colors and finishes. Replacing the Airbus fleet with more fuel-efficient Boeing aircraft will help reduce operating costs while allowing expansion to new routes. Establishing maintenance support from Lufthansa Technik will also help lower service costs.
Aviation Recruiting is a staffing firm comprised of aviation professionals with military and commercial experience. They provide recruiting services for aviation clients, including executive search, engineering staffing, flightdeck crew recruitment, and aircraft maintenance support. Their process involves getting to know the client's needs, conducting searches, managing candidates, presenting offers, and following up. Aviation Recruiting guarantees candidates for 90 days and has experience placing professionals globally with airlines and aerospace companies.
Spartan College of Aeronautics and Technology offers aviation and technology programs across three campuses in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Programs include aviation flight, aviation maintenance technology, avionics maintenance technology, and nondestructive testing, along with bachelor's degrees. Spartan has over 90,000 alumni and trains students with over 50% hands-on learning. Graduates have career opportunities in aviation, aerospace, and related industries.
Aviation Recruiting is a staffing firm comprised of aviation professionals with military and commercial experience. They provide recruiting services for a variety of aviation roles including executives, engineers, flight crews, and maintenance technicians. Their process involves understanding the client's needs, conducting searches, managing candidates, presenting offers, and following up. They guarantee placements for 90 days. Aviation Recruiting has experience placing candidates globally with airlines, OEMs, and other aviation companies.
Technowix Aero Corporation is an aviation services company based in Agra, India. It provides aero engineering procurement consultancy, aircraft parts and components supply, repair and overhaul services, engine overhauling, avionics repair, test equipment supply and calibration, ground support equipment, technical manpower outsourcing, and air charter services. The company aims to be a one-stop-shop for aviation needs and help reduce customers' operational costs. It has partnerships with FAA/EASA approved shops and manufacturers to ensure quality standards.
Middle East Airlines MEA Internship Report - Industrial EngineeringMohammad Ali Rida
The document provides an overview of the author's 5-week internship training program with Middle East Airlines (MEA) and its technical services company MASCO. The training covered MEA's aircraft systems through formal classroom instruction and visits to MASCO's shops including wheels and tires, machine shop, metal shop, and CAMO (Continuous Airworthiness Management Organization). The goal was to link the author's theoretical aviation knowledge to practical maintenance experience and understand MEA's maintenance processes and adherence to aviation regulations. The training concluded that the author learned significantly about aircraft maintenance from this experience.
Mohammed Shueab Mujawar has over 32 years of experience in aviation, including 15 years in aircraft maintenance and 12 years in ground support equipment and ground handling. He currently mentors and coordinates aviation courses. He has an MBA in Aviation and Hospitality from IIMRT Ahmadabad and qualifications in aircraft maintenance. He has worked for the Indian Navy, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Air India, and as a faculty member and mentor for various aviation training programs. He is seeking a managerial, training, or ground operations position in aviation.
This document discusses Mihin Lanka's plan to replace its existing fleet of three Airbus aircraft with two new Boeing 737-800 aircraft in early 2015. It outlines the process for defining the aircraft systems, cabin layout and interior, vendor selection, and next steps. Key aspects that will be defined include the seat configuration, galley layout, interior colors and finishes. Replacing the Airbus fleet with more fuel-efficient Boeing aircraft will help reduce operating costs while allowing expansion to new routes. Establishing maintenance support from Lufthansa Technik will also help lower service costs.
Aviation Recruiting is a staffing firm comprised of aviation professionals with military and commercial experience. They provide recruiting services for aviation clients, including executive search, engineering staffing, flightdeck crew recruitment, and aircraft maintenance support. Their process involves getting to know the client's needs, conducting searches, managing candidates, presenting offers, and following up. Aviation Recruiting guarantees candidates for 90 days and has experience placing professionals globally with airlines and aerospace companies.
Spartan College of Aeronautics and Technology offers aviation and technology programs across three campuses in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Programs include aviation flight, aviation maintenance technology, avionics maintenance technology, and nondestructive testing, along with bachelor's degrees. Spartan has over 90,000 alumni and trains students with over 50% hands-on learning. Graduates have career opportunities in aviation, aerospace, and related industries.
Aviation Recruiting is a staffing firm comprised of aviation professionals with military and commercial experience. They provide recruiting services for a variety of aviation roles including executives, engineers, flight crews, and maintenance technicians. Their process involves understanding the client's needs, conducting searches, managing candidates, presenting offers, and following up. They guarantee placements for 90 days. Aviation Recruiting has experience placing candidates globally with airlines, OEMs, and other aviation companies.
Technowix Aero Corporation is an aviation services company based in Agra, India. It provides aero engineering procurement consultancy, aircraft parts and components supply, repair and overhaul services, engine overhauling, avionics repair, test equipment supply and calibration, ground support equipment, technical manpower outsourcing, and air charter services. The company aims to be a one-stop-shop for aviation needs and help reduce customers' operational costs. It has partnerships with FAA/EASA approved shops and manufacturers to ensure quality standards.
JetBlue Airways faces several challenges going forward including maintaining its culture as it grows, managing two different fleet types, dealing with increasing maintenance costs as planes and engines age, and a growing senior leadership pool. The document discusses JetBlue's history and strategy of providing low-cost air travel with superior customer service. It analyzed JetBlue's financial position in terms of liquidity, stability, and profitability and found short-term liquidity and long-term profitability to be issues as profits declined. Maintaining this strategy amid industry competition will be a challenge.
The document discusses the role of human resource development (HRD) in the aviation industry. It provides an overview of the industry, covering its history from the early studies and flights of the Wright brothers to the current growth in India. It emphasizes the importance of HRD in aviation due to long work hours and frequent travel demands. HRD is responsible for employee satisfaction and efficiency through effective management and sound HR policies. Training and orientation programs are crucial, covering classroom, simulation, and on-the-job experiences. Career planning involves development opportunities both within and between airlines.
India's business aviation sector is growing rapidly as companies and individuals plan to purchase over 150 new jets in the next year. However, India faces several challenges in supporting a large fleet of business jets, including a lack of trained pilots, cabin crew, engineers and maintenance infrastructure. Specifically, India needs more training programs for pilots to gain the experience required to command jets, as well as training for cabin crews on the various jet types. Additional airports and terminals also need to be developed to handle the increasing number of business jets and reduce congestion at major airports. Overall, India requires a comprehensive policy to address the infrastructure and workforce gaps limiting the development of its business aviation industry.
Jet Airways implemented several eCommerce initiatives to improve customer satisfaction, including introducing bar-coded boarding passes, redesigning their website with additional language options and live weather updates, and offering online promotional prizes and check-in. The airline's chief commercial officer commented that Jet Airways aims to provide the finest customer experience through strategic use of technology, noting they were one of the first airlines to invest in eCommerce solutions.
The document is a resume for Saheda Khatun seeking a position utilizing her technical writing and instruction design skills. She has 2 years experience in technical documentation processes like writing contents and developing manuals. She is currently a technical writer working on aircraft maintenance projects, analyzing materials, reviewing work, and ensuring processes meet standards. Her qualifications include an aircraft maintenance engineering degree and skills in MS Office, Adobe PDF Editor.
This document is a curriculum vitae that outlines the personal and professional experience of Petar Tsvetanov Dimitrov. It includes his contact information, work history as an aircraft maintenance engineer for various companies since 1990, training and qualifications, and languages spoken. He has extensive experience maintaining various aircraft including ATR 42, BAe 146, Embraer ERJ-190, Airbus A319/320, Diamond D40, and Antonov AN 26.
This document summarizes the training services provided by FlyWings Simulator Training Centre Pvt. Ltd. (FWSTC). FWSTC offers a range of aviation safety and emergency procedures training for flight crews and cabin crews, including fire training, water survival training, slide evacuation training, and training using A320 simulators. The training is designed to meet global standards and provide trainees with qualifications to meet market standards in the aviation industry.
Beach Aviation Academy provides professional pilot training. It offers training for private pilot certification, instrument rating, commercial pilot certification, certified flight instructor certification, and jet transition training. It has locations at several airports in Florida and the Bahamas. Beach Aviation prides itself on scenario-based training and having over 100 years of combined flight experience among its instructors.
Gold Air Training Center is an aviation training organization established in 2010 based in Istanbul, Turkey. It provides EASA and national aviation training programs. It has partnerships with two EASA Part 147 approved maintenance training organizations - AeroBildungs GmbH and AirBerlin Technical Training Academy. Through these partnerships, Gold Air is authorized to provide various aircraft maintenance trainings, such as basic, type, workshop and on-job trainings. It also offers other aviation training programs on topics like dangerous goods regulations, cargo handling, and aviation English. Gold Air aims to support the growing aviation industry through high quality, nationally and internationally approved training programs.
ARPIEM Aviation Services is an aviation services company founded in 2004 in Bucharest, Romania. It provides aircraft component distribution, airworthiness management, charter flights, cargo transport, and operational support services. The company aims to ensure safe flights for customers through a quality management system and well-trained staff. It has expanded its services and facilities over time and now serves customers across Europe and the United States.
