Final TOT PRIs

JAGRAN PEHEL
Training of Trainers
Manual for PRIs
Training and capacity building of GP PRIs on key aspects of sanitation
practices with emphasis on adopting communication approaches towards
achieving Open Defecation Free Gram Panchayats
12/21/2015
Developed by: K.C Sreenath
Independent Communications Consultant
The training manual seeks to sensitize Gram Panchayat PRIs on their role and responsibilities in
achieving sanitation outcomes and aims to build their capabilities on the various safe sanitation
approaches with specific focus on Behavior Change communication with the objective of developing
Open Defecation Free Gram Panchayat’s.

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TOT Training Manual for Gram Panchayat PRIs
The basic purpose behind developing the Training of Trainers Guideline for PRI members is to
motivate Panchayati Raj Institution Members to make their Gram Panchayats Open Defecation free
and to educate them about Swachh Bharat Mission, The role and responsibilities of PRIs in
implementing the Swachh Bharat Mission and the Importance of Triggering and Behaviour Change
Communication in attaining this objective. The TOT is designed for a tentative one day
comprehensive training of District Coordinators on various aspects of communication with focus on
attaining ODF through Behaviour change.
Objective of the guidelines
The objective is to enable PRIs implement the ODF agenda in their Panchayats and build their
capacity to attain this objective by sensitising them on the need for eliminating ODF and educating
them on their roles and responsibilities and means to achieve their goals of an ODF free Panchayat
through triggering and Behaviour Change Communication. The training module aims at enhancing
the skills of the PRI for (1) Strategising their interventions to attain ODF, (2) The importance of
Triggering for ODF (3) How to develop their social mobilisation and Interpersonal communication
skills (4) How to develop a sustainable ODF plan for the GP
The guideline/ training manual would aim to give:
 The Importance of Safe Sanitation for a healthy tomorrow and a better life
 Myths and Facts regarding Open Defecation
 Sensitize PRIs about Swachh Bharat Mission
 Role of PRIs under SBM
 Steps involved in making a GP ODF free
 The role and Importance of ‘Triggering’ in ODF
 Role of Media and IPC in attaining ODF
 Behaviour change : The key for sustainable sanitation
 How to develop a sustainable Action Plan for attaining ODF
Methodology to be adopted during the course of the training
The methodology adopted could be quite interactive in nature and would include nine sessions.
The TOT/ facilitator guideline would detail how each session is to be conducted with the aid of

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 Presentations
 Lecture and group discussions
 Examination of Case studies
 Group work followed by group presentations
Pre test/ Background Materials
A pre test survey to be undertaken just before the start of the training session to understand the
knowledge of the participants regarding Sanitation, Swachh Bharat Mission and the key role of
PRIs under programme and generic IEC / BCC approaches to be undertaken. The same pre test
survey will be repeated on the participants after the completion of the training programme to
gauge how much they have learnt and the understanding they have gained from the training.
A detailed handout for participants apart from the manual regarding the various topics being
covered during the training would be provided to the participants as a reference guide.
Duration of the training
One full day divided into seven sessions. For best results the session can be for one and a half
days.
Special Note to Trainers
Before beginning training familiarise yourself thoroughly with the Reading Material of the
allocated sessions. This will help you to answer questions posed by participants
Towards the end of the day, it is suggested that a time of ten minutes be provided to the
participants for clearing doubts or sharing their concerns
Generic rules to be followed during the training
Explain that to ensure that all the participants’ gets maximum benefit out of this training, the
participants will have to follow some group norms. These norms are not meant to constrain

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participation, but to contribute to a good learning environment for everyone.
Explain to the participants the generic rules that are to be followed during the workshop
 Listen carefully to the proceedings
 Switch off your mobile phones or keep in on silent mode during the work shop
 If the call is very urgent, you may leave the hall to attend to it
 Raise your queries one by one
 Do not talk to one another during the proceedings
 Try to stick to the time schedule as strictly as possible
 Be on time for the workshop during mornings
 Try to participate fully in the interactions and group works

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Training Objective and Agenda
Overall Training objective:
1. To increase the understanding and capacity of PRIs to work toward achieving open
defecation status in their Gram Panchayats
2. To strengthen understanding of PRIs about Sanitation/ Their roles and responsibilities
under SBM and the various tools to be employed by them like Triggering/ Social
mobilisation/ Interpersonal communication skills and creating an Action Plan for
achieving ODF in their GP.
Agenda
Session 1: Welcome and Introduction of participants
Objectives of session 1
By the end of this session, participants will be able to:
 Know their fellow participants
 Gain a fair understanding of the training curriculum
 Follow the group norms for training
 List out their expectations from the training.
Session2: The Importance of Swachh Bharat / Myths and Facts regarding Open
Defecation
Objectives of Session 2
 Give the participants an overview of ODF both global / Indian scenario
 Explain what is open defecation as GOIs standard definition
 Inform participants about the negative aspect of sanitation on health and
well being of society in rural setting
 Give participants an overview about the Myths and Facts regarding Open
Defecation in India.