Dedienne Mro Management 2011 March EditionAmir MEKHAEIL
Dedienne Aerospace started in 1946 and has developed into an international business supplying ground support equipment through contracts with major OEMs like Airbus and Boeing. A key contract with Airbus in 2003 to supply equipment for the A380 line prompted the company to modernize its operations and design multi-functional equipment to serve multiple aircraft types. Dedienne is now building a global network of production, repair, and customer support centers to better serve customers worldwide.
Aircraft rescue and Fire Fighting training report at CIALIshwarya Niveda
This report summarizes the student's 10-day training at Cochin International Airport in Kerala, India. It first discusses how the airport was established and how it is powered solely by solar energy. Next, it covers the objectives of the training, including both theoretical and practical skills. It then examines how the airport manages operations and its organizational structure. The report also provides observations of the airport facilities and procedures. It describes the airport's rescue and firefighting services. Finally, it identifies some problems and provides suggestions for improvements.
Gold Air Training Center is an aviation training organization established in 2010 based in Istanbul, Turkey that provides training in 8 countries. It is approved by the Turkish Ministry of Education and Civil Aviation Authority. Gold Air is the official representative of 2 EASA Part 147 approved maintenance training organizations in Germany. It offers a variety of training programs, including EASA Part 66 license training, aircraft type training, on-job training, and safety and continuation training, to help students and professionals obtain licenses and meet requirements in aviation maintenance and operations.
The document discusses the aviation industry and compares old (A300) and new (A380) aircraft technologies. It acknowledges those who helped with the assignment. It then analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the aviation industry, including job opportunities, tourism, low cost airlines, and modernized airports. It provides details on the advantages of tourism and low cost airlines. Finally, it compares features of the A300 and A380 aircraft.
Abdul Nabi is seeking a challenging career that utilizes his 12 years of experience in mechanical engineering and CNC machining. He has a diploma in mechanical engineering and certificates in various STCW courses. Nabi has experience programming and operating CNC lathes and mills, manufacturing components for automotive and other industries. His previous roles include machine shop supervisor and CNC setter. He is proficient in AutoCAD, MS Office, and other software.
The document discusses competitive analysis of the airline industry. It covers product level analysis, core and supplementary services offered by airlines. It also discusses various aspects of airline branding like positioning, pricing strategies, marketing communications and different flight classes. The core service provided is transportation while supplementary services include information, consultation, order taking, hospitality and billing/payment options. Low cost carriers focus on value pricing while full service airlines offer premium pricing.
It is about technical publication course in bangalore. power point presentation produced by AAPTA technical publication.ltd this course enable you to build a valuable career for aircraft and auto mobile technical publication.
This document contains the resume of Ashish J Manjaly. It summarizes his personal details, education history, work experience, qualifications and skills. He has over 5 years of experience working as an aircraft technician on various aircraft types like Boeing 777, Airbus A320 and Boeing 737. He is looking to further his career in the aviation industry through continuous learning and skills improvement.
Gold Air Training Center is an aviation training organization providing EASA and national certification programs in aircraft maintenance, cargo handling, and other areas. It has approvals and partnerships that allow it to deliver Part 147, Part 66, IATA, and other internationally recognized training programs. Through collaborations with organizations like AeroBildungs GmbH and AirBerlin Technical Training Academy, Gold Air can offer programs in locations across Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. It aims to support growth in the aviation industry by training maintenance technicians, pilots, and other personnel to high standards.
This document lists the major agricultural resources produced in Pakistan in 2014, including their locations and quantities. The top crops by quantity are cotton, wheat, rice, potatoes and sugarcane. Other significant crops include mangoes, corn, barley, oranges, apples, tobacco, millet, pulses, oil seeds, peanuts, citrus fruits, dates, chili peppers, soybeans, chickpeas, fruits, bananas, onions, milk, beef and mutton. The document provides this detailed information for 40 different agricultural resources across Pakistan's major provinces.
JetBlue Airways faces several challenges going forward including maintaining its culture as it grows, managing two different fleet types, dealing with increasing maintenance costs as planes and engines age, and a growing senior leadership pool. The document discusses JetBlue's history and strategy of providing low-cost air travel with superior customer service. It analyzed JetBlue's financial position in terms of liquidity, stability, and profitability and found short-term liquidity and long-term profitability to be issues as profits declined. Maintaining this strategy amid industry competition will be a challenge.
The document discusses the role of human resource development (HRD) in the aviation industry. It provides an overview of the industry, covering its history from the early studies and flights of the Wright brothers to the current growth in India. It emphasizes the importance of HRD in aviation due to long work hours and frequent travel demands. HRD is responsible for employee satisfaction and efficiency through effective management and sound HR policies. Training and orientation programs are crucial, covering classroom, simulation, and on-the-job experiences. Career planning involves development opportunities both within and between airlines.
India's business aviation sector is growing rapidly as companies and individuals plan to purchase over 150 new jets in the next year. However, India faces several challenges in supporting a large fleet of business jets, including a lack of trained pilots, cabin crew, engineers and maintenance infrastructure. Specifically, India needs more training programs for pilots to gain the experience required to command jets, as well as training for cabin crews on the various jet types. Additional airports and terminals also need to be developed to handle the increasing number of business jets and reduce congestion at major airports. Overall, India requires a comprehensive policy to address the infrastructure and workforce gaps limiting the development of its business aviation industry.
Jet Airways implemented several eCommerce initiatives to improve customer satisfaction, including introducing bar-coded boarding passes, redesigning their website with additional language options and live weather updates, and offering online promotional prizes and check-in. The airline's chief commercial officer commented that Jet Airways aims to provide the finest customer experience through strategic use of technology, noting they were one of the first airlines to invest in eCommerce solutions.
The document is a resume for Saheda Khatun seeking a position utilizing her technical writing and instruction design skills. She has 2 years experience in technical documentation processes like writing contents and developing manuals. She is currently a technical writer working on aircraft maintenance projects, analyzing materials, reviewing work, and ensuring processes meet standards. Her qualifications include an aircraft maintenance engineering degree and skills in MS Office, Adobe PDF Editor.
This document is a curriculum vitae that outlines the personal and professional experience of Petar Tsvetanov Dimitrov. It includes his contact information, work history as an aircraft maintenance engineer for various companies since 1990, training and qualifications, and languages spoken. He has extensive experience maintaining various aircraft including ATR 42, BAe 146, Embraer ERJ-190, Airbus A319/320, Diamond D40, and Antonov AN 26.
This document summarizes the training services provided by FlyWings Simulator Training Centre Pvt. Ltd. (FWSTC). FWSTC offers a range of aviation safety and emergency procedures training for flight crews and cabin crews, including fire training, water survival training, slide evacuation training, and training using A320 simulators. The training is designed to meet global standards and provide trainees with qualifications to meet market standards in the aviation industry.
Beach Aviation Academy provides professional pilot training. It offers training for private pilot certification, instrument rating, commercial pilot certification, certified flight instructor certification, and jet transition training. It has locations at several airports in Florida and the Bahamas. Beach Aviation prides itself on scenario-based training and having over 100 years of combined flight experience among its instructors.
Gold Air Training Center is an aviation training organization established in 2010 based in Istanbul, Turkey. It provides EASA and national aviation training programs. It has partnerships with two EASA Part 147 approved maintenance training organizations - AeroBildungs GmbH and AirBerlin Technical Training Academy. Through these partnerships, Gold Air is authorized to provide various aircraft maintenance trainings, such as basic, type, workshop and on-job trainings. It also offers other aviation training programs on topics like dangerous goods regulations, cargo handling, and aviation English. Gold Air aims to support the growing aviation industry through high quality, nationally and internationally approved training programs.
ARPIEM Aviation Services is an aviation services company founded in 2004 in Bucharest, Romania. It provides aircraft component distribution, airworthiness management, charter flights, cargo transport, and operational support services. The company aims to ensure safe flights for customers through a quality management system and well-trained staff. It has expanded its services and facilities over time and now serves customers across Europe and the United States.
Dedienne Mro Management 2011 March EditionAmir MEKHAEIL
Dedienne Aerospace started in 1946 and has developed into an international business supplying ground support equipment through contracts with major OEMs like Airbus and Boeing. A key contract with Airbus in 2003 to supply equipment for the A380 line prompted the company to modernize its operations and design multi-functional equipment to serve multiple aircraft types. Dedienne is now building a global network of production, repair, and customer support centers to better serve customers worldwide.
Aircraft rescue and Fire Fighting training report at CIALIshwarya Niveda
This report summarizes the student's 10-day training at Cochin International Airport in Kerala, India. It first discusses how the airport was established and how it is powered solely by solar energy. Next, it covers the objectives of the training, including both theoretical and practical skills. It then examines how the airport manages operations and its organizational structure. The report also provides observations of the airport facilities and procedures. It describes the airport's rescue and firefighting services. Finally, it identifies some problems and provides suggestions for improvements.
Gold Air Training Center is an aviation training organization established in 2010 based in Istanbul, Turkey that provides training in 8 countries. It is approved by the Turkish Ministry of Education and Civil Aviation Authority. Gold Air is the official representative of 2 EASA Part 147 approved maintenance training organizations in Germany. It offers a variety of training programs, including EASA Part 66 license training, aircraft type training, on-job training, and safety and continuation training, to help students and professionals obtain licenses and meet requirements in aviation maintenance and operations.
The document discusses the aviation industry and compares old (A300) and new (A380) aircraft technologies. It acknowledges those who helped with the assignment. It then analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the aviation industry, including job opportunities, tourism, low cost airlines, and modernized airports. It provides details on the advantages of tourism and low cost airlines. Finally, it compares features of the A300 and A380 aircraft.
Abdul Nabi is seeking a challenging career that utilizes his 12 years of experience in mechanical engineering and CNC machining. He has a diploma in mechanical engineering and certificates in various STCW courses. Nabi has experience programming and operating CNC lathes and mills, manufacturing components for automotive and other industries. His previous roles include machine shop supervisor and CNC setter. He is proficient in AutoCAD, MS Office, and other software.
The document discusses competitive analysis of the airline industry. It covers product level analysis, core and supplementary services offered by airlines. It also discusses various aspects of airline branding like positioning, pricing strategies, marketing communications and different flight classes. The core service provided is transportation while supplementary services include information, consultation, order taking, hospitality and billing/payment options. Low cost carriers focus on value pricing while full service airlines offer premium pricing.
It is about technical publication course in bangalore. power point presentation produced by AAPTA technical publication.ltd this course enable you to build a valuable career for aircraft and auto mobile technical publication.
This document contains the resume of Ashish J Manjaly. It summarizes his personal details, education history, work experience, qualifications and skills. He has over 5 years of experience working as an aircraft technician on various aircraft types like Boeing 777, Airbus A320 and Boeing 737. He is looking to further his career in the aviation industry through continuous learning and skills improvement.
Gold Air Training Center is an aviation training organization providing EASA and national certification programs in aircraft maintenance, cargo handling, and other areas. It has approvals and partnerships that allow it to deliver Part 147, Part 66, IATA, and other internationally recognized training programs. Through collaborations with organizations like AeroBildungs GmbH and AirBerlin Technical Training Academy, Gold Air can offer programs in locations across Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. It aims to support growth in the aviation industry by training maintenance technicians, pilots, and other personnel to high standards.
This document lists the major agricultural resources produced in Pakistan in 2014, including their locations and quantities. The top crops by quantity are cotton, wheat, rice, potatoes and sugarcane. Other significant crops include mangoes, corn, barley, oranges, apples, tobacco, millet, pulses, oil seeds, peanuts, citrus fruits, dates, chili peppers, soybeans, chickpeas, fruits, bananas, onions, milk, beef and mutton. The document provides this detailed information for 40 different agricultural resources across Pakistan's major provinces.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang evolusi sistem informasi manajemen, dimulai dari fokus awal pada pengolahan data, kemudian bergeser fokusnya menjadi penyediaan informasi, lalu pendukung pengambilan keputusan. Sistem informasi saat ini mencakup komunikasi dan kecerdasan buatan untuk konsultasi. Komputer memainkan peran penting dalam sistem informasi manajemen modern.
The document provides information about an internship program in São Paulo, Brazil run by AIESEC in Mackenzie, describing the city of São Paulo, details of the program such as accommodations, activities, and Portuguese classes, testimonials from past interns, and several community projects interns can work on related to sustainable development goals.
Palm vein technology uses the unique vein patterns in individuals' palms for biometric identification and authentication. An infrared scanner reads the vein patterns and converts them into encrypted data points for verification. It has a very low false acceptance and rejection rate due to the uniqueness of palm vein patterns. Some applications of this technology include ATMs, laptops, passports, and areas requiring high security. Its advantages are high security, low cost, and lifelong usability. However, it is still relatively expensive compared to other biometric technologies.
This document discusses personal concierge services in Singapore that can fulfill various requests for their clients, including delivering items like condoms or preparing dishes like bird's nest soup. It notes that as Singaporeans become busier and more affluent, concierge companies are receiving more unusual demands. Some key details provided include that there are at least 16 concierge companies in Singapore, fees vary depending on the complexity of the task, and companies see growing demand as the industry continues to expand.
This document provides information about purchasing a 3Com 3C8220 (ESPL220 NB30) product from Launch 3 Telecom. It describes the product, provides contact information for purchasing, and details shipping and warranty policies. It also lists additional services offered by Launch 3 Telecom such as repairs, maintenance contracts, de-installation, and telecom equipment recycling.
Cessna developed a structural inspection program to ensure the continued safe operation of its single-engine airplanes. Visual inspections are used to detect corrosion and cracks caused by metal fatigue. Corrosion and metal fatigue inevitably reduce the load-carrying capability of aircraft structures over time. Thorough, frequent inspections are needed to maintain aircraft safety as they age. The inspection program aims to find issues before they become hazardous.
SI - PI, Yohana Premavari, Hapzi Ali, Isu Sosial dan Etika dalam Sistem Info...yohana premavari
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang isu sosial dan etika dalam implementasi sistem informasi dan internet. Secara singkat, dokumen tersebut menjelaskan bahwa sistem informasi memberikan dampak positif namun juga negatif seperti pelanggaran privasi. Dokumen tersebut juga membahas pentingnya etika dalam pengembangan sistem informasi seperti privasi data, keakuratan informasi, dan hak kekayaan intelektual.
The document discusses key concepts and models related to IT alignment based on prior research. It defines IT alignment as the fitness and integration between IT and business strategies and goals. It also discusses challenges to achieving alignment, different dimensions and levels of alignment, various measurement approaches, and models such as the MIT model and strategic alignment model. The document concludes by outlining different perspectives on alignment as either a process or end-state, and factors that can influence when and how organizations pursue IT alignment.
IT governance in the public sector: a conceptual modelRiri Kusumarani
IT governance in the public sector: a conceptual model
Tonelli, Adriano Olímpio, et al. "It governance in the public sector: a conceptual model." Information Systems Frontiers (2015): 1-18.
Este documento presenta el diseño del pavimento de un aeropuerto. Incluye estudios de tráfico aéreo, suelos, clima e inventario de materiales para la construcción. Aplica los métodos de diseño de la Administración Federal de Aviación de Estados Unidos para calcular los espesores de las capas de los pavimentos rígido y flexible en zonas críticas y no críticas, considerando la aeronave de diseño. Finalmente, realiza un análisis económico para la construcción de los pavimentos.
This document discusses using Docker Compose to run a Rails application with multiple services including PostgreSQL, Redis, Memcached, and Elasticsearch. It provides the docker-compose.yml configuration file that defines each service and links them together. It also includes the Rails Dockerfile that builds the application image and copies in the Gemfile and other dependencies. Instructions are provided for building the Docker images, running docker-compose up, and initializing the development environment.
Meet the dynamic requirements of your business and gain competitive advantage with FactsHCM integrated Human Capital Management solution. With FactsHCM , you can go beyond operational efficiency and achieve strategic excellence with a high performance HR.
Sim p4, rizhul januar ramadhan, hapzi ali, computer based information system,...Rizhul Ramadhan
Teks tersebut membahas evolusi sistem informasi berbasis komputer dan komponen-komponen utama sistem informasi berbasis komputer. Teks tersebut menjelaskan bahwa sistem informasi berkembang dari fokus pada data, informasi, pengambilan keputusan, komunikasi, hingga konsultasi. Komponen-komponen utama sistem informasi berbasis komputer terdiri atas perangkat keras, perangkat lunak, basis data, personel, prosedur, dan jaringan telekom
Jeppesen, a Boeing subsidiary, is transforming its support for customers by offering a broader array of technology-driven solutions beyond paper charts. These new solutions help airlines operate more efficiently through products for flight planning, crew scheduling, operations management, training, and environmental performance optimization. Jeppesen also now serves the marine and rail industries. To reflect these changes, Jeppesen has updated its logo to represent the company's contemporary and innovative approach while maintaining the brand's character from the past 75 years.
IBA Airline strategy - Possible cost benefits of an ageing aircraft fleetbenjacques
The document discusses airline strategy regarding operating older aircraft from 14-25 years versus replacing aircraft. It notes that while maintenance costs increase with aircraft age, leasing costs decrease, resulting in a relatively flat total cost curve. Operating older aircraft requires more training for mechanics, additional maintenance resources, and focus on passenger cabin experience to prevent the perception of an aging fleet. Overall, the document argues that for airlines used to new aircraft, operating in the 14-25 year range could produce cost savings and suit financial, operations, and customer needs.
Aerovista is an integrated aircraft leasing operator, providing ACMI/Wet lease, finance lease, dry lease and aircraft management to clients in fast-growing emerging markets, as well as a full scope of aviation-related services.
In the world of leasing solutions Aerovista stands apart from the crowd through its offering of Hybrid ACMI, a highly flexible unbundled approach that is customer friendly.
This document provides information about AERO - Bildung Luftfahrtbildungszentrum AERO, an aviation training academy approved by various aviation authorities. It is located in Istanbul, Turkey and provides training in Turkey as well as other countries. The document outlines the academy's approvals, principles, license categories and requirements to obtain an EASA Part 66 Aircraft Maintenance License. It details the categories of licenses including A, B1, B2, B3, C and experience requirements. It also provides module requirements for extending licenses to different categories.
Fractional aircraft ownership allows individuals to purchase a share of an aircraft at a lower upfront cost than full ownership. Owners receive a fixed number of flight hours per year based on the size of their share and can use the aircraft jointly with other owners. While scheduling can be restrictive, fractional ownership significantly reduces costs compared to renting or full ownership. It provides aircraft access without the responsibilities of maintenance, insurance, and crew that full ownership requires.
Engine PR MRs are crucial in aircraft leasing. They are the highest dollar item of monthly MR invoices. For older aircraft (around 15 years or older) the engine PR MRs can translate into a monthly expense higher than the Basic Rent itself.
As MR Rates depend on highly unpredictable SV Costs and MTBRs, this is usually an item heavily negotiated while agreeing on aircraft Leases. It is an area where the technical and legal teams from both the airline (lessee) and lessor need to work cooperatively to ensure smooth management of Engine PR MRs during the lease.
Finally, the economics of a leasing deal (for both the lessor and the lessee) depend greatly on the level of Engine PR MRs. In fact, this is typically a factor that has a significant effect while agreeing on the value of an aircraft that is being sold while on lease.
WheelTug PLC
What they do:
WheelTug develops and manufactures electric aircraft taxiing systems. Their flagship product is an in-wheel system installed on the nose wheels of aircraft.
The problem they solve: Traditional aircraft taxiing (moving on the ground between gate and runway) often requires pushback tugs or the use of the aircraft's main engines. This is inefficient, costly, and increases emissions.
How it works:
WheelTug's system uses electric motors powered by the plane's auxiliary power unit (APU) to enable aircraft to maneuver on the ground independently.
Benefits:
* Saves time during aircraft turnaround
* Reduces fuel burn and emissions
* Reduces noise pollution around airports
* Increases potential aircraft utilization
* Potentially improves safety by reducing the need for external vehicles
The document discusses inspections required on certificated aircraft according to FAR regulations. It covers the following key points:
- Owners are responsible for maintaining airworthiness and complying with inspections and airworthiness directives.
- Inspections required include annual inspections, 100-hour inspections, and inspections selected from FAA-approved programs depending on the aircraft type and operation.
- Additional inspections include altimeter and static system inspections every 24 months and transponder inspections every 24 months if the aircraft is equipped with a transponder.
JetBlue Airways was founded in 2000 by David Neeleman with a vision of providing low fares and high quality customer service. In 2008, after several leadership changes, JetBlue implemented new strategies like reducing capacity, raising fares, improving services for business travelers, and forming strategic partnerships. These strategies aligned with addressing industry challenges like high fuel costs and competition. The document discusses JetBlue's strategies and financial performance from 2003-2007, which supported replacing top management to help the company rebuild its reputation and develop innovative strategies for continued success.
Signature Flight Support is a global aviation services provider and part of BBA Aviation group. It operates over 100 FBO locations worldwide providing services like refueling, hangaring, and amenities. Signature also offers aircraft maintenance at 18 locations through its TECHNICAir brand. At its location at Los Angeles International Airport, Signature provides various services for corporate, commercial, and military aircraft, including quick turns, fueling, hangaring, maintenance, and amenities for pilots and passengers.
JetComplete and JetComplete Business are comprehensive aircraft support programs offered by Eclipse Aviation for their Eclipse 500 jet. JetComplete provides operational support services like flight planning, maintenance, training and discounts. It covers airframe, engine and component maintenance. Customers get 24/7 aircraft-on-ground support through OneCall. JetComplete Business offers additional services for higher-usage operators like unlimited pilot training and on-site maintenance. Both programs have pre-pay and pay-as-you-fly pricing options and cover between 300-750 flight hours over three years.
This document provides guidelines for qualifying air charter operators, aircrew, aircraft, and charter brokers to ensure safe air travel. It recommends that charter operators have the proper certifications, two licensed pilots, and meet other standards. Pilots should meet minimum experience requirements and ratings. Aircraft should be properly insured and maintained. Charter brokers are not required to be licensed but should be clear they are not direct air carriers and exercise due diligence in arranging qualified charter services.
Discover Top Challenges For The Aviation Industry In USAero cadet
Dive into this presentation from Aerocadet to know about the top challenges for aviation industry that every guy should before pursuing their career in aviation.
1. The document discusses through-life costs, which are the total costs of owning an aircraft over its lifetime, including acquisition, maintenance, fuel and personnel costs. It notes that customers are increasingly asking manufacturers like Airbus to consider through-life costs in aircraft design.
2. Airbus is taking several initiatives to address through-life costs, such as collaborating on integrated wing and life cycle cost modeling projects. These aim to better evaluate how new technologies impact overall costs.
3. Balancing performance improvements with implementation costs will be important for future designs to meet environmental and resource constraints while remaining affordable over the long run.
This document is a 34-page paper exploring operational efficiency within airlines. It begins by discussing how an airline's strategy, geographic area, and organizational structure can impact efficiency. It then examines various factors that influence efficiency, including turnaround times, maintenance scheduling, fleet age, and dispatch issues. The document considers different types of route structures and their relative efficiencies. It also notes potential pitfalls in how airlines analyze and interpret efficiency.
Aerospace companies are facing challenges from shorter development cycles, complex technology, and changing customer demands. To address this, companies need to focus on service-centric business models that emphasize efficient operations and maintenance, excellent customer experience, and advanced data analytics. Adopting these service models can help companies increase profits and customer loyalty in both new product development and aftermarket maintenance, repair, and overhaul.
- Embraer faced an unprecedented global financial crisis in 2009 that severely impacted the worldwide air transportation market. The company took steps to adjust to the new market reality while preserving its financial health.
- Embraer delivered 244 aircraft in 2009, a new record, and increased its net cash despite an 8% drop in net income due to changes in product mix. The company achieved most of its targets for the year.
- Embraer's ERJ 145 and E-Jet families have a market share of 45% in the 30-120 seat aircraft segment and continue to see strong demand and orders from airlines globally. The company has a positive outlook for future growth in this market.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
3. 01
boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine Issue 27_Quarter 03 | 2007
contents
03
Total Training Solutions
Alteon works with customers and regulatory
authorities around the world to enhance global
standards for proficiency and training excellence.
07
Approved Versus
Acceptable Repair Data
By understanding the type of repair data needed,
operators can return airplanes to revenue
service quickly.
15
Overweight Landings?
What to Consider
With fuel costs rising, airlines want help deciding
whether to land overweight, burn off fuel, or
jettison fuel.
22
Remote Management
of Real-Time Airplane Data
Designed by Boeing and airline users, Airplane
Health Management collects in-flight airplane
information and relays it in real-time to
maintenance personnel on the ground.
03
07
15
22
5. 03
boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine
Boeing Provides
Total Training Solutions
Through Alteon
Alteon, Boeing’s training company, works to
provide you, our customer, with the highest quality
and best value in aviation training. Our focus is
to help you succeed by choosing the right locations,
devices, and offerings to meet your training
requirements. Our goal, simply stated, is to be
chosen by you as your training partner.
This is a responsibility we don’t take lightly. We
believe that your trust is earned through coop
erative working relationships that exceed your
expectations and support your economic goals.
We are listening to your concerns and responding
to your needs to engage you in a profitable long-
term training partnership.
Alteon is proud to be Boeing’s training company
providing global training solutions. In response
to your requests, Alteon training is now available
in more locations worldwide than ever before.
We currently offer globally dispersed flight and
maintenance training on more than 80 full-flight
simulators at 23 training locations on six conti
nents. By establishing flight centers around the
world, Alteon can offer training close to your home
base, saving you the time and money of flying to
distant training centers. This proactive approach
is best demonstrated by the opening of our newest
training facility in Singapore. At 70,000 square
feet, it is the largest Alteon training facility in the
Asia-Pacific region, with a capacity to train more
than 6,000 pilot crews per year.
Another way Alteon is working to provide
value to you is through seamless availability to
training and support between Alteon and Boeing
Commercial Airplanes. This may be best displayed
by the innovative working-together approach we
are taking for crew training on the revolutionary
Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Customers who purchase
the 787 will be awarded points that can be
redeemed for Alteon training services in lieu
of a standard training package. This allows each
airline to customize a training package that meets
its own training requirements. Alteon is initially
deploying 787 training suites at nine locations
sherry carbary
President, Alteon
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The new 70,000-square-foot Singapore training center
is the most recent example of Alteon’s global outreach.
7. 05
boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine
around the world. The training suite includes a full-
flight simulator, desk-top trainer, flat panel trainer,
computer-based training, and door trainer.
As a total solutions training provider, Alteon
provides unsurpassed maintenance and cabin-
crew training. Our maintenance program provides
customized airplane maintenance training solutions
for airline and third-party maintenance providers.
Our courses prepare technicians to maintain their
fleet safely and efficiently over the life of an air
plane. The instructors have substantial experience
in teaching both industry and manufacturer
procedures. In addition to customer-tailored
courses, we offer Web-based distance learning
for model-specific training. Our cabin-crew
training courses include thorough initial and
corporate crew training, as well as recurrent
training for crewmembers refreshing their safety
and lifesaving skills.
Whether simply renting simulator time or
taking advantage of all our services and instructor-
based training, the choice is up to you based on
your needs.
Training is Alteon’s only business. We are
committed to working with customers and regula
tory authorities around the world to enhance global
standards for proficiency and training excellence.
We look forward to working together with you.
Sherry Carbary
President
Alteon
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Approved Versus
Acceptable Repair Data:
How to Make Sure You
Have What You Need
Classifying a repair as
“major” or “Minor” is
based on the complexity
of the repair and
the capability of the
operator.
9. 07
boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine
by Dale Johnson and Ron Lockhart,
Regulatory and Industry Liaison Program Managers,
Commercial Aviation Services
Boeing aims to provide a quick and accurate response to operator requests
for repair data. However, the escalating operator demand for approved repair
data can mean longer response times and result in operators having airplanes
out of service longer than desired. By understanding the different types of
repair data, applicable regulations, and the process for submitting requests
for repair data, operators can receive the repair data they need and minimize
the length of time an airplane is out of revenue service.
Operators are often faced with a dilemma when
determining the type of repair data that is needed
to meet regulatory requirements. Under the United
States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
system, repair data can be classified as either
“acceptable” or “approved.” In European Aviation
Safety Agency (EASA) regulations, all repair data
shall be “approved.”
In addition, a new bilateral agreement
between the United States (U.S.) and the European
Union (EU) is refocusing attention on the issue of
approved versus acceptable repair data. Many
operators and maintenance, repair, and overhaul
(MRO) organizations in the EU are not familiar with
“acceptable” repair data because it is not
commonly allowed by EASA.
This article defines “acceptable” and
“approved” repair data, explains the differences
between the FAA and EASA regulations, outlines
the repair data section of the new bilateral
agreement between the U.S. and the EU, and
familiarizes operators with the most effective
ways to receive the appropriate repair data needed
from Boeing.
Approved versus
acceptable repair data
By understanding the type of repair data needed
for each classification of damage, operators can
minimize delays and return airplanes to revenue
service quickly. The FAA and EASA definitions of
each classification of damage and authorized repair
data type are summarized in figure 1, and further
explained in subsequent sections of this article.
Boeing and the FAA expect appropriately
approved airline, maintenance, and MRO person
nel to assess whether a repair is major or minor,
and to use an assessment process preapproved
by their national aviation authority.
FAA SYSTEM
Operators under FAA jurisdiction are responsible
for ensuring that repairs are accomplished
according to all applicable regulations under
U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 14 CFR Part 43.
Airplane repairs of damage can be classified as
either “major” or “minor.” This assessment is
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aero quarterly qtr_03 | 07
based on the scope and complexity of the repair
and the experience and capability of the operator.
The responsibility for determining whether a
repair is major or minor rests with operators, repair
stations, and holders of an inspection or mainte
nance authorization. Because the classification of
a repair as either major or minor is not a 14 CFR
Part 25 requirement, this classification is outside
the scope of FAA authority delegated to Boeing. In
the U.S., all operators have authority to use
acceptable repair data for minor repairs without
additional FAA approval.
FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 43-18 describes
acceptable data as data acceptable to the FAA
that can be used for maintenance, minor repair,
or minor alteration that complies with applicable
airworthiness regulations. Acceptable data can be
provided by a type certificate (TC)/supplemental
type certificate (STC) holder or third-party operator
or MRO qualified engineer.
FAA AC 120-77 defines approved data as:
“Technical and/or substantiating data that has
been approved by the FAA” or by an FAA delegate
such as a FAA-designated engineering represen
tative (DER) or FAA-authorized representative (AR).
If the operator’s qualified personnel determine the
damage necessitates a major repair, then FAA
approval of the repair data is required. Operators
have many ways to obtain FAA-approved repair data:
■ Accomplish the repair per the Boeing structural
repair manual (SRM) because all repairs in the
Boeing SRM are FAA approved.
■ Apply to the FAA directly.
■ Use a DER, who has a “special delegation”
from the FAA, to approve data for major repairs
using an FAA form 8110-3.
■ Where FAA authorization has been delegated to
Boeing under delegation option authorization (14
CFR Part 21.231), a Boeing AR may approve the
engineering repair data on an FAA form 8100-9.
FAA VERSUS EASA
OVERVIEW
Figure 1
Although the FAA and EASA
have similar definitions
for what constitutes major
and minor repairs, the
requirement for acceptable
or approved data is quite
different.
faa definition
part 1
Major R epair
Major repairs are those that
if improperly done, might
appreciably affect weight,
balance, structural strength,
performance, power-plant
operation, flight characteristics,
or other qualities affecting
airworthiness or that; are not
done according to accepted
practices or elementary
operations.
minor R epair
Minor repair is any repair,
other than a major repair.
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boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine
easa definition
part 21
faa repair
data
easa repair
data
All other repairs that are
not minor.
(Ref. EASA GM 21A.91 and
GM 21A.435[a])
Approved data from the FAA
or FAA designee — designated
engineering representative (DER)
or authorized representative (AR)
Approved by EASA or
EASA design organization
approval (DOA)
A minor repair is one that
has no appreciative effect on
the mass, balance, structural
strength, reliability, operational
characteristics, noise, fuel
venting, exhaust emissions,
or other characteristics
affecting the airworthiness
of the airplane.
Acceptable data from
the operator or
type certificate (TC) /
supplemental type
certificate (STC) holder
Approved data by EASA or
EASA DOA; or acceptable
data from the TC/STC holder
or third party*
* Acceptable data developed under the FAA system for a minor
repair will be automatically approved by EASA under the
pending U.S.-EU Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement.
EASA SYSTEM
EASA regulations (Commission Regulation Euro
pean Community [EC] 2042/2003 Annex I Part M)
require “approved” data for both minor and major
classifications of airplane repairs. This policy is in
contrast to the FAA system that requires “approved”
data for major repairs only and “acceptable” data
for minor repairs.
Additionally, EU operators under EASA regu
lations cannot make determinations of minor or
major for repairs unless they hold an EASA design
organization approval (DOA). EU operators without
an EASA DOA must rely on EASA directly or con
tract with an EASA-authorized DOA holder to have
the repair classified.
There are different levels of EASA DOA
authorization. For example, Basic DOA allows the
holder to classify major or minor repairs and
approve minor repairs only. A TC/STC holder with
an EASA DOA can also approve both major and
minor repairs.
Regulations similar to EASA’s are being
adopted by global national aviation authorities
outside the EU, including Australia and India.
U.S.-EU BILATERAL AVIATION
SAFETY AGREEMENT
Both the FAA and EASA continue to work to
harmonize regulations with joint principles and
processes. To minimize the impact to operators
resulting from two distinct repair data approval
systems, a special interim provision from the
U.S.-EU Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement was
released on April 1, 2007.
Amending the Implementation Procedures for
Airworthiness (IPA) in existing Joint Aviation
Authorities (JAA) bilateral agreements between the
U.S. and six EU member states (France, Germany,
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aero quarterly qtr_03 | 07
The number of requests for approved repair data via an
FAA form 8100-9 for 707, 727, 737, 747, 757, 767, and
777 airplanes has increased nearly sixfold since 1992,
a rate disproportionate to the growth in the size of the
worldwide Boeing fleet.
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
2059
4375
5240
6071
6624
8083
7588
7817
7373
9252
12006
2070
2289
2376
2932
1992 20061999
structures 8110-3/8100-9
requests versus fleet size
(707, 727, 737, 747, 757, 767, 777)
Figure 2
= 8110-3/8100-9
= Fleet Size
15. 13
boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine
Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, and the United
Kingdom), this provision clarifies the mutual
acceptance of repair data between the FAA and
EASA. This allows acceptable structural repair data
from TC / STC holders under the FAA system to be
automatically approved by EASA.
Although this means Boeing will continue to
provide an 8100-9 approval for major repairs, an EU
operator and MRO in those six EU member states
can now use Boeing acceptable data for minor repairs
without additional EASA or EASA DOA approval.
A new bilateral agreement between the U.S.
and the EU is planned to be signed in the near
future, allowing implementation of the mutual
acceptance of repair data by all EU member states.
Growing demand
for approved data
During the last 15 years, Boeing has seen a
significant increase in demand for approved
structural repair data requests from operators,
while the number of Boeing airplanes in the
fleet has remained somewhat level (see fig. 2).
This increase primarily involves Boeing 707, 727,
737, 747, 757, 767, and 777 airplanes. The
demand for approved structural repair data for
the Douglas fleets — DC‑8, DC‑9, MD‑80/90,
DC‑10, MD‑11, etc. — has remained relatively
steady during the last several years.
The aging of the airplane fleet alone does not
appear to explain this significant increase in opera
tor requests. The data suggests that operators may
not fully understand the regulatory requirements
that dictate approved versus acceptable data, or
are asking for approved data for nonregulatory
purposes, such as for records to support future
airplane ownership transfer. There is also a higher
demand for approved data from EU member states
than the rest of the world.
The increased demand challenges Boeing
Delegated Compliance Organization resources,
resulting in extended — and often unnecessary —
airplane downtime.
How operators can get the data
they need from Boeing
Boeing encourages all operators and MROs to
use the Boeing SRM whenever possible, because
all repairs in the SRM have been approved by
the FAA. Additionally, operators and MROs should
familiarize themselves with FAA AC 120-77,
which provides guidance for minor deviations
from allowable damage limits in the SRM and
other manufacturer’s service documents resulting
in greater applicability to more repairs.
Finally, when submitting a request to Boeing for
either acceptable or approved repair data, follow
the process contained in the appropriate multi-
model service letter “BCA Review and Delegated
Approval of Airplane Structural Repair and
Modification Data” (e.g., 737-SL-51-027-E). Using
this process helps ensure that all the information
needed to evaluate the repair design is available
and can be efficiently processed.
SUMMARY
Boeing strives to provide accurate and responsive
fleet support to operator requests for repair data.
By understanding applicable regulations, using the
Boeing SRM, and following established procedures,
operators can receive the information they need
efficiently, reducing airplane downtime. The value
of structural repairs contained in the Boeing
SRM is that they are available for immediate use
by the operator and are approved by both the
FAA and EASA.
For more information, please contact your
local Boeing Field Service representative or Dale
Johnson at dale.r.johnson2@boeing.com or Ron
Lockhart at ronald.j.lockhart2@boeing.com.
The data suggests
that operators may not
fully understand the
regulatory requirements
that dictate approved
versus acceptable data.
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There are important issues
when deciding to land
overweight, burn off fuel,
or jettison fuel.
Overweight Landing?
Fuel Jettison?
What to Consider
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boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine
An overweight landing is defined as a landing made
at a gross weight in excess of the maximum design
(i.e., structural) landing weight for a particular
model. A pilot may consider making an overweight
landing when a situation arises that requires the
airplane to return to the takeoff airport or divert to
another airport soon after takeoff. In these cases, the
airplane may arrive at the landing airport at a weight
considerably above the maximum design landing
weight. The pilot must then decide whether to reduce
the weight prior to landing or land overweight. The
weight can be reduced either by holding to burn off
fuel or by jettisoning fuel. There are important
issues to consider when a decision must be made to
land overweight, burn off fuel, or jettison fuel.
by Rick Colella,
Flight Operations Engineer
Due to continuing increases in the cost of fuel,
airlines want help deciding whether to land
overweight, burn off fuel, or jettison fuel. Each
choice has its own set of factors to consider.
Holding to burn off fuel or jettisoning fuel prior to
landing will result in increased fuel cost and time-
related operational costs. Landing overweight
requires an overweight landing inspection with its
associated cost. Many airlines provide their flight
crews with guidelines to enable the pilot to make
an intelligent decision to burn off fuel, jettison fuel,
or land overweight considering all relevant factors
of any given situation.
This article provides general information and
technical data on the structural and performance
aspects of an overweight landing to assist airlines
in determining which option is best suited to their
operation and to a given situation. The article
covers these facets of overweight landings and
fuel jettisoning:
■ Regulatory aspects.
■ Safety and ecological aspects.
■ Airplane structural capability.
■ Airplane performance capability.
■ Automatic landings.
■ Overweight landing inspection requirements.
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Regulatory aspects
The primary Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
regulations involved in landing overweight and fuel
jettison are:
■ Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) 25.1519 —
Requires the maximum landing weight to be an
operating limitation.
■ FAR 91.9 — Requires compliance with
operating limitations.
■ FAR 121.557 and FAR 121.559 — Allow the
pilot in command to deviate from prescribed
procedures as required in an emergency
situation in the interest of safety. In June 1972,
the FAA issued Air Carrier Operations Bulletin
No. 72-11 giving three examples of situations
the FAA considered typical of those under
which pilots may be expected to use their
emergency authority in electing to land
overweight:
■ Any malfunction that would render the
airplane unairworthy.
■ Any condition or combination, thereof,
mechanical or otherwise, in which an
expeditious landing would reduce the
exposure to the potential of additional
problems which would result in a
derogation or compromise of safety.
■ Serious illness of crew or passengers which
would require immediate medical attention.
■ FAR 25.1001 — Requires a fuel jettison
system unless it can be shown that the
airplane meets the climb requirements of
FAR 25.119 and 25.121(d) at maximum
takeoff weight, less the actual or computed
weight of fuel necessary for a 15-minute flight
comprising a takeoff, go-around, and landing
at the airport of departure.
To comply with FAR 24.1001, the 747 and
MD-11, for example, require a fuel jettison system.
Some models, such as the 777 and some 767
airplanes have a fuel jettison system installed, but
it is not required by FAR. Other models such as the
DC-9, 717, 737, 757, and MD-80/90 do not require,
or do not have, a fuel jettison system based on
compliance with FAR Part 25.119 and 25.121(d).
Safety and ecological aspects
Landing overweight and fuel jettisoning are both
considered safe procedures: There are no acci
dents on record attributed to either cause. In the
preamble to Amendment 25-18 to FAR Part 25,
relative to fuel jettison, the FAA stated, “There has
been no adverse service experience with airplanes
certificated under Part 25 involved in overweight
landings.” Furthermore, service experience indi
cates that damage due to overweight landing is
extremely rare.
Obviously, landing at weights above the maxi
mum design landing weight reduces the normal
performance margins. An overweight landing with
an engine inoperative or a system failure may
be less desirable than landing below maximum
landing weight. Yet, delaying the landing with a
malfunctioning system or engine failure in order
to reduce weight or jettison fuel may expose the
airplane to additional system deterioration that can
make the situation worse. The pilot in command is
in the best position to assess all relevant factors
and determine the best course of action.
Some operators have questioned whether fuel
jettison is permissible when an engine or airframe
fire exists. There is no restriction on fuel jettison
during an in-flight fire, whether inside or outside
the airplane. During airplane certification, Boeing
demonstrates to the FAA in a variety of flight
conditions that jettisoned fuel does not impinge or
reattach to airplane surfaces. As fuel is jettisoned,
it is rapidly broken up into small droplets, which
then vaporize. Boeing does not recommend
operator-improvised fuel jettison procedures,
such as jettisoning fuel from only one side during
an engine fire. Such procedures are not only
FLAP PLACARD SPEED MARGINS AT WEIGHTS
UP TO MAXIMUM TAKEOFF WEIGHT
Boeing Models with Fuel Jettison Systems
Figure 1
Landing overweight and
jettisoning fuel are both
considered safe procedures.
19. 140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
900860820780740700660620580540500460420380340300
MD-11 Flaps 35 Placard
767 Flaps 25 Placard
777 Flaps 25 Placard
777 Flaps 20 Placard
767-300ER
Vref 25
MD-11
Vref 35
777-200ER
Vref 25
Vref 20 747-400B
Vref 25
747-400 Flaps 25 Placard
17
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unnecessary but also can increase jettison time
and crew workload.
The ecological aspects of fuel jettison have
been most closely studied by the United States Air
Force (USAF). These studies have shown that, in
general, fuel jettisoned above 5,000 to 6,000 feet
will completely vaporize before reaching the ground.
Therefore, Boeing’s general recommendation is to
jettison fuel above 5,000 to 6,000 feet whenever
possible, although there is no restriction on jettison
ing at lower altitudes if considered necessary by
the flight crew.
Fuel jettison studies have indicated that the
most significant variables related to fuel vapori
zation are fuel type and outside air temperature.
Some studies found that temperature can have
a very significant effect on the altitude needed
to completely vaporize fuel. For example, one
USAF study found that a 36-degree Fahrenheit
(20-degree Celsius) reduction in temperature
can change the amount of liquid fuel reaching
the ground by as much as a factor of 10. Other
factors such as fuel jettison nozzle dispersion
characteristics, airplane wake, and other atmos
pheric conditions can affect the amount of fuel
that reaches the ground.
Even though fuel is vaporized, it is still sus
pended in the atmosphere. The odor can be
pronounced, and the fuel will eventually reach
the ground. Boeing is not aware of any ecological
interest promoting a prohibition on fuel jettisoning.
Because of the relatively small amount of fuel that
is jettisoned, the infrequency of use, and the safety
issues that may require a fuel jettison, such regula
tions are not likely to be promulgated.
Airplane structural capability
Overweight landings are safe because of the
conservatism required in the design of transport
category airplanes by FAR Part 25.
FAR criteria require that landing gear design
be based on:
■ A sink rate of 10 feet per second at the
maximum design landing weight; and
■ A sink rate of 6 feet per second at the
maximum design takeoff weight.
Typical sink rates at touchdown are on the
order of 2 to 3 feet per second, and even a
“hard” landing rarely exceeds 6 feet per second.
Additionally, the landing loads are based on the
worst possible landing attitudes resulting in high
loading on individual gear. The 747-400 provides
an excellent example. The 747-400 body gear,
which are the most aft main gear, are designed
to a 12-degree nose-up body attitude condition.
In essence, the body gear can absorb the entire
landing load. The wing gear criteria are similarly
stringent: 8 degrees roll at 0 degrees pitch.
Other models are also capable of landing
at maximum design takeoff weight, even in
unfavorable attitudes at sink rates up to 6 feet
per second. This is amply demonstrated during
certification testing, when many landings are
performed within 1 percent of maximum design
takeoff weight.
When landing near the maximum takeoff
weight, flap placard speeds at landing flap
positions must be observed. Due to the
conservative criteria used in establishing flap
placard speeds, Boeing models have ample
approach speed margins at weights up to the
maximum takeoff weight (see fig. 1).
In addition to specifying a maximum landing
weight, the FAA-approved airplane flight manual
(AFM) for some 747-400 and MD-11 airplanes
includes a limitation on the maximum in‑flight
weight with landing flaps. This weight is conser
vatively established to comply with FAR 25.345,
flaps down maneuvering to a load factor of 2.0.
Compliance with FAR 25.345 is shown at a weight
sufficiently above the maximum design landing
weight to allow for flap extension and maneuvering
prior to landing. Because the loads developed on
the flaps are primarily a function of airspeed and
are virtually independent of weight, the flaps will
AIRSPEED–kts
gross weight – 1,000 lbs
21. 19
boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine
not be overstressed as long as airspeed does not
exceed the flap placard speed.
If the maximum in-flight weight with landing
flaps is exceeded, no special structural inspection
is required unless the flap placard speed or
the maximum landing weight is also exceeded.
Generally, if the maximum in-flight weight with
landing flaps is exceeded, the maximum design
landing weight will also be exceeded and, by
definition, an overweight landing inspection
will be required.
Loading on the basic wing structure due to
increased landing weight can be controlled by
limiting the bank angle. To maintain reasonable
structural margins, Boeing recommends that
operating load factors be limited to those corres
ponding to a stabilized 30-degree banked turn.
All Boeing airplanes have adequate strength
margins during overweight landings when normal
operating procedures are used, bank angle does
not exceed 30 degrees, and flap placard speeds
are not exceeded.
Airplane performance capability
Increased gross weight can have a significant
effect on airplane performance. Whenever possible,
it is strongly recommended that normal FAR landing
performance margins be maintained even during
overweight landing. The AFM typically provides
landing performance data at weights significantly
above the maximum design landing weight and
can be used in conjunction with landing analysis
programs to calculate landing performance.
The landing field length capability of Boeing
airplanes is such that, even ignoring reverse thrust,
excess stopping margin is available at weights well
above the maximum design landing weight (see
fig. 2). The data in figure 2 are based on a dry
runway with maximum manual braking. Wet and
slippery runway field-length requirements, as well
as autobrake performance, should be verified from
the landing distance information in the perform
ance section of the flight crew operations manual
(FCOM) or quick reference handbook (QRH).
Climb performance exceeds the FAA landing
climb gradient requirements (3.2% gradient with all
engines operating, landing flaps and gear down),
even at the maximum design takeoff weight as
shown by the Landing Climb symbols in Figure 3.
Climb performance generally meets the FAA
approach gradient requirements (one engine
inoperative with approach flaps and gear up)
at weights well above maximum design landing
weight as shown by the App Climb curves in
figure 3, and a positive approach climb gradient
is available with one engine inoperative even at
the maximum design takeoff weight.
Normally, landing brake energy is not a problem
for an overweight landing because the brakes are
sized to handle a rejected takeoff at maximum
takeoff weight. When using normal landing flaps,
brake energy limits will not be exceeded at all
gross weights. When landing at speeds associated
with non-normal procedures with nonstandard flap
settings, maximum effort stops may exceed the
brake energy limits. In these cases, Boeing
recommends maximizing use of the available
runway for stopping. For Boeing 7-series models
other than the 717, techniques for accomplishing
this are provided in the overweight landing
discussion in the “Landing” chapter of the Boeing
flight crew training manuals (FCTM).
The stability and control aspects of overweight
landings have been reviewed and found to be
satisfactory. Stabilizer trim requirements during
approach are unchanged provided normal Vref
speeds are flown. Speed stability, the control
column force required to vary airspeed from the
trimmed airspeed, is slightly improved. Pitch and
roll response are unchanged or slightly improved
as the increased airspeed more than compensates
for increased mass and inertia effects.
Additional information on overweight landing
techniques for Boeing 7-series models other than
the 717 can be found in the “Landing” chapter of
the FCTM.
Overweight automatic landings are not
recommended. Autopilots on Boeing airplanes
are not certified for automatic landing above
the maximum design landing weight.
22. 20
aero quarterly qtr_03 | 07
300 400 500 600 700 800 900
2
4
6
8
10
777-200 ER
Landing Climb
MD-11
Landing Climb
747-400B
Landing Climb
767-300 ER
Landing Climb
767-300ER
App Climb
MD-11
App Climb
777-200ER
App Climb
747-400B
App Climb
FAR App Climb Limit –
Four-Engine Airplanes
Three-Engine Airplanes
Two-Engine Airplanes
Automatic landings
Overweight automatic landings are not recom
mended. Autopilots on Boeing airplanes are not
certified for automatic landing above the maximum
design landing weight. At higher-than-normal
speeds and weights, the performance of these
systems may not be satisfactory and has not been
thoroughly tested. An automatic approach may
be attempted; however, the pilot should disengage
the autopilot prior to flare height and accomplish
a manual landing.
In an emergency, should the pilot determine
that an overweight autoland is the safest course
of action, the approach and landing should be
closely monitored by the pilot and the following
factors considered:
■ Touchdown may be beyond the normal touch
down zone; allow for additional landing distance.
■ Touchdown at higher-than-normal sink rates
may result in exceeding structural limits.
■ Plan for a go-around or manual landing if
autoland performance is unsatisfactory;
automatic go-around can be initiated until just
prior to touchdown and can be continued even
if the airplane touches down after initiation of
the go-around.
Overweight landing
inspection requirements
The Boeing airplane maintenance manual (AMM)
provides a special inspection that is required any
time an overweight landing occurs, regardless of
how smooth the landing. The AMM inspection is
provided in two parts. The Phase I (or A-check)
conditional inspection looks for obvious signs of
structural distress, such as wrinkled skin, popped
fasteners, or bent components in areas which are
readily accessible. If definite signs of overstressing
are found, the Phase II (or B-check) inspection
must be performed. This is a much more detailed
inspection and requires opening access panels
to examine critical structural components. The
Phase I or A-check conditional inspection can
typically be accomplished in two to four labor
hours. This kind of inspection is generally not a
problem because an airplane that has returned
or diverted typically has a problem that takes
longer to clear than the inspection itself.
Summary
When circumstances force a pilot to choose
between an overweight landing or jettisoning fuel,
a number of factors must be considered. The
information in this article is designed to facilitate
these decisions. For more information, please
contact Boeing Flight Operations Engineering
at FlightOps.Engineering@boeing.com.
GRADIENT–%
gross weight – 1,000 lbs
PA = 2,000 ft
OAT = 30 deg C
Go-Around Thrust Limits
Vref+5 kts
7-Series: App Flaps 20
Land Flaps 25
MD-11: App Flaps 28
Land Flaps 35
climb performance margins at weights
up to maximum takeoff weight
Figure 3
23. 787
technology
highlight
The 787 design incorporates onboard
structural health management
technologies which will mitigate
the operational impact and costs
associated with structural inspections
after an overweight or hard landing.
This technology will greatly simplify
the process of determining whether
or not a landing has exceeded the
capabilities of the airplane structure
and will significantly reduce the
inspection burden on the operator.
This capability will reduce the overall
downtime and maintenance costs
associated with overweight and hard
landing events without impacting
flight crew workload or operational
procedures. More information on this
new technology will be covered in a
future issue of AERO.
24. 22
aero quarterly qtr_03 | 07
Remote
Management
of Real-Time
Airplane Data
by John B. Maggiore,
Manager, Airplane Health Management,
Aviation Information Services
Operators are reducing flight delays, cancellations, air turnbacks, and
diversions through an information tool called Airplane Health Manage
ment (AHM). Designed by Boeing and airline users, AHM collects
in-flight airplane information and relays it in real-time to maintenance
personnel on the ground via the Web portal MyBoeingFleet.com. When
an airplane arrives at the gate, maintenance crews can be ready with
the parts and information to quickly make any necessary repairs. AHM
also enables operators to identify recurring faults and trends, allowing
airlines to proactively plan future maintenance.
AHM is a key part of an aviation system in which
data, information, and knowledge can be shared
instantly across an air transport enterprise. AHM
integrates remote collection, monitoring, and
analysis of airplane data to determine the status
of an airplane’s current and future serviceability.
By automating and enhancing the real-time and
long-term monitoring of airplane data, AHM
enables proactive management of maintenance.
AHM is intended to provide economic benefit to
the airline operator by applying intelligent analysis
of airplane data currently generated by existing
airplane systems.
This article addresses the following:
■ How AHM works.
■ Available data.
■ Benefits.
■ Recent AHM enhancements.
How AHM works
AHM collects data (e.g., maintenance messages
and flight deck effect [FDE] faults) from the air
plane in real-time (see fig. 1). The primary source
of the data is the airplane’s central maintenance
computer (CMC) for the 747-400 and 777 or
airplane condition monitoring systems (ACMS) on
other models. AHM also collects electronic logbook
data from the Boeing Electronic Flight Bag. Data
is collected and downlinked via the airplane com
munication addressing and reporting system.
The data received in real-time directly
from airplanes is hosted by Boeing within the
MyBoeingFleet.com Web portal. If an issue is
detected, alerts and notifications are automati
cally sent to a location specified by the airline via
fax, personal digital assistant, e-mail, or pager.
Maintenance personnel can then access complete
AHM information about the issue through an
application service provider tool and reports
on MyBoeingFleet.com.
25. 23
boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine
AHM LEVERAGES
BOEING knowledge
AND FLEET DATA TO
PROVIDE ENHANCED
TROUBLESHOOTING.
ahm real-time data
Figure 1
AHM automatically collects
airplane data and fault
information, then prioritizes
and organizes the data
to assist operators
in formulating a plan
for repairs.
26. 24
aero quarterly qtr_03 | 07
Exactly which data will result in alerts and
notifications to maintenance staffs is set by
individual operators; operators also determine
what particular data and information each of their
employees can view via AHM, and that information
is prioritized, based on its urgency. Having
information packages customized to fit the role of
each user ensures that users get the particular
information they need.
For example, after encountering a flap drive
problem en route, a flight crew called in the
discrepancy. The AHM notification made it possible
for the airline’s maintenance control organization
to troubleshoot the problem before the airplane
landed. Through real-time uplinks, the airline used
AHM to interrogate systems information, identify
the problem, and prepare the arrival station for
repair. The information made it possible for the
airline to avoid a flight diversion and the
subsequent repair delay was reduced from several
hours to a few minutes.
Available data
AHM facilitates proactive maintenance by providing
ground crews with real-time interpretation of
airplane data while flights are in progress, and
it leverages Boeing knowledge and fleet data
to provide enhanced troubleshooting. With AHM,
operators can access Boeing engineering know
ledge, worldwide fleet in-service experience, and
operator-unique knowledge. It also institutionalizes
the use of this knowledge in a repeatable manner,
allowing the operator to maintain and grow its
engineering- and maintenance-usable knowledge.
AHM is currently available for the 777,
777 freighter, 747-400, 757, 767, and Next-
Generation 737 airplanes. The type and availability
of flight data vary by model. The 747-400 and
777 have a CMC, as will the 747-8 and 787. The
CMC allows for fault collection, consolidation, and
reporting. AHM relies on other data types, such as
ACMS data, on airplanes without CMCs.
Benefits
AHM is designed to deliver airplane data when and
where it’s needed, allowing operators to make
informed operational decisions quickly and
effectively. The primary benefit provided by AHM is
the opportunity to substantially reduce schedule
interruption costs. Schedule interruptions consist
of delays, cancellations, air turnbacks, and
diversions. The three primary ways that AHM
reduces schedule interruptions are prognostics,
fault forwarding, and prioritization.
Prognostics. AHM helps operators forecast
and address conditions before failure, a process
referred to as “prognostics.” With AHM, operators
can identify precursors that are likely to progress
to FDE faults, which will affect airplane dispatch
and possibly cause schedule interruptions. AHM
provides an operator’s engineers with the infor
mation they need to make sound economic
decisions regarding these precursors, so that the
operator can perform maintenance on monitored
faults on a planned basis, rather than having to
react to unexpected problems with unplanned
maintenance.
Fault forwarding. When a fault occurs in-flight,
AHM allows the operator to make operational
decisions immediately, and if maintenance is
required, to make arrangements for the people,
parts, and equipment sooner rather than later. This
enables operators to substantially reduce the
number of delays (e.g., a delay is prevented
altogether) and the length of delays (e.g., a three-
hour delay is shortened to one hour — see fig. 2).
AHM provides both the information and the context
to enable operators to make appropriate decisions
while the airplane is still en route.
Prioritization. Information about fuel efficiency,
economic impacts, and other performance factors
is provided according to its importance to the
The primary benefit provided by AHM is the opportunity
to substantially reduce schedule interruption costs such
as delays, cancellations, air turnbacks, and diversions.
28. 26
aero quarterly qtr_03 | 07
AHM enables
airline customers
to minimize flight
delays and
cancellations
In one instance, a flight experienced a weather
radar condition en route. The required part was
identified via AHM, ordered, and sent to the arrival
airport. As a result of AHM’s in-flight notification,
the part was replaced immediately after landing,
substantially reducing the delay.
In another case, an exhaust gas temperature problem
was encountered en route. The crew began an air
turnback, but after AHM interrogated the central
maintenance computer and investigated the
airplane’s history, the operator determined that
the flight could continue.
In one more example of AHM in use, an airplane
experienced an engine control fault en route. Via
AHM, which reports engine and engine accessory
fault messages, the needed part was identified
and sent on a subsequent flight to the airplane’s
destination airport. The flight departed with
minimal delay compared to what it could have been
had initial fault notification occurred after landing.
ahm – proactive use
of airplane data
Figure 2
AHM enables operators to
report and diagnose faults
and plan for repairs before
the airplane even reaches the
gate, maximizing the ramp
maintenance opportunity.
This deals with conditions
which affect airworthiness
(i.e., affect next release), and
which typically take place in
an unscheduled manner. In
addition, condition monitoring
allows for purely economic
conditions to be considered and
resolved, thus allowing them to
be addressed in a scheduled
manner, and reducing
in‑service interruptions.
29. 27
boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine
Report Diagnose Plan Fix
operator, allowing the operator to determine the
best course of action.
A number of secondary benefits result from
the reduced schedule interruptions realized by
using AHM:
Reduced down-line disruptions. AHM can
be used by operators to calculate the likelihood of
down-line disruptions and estimate the cost of
such disruptions.
Reduction of missed Air Traffic Control
slots. AHM can help operators reduce missed Air
Traffic Control slots that result from technical delays.
Improved supply chain efficiencies. With
AHM prognostics, operators can better predict
line-replaceable unit failures, which means fewer
cases of unscheduled removals. That results in
fewer parts being borrowed and fewer parts being
prepositioned at remote stations.
Reduced No Fault Found (NFF). AHM
reduces the likelihood of NFF, which in turn
reduces labor and spares requirements.
Recent AHM enhancements
AHM has recently been enhanced to provide an
even greater amount and depth of information.
Called the “parametric module,” these enhance
ments comprise four primary components.
Systems condition monitoring.
AHM uses available parametric data to assess
the condition of airplane systems. It collects
airplane system data using existing and new ACMS
reports and compares system performance against
system models.
Servicing management. By gathering data
on monitored systems — including auxilliary
power unit oil, engine oil, oxygen, tire pressure,
and hydraulic fluid levels — AHM can provide
alerts on system conditions approaching opera
tional limits. This data-based remote condition
monitoring identifies airplanes requiring system
maintenance to enable replenishment prior to
exceeding operational limits.
Airplane performance monitoring (APM).
AHM calculates airplane performance using the
ACMS APM/engine stable reports and allows
operators to compare airplanes through a fleet
summary view. It also integrates engine health
monitoring alerts, displaying engine manufacturer
(OEM) alerts of abnormal conditions and
automatically linking to the engine OEM system.
ACMS report viewer and data extractor.
AHM incorporates an enhanced means for viewing
and analyzing ACMS data.
Summary
The vast potential of condition monitoring airplane
systems is being realized today through the
innovative use of available airplane data. These
advances have been fostered through the team
efforts of Boeing and commercial operators.
This journey continues, with ample areas for
new applications and new directions. For more
information, please contact John Maggiore at
john.b.maggiore@boeing.com.
Report Diagnose Plan Fix or Defer
economic airworthiness
AHM Prognostics
AHM Fault Forwarding
Traditional
Maximized Ramp
Maintenance Opportunity
Unscheduled
Maintenance
scheduled
Maintenance
At GateNext Flight
Report Diagnose Plan Fix or Defer
30. 28
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32. COMMERCIAL AVIATION SERVICES
At Boeing, providing support solutions that maximize
the success of your operations and the lifecycle of your
fleet is an around-the-clock commitment. In addition
to an Operations Center that’s ready to respond
24/7/365, Boeing provides the most comprehensive
range of capabilities in the industry. Capabilities
tailored to your specific requirements. For a partnership
you can count on every minute, year after year.