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Session 3: Swachh Bharat Mission and the Role and Responsibilities of PRIs
 Give the Participants an overview of the Swachh Bharat Mission
 Inform them about the components of the Swachh Bharat Mission like IHHL/
Community Sanitary Complexes/ Solid and Liquid Waste Management
 Inform them about the incentives and the fund flow as envisaged in the Mission
 Tell them about their role and responsibilities in attaining ODF for their GPs
Session 4: How to make your GPs ODF / why Triggering is important
 How to Initiate the Process of ODF in the GPs
 The importance of Triggering in shocking and shaming the people
 Explain how Triggering is done and the process involved
 The need to mobilise various stakeholders
 The need for IEC/ BCC activities for sustainable ODF
 The need for Monitoring and Evaluation for successful implementation
Session: 5 The Role of Media and Interpersonal Communication
 Explain the importance of communication
 Explain what is Behavior change communication
 Explain the various Media tools used for communication
 Explain why IPC and Direct media is crucial at GP level
 Explain what are the skills needed to be a good IPC communicator
 What are the key tools used for IPC
 Explain what is Direct Media
 What are the key tools used under direct Media

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Session 6: Social mobilization and how to prepare a communication plan for
attaining ODF in your GP
 Gain understanding of the ground situation/ why people are averse to building toilets
 Identify messages for dissemination
 How to identify communication tools
 Identify Costs/ budget / timeframe of the campaign
 Identify Manpower for implementation
 Frame monitoring indicators
Session 7: Suggested Steps involved in preparing an Action Plan for attaining ODF
in your GP
 Explain the Suggested steps involved in preparing an action plan
 Divide the participants in to four groups and tell them to prepare an ODF action plan for
their GP
 Ask each group to present their action plan
 Analyze their action plan and give suggestions

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Session1: Welcome and Inauguration
Learning Objectives
By the end of this session, participants will:
Get to know other participants
Gain understanding of the training programme
understand the group norms for training
No Activity Approach
1
Opening and Welcome and
introductions
Opening remarks of the facilitator/ Introductory
remarks and introduction of participants/
facilitators
2
Explain objectives of the workshop
and understand expectations of
participants
Facilitator/ Trainer explain the objectives of the
workshop/ the various sessions and their
importance and the schedule of the training.
3
Gauge existing knowledgebase of the
participants as per the objectives of the
Training
Distribute pre prepared objective type question
paper ( pre-questionnaire) based on course
curriculum to understand knowledge base of
participants
4
Wrap up of the session
Review of the sessions proceedings
Material Needed for the Session
Flipchart, paper, and markers
Postcards in different colours
Stick Pads (tape and chart paper can be used as a substitute)

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Advance Preparation
Prepare registration and attendance sheets
Plan the flow of the session with organisers
Create/ Keep ready an objective type question sheet of the main issues under the course
curriculum to assess the knowledge level of participants with regard to course curriculum
for pre/post evaluation
Prepare a Handout for Participants which is a reference based on the course
curriculum
Prepare training kit of the participants (pen, writing pad, handouts, training
schedule )
Handouts
Introductory Document
Objective question sheet for pre/post evaluation
Preparation at the venue
 Set up the audio visual and necessary training arrangements in the training hall
 Remember to make arrangements for disbursement of TA/DA honorarium if any
 Depute someone to check on tea breaks/ lunch/ refreshments
Session1: TOT guide
Activity: Opening and Welcome
Instructions
1. Welcome participants to the training and acknowledge the key dignitaries attending
the training.
2. Introduce the key speaker(s) appointed by the hosting agency to open the training.
Schedule (facilitator to adapt)
Instructions
1. Introduce yourself to the participants. Review logistic support.

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2. Ask participants if they agree with the schedule of the workshop, especially the starting
and closing time/ if any rescheduling is needed. Point out the time that is allotted for
lunch and tea breaks.
3. Explain to the participants regarding the generic Swachh Bharat Questionnaire. Explain
that it is not a test and they do not have to write their names. The idea behind the
questionnaire is to gauge the knowledge base of the participants with regard to Swachh
Bharat Mission.
4. Ask for any questions regarding logistical matters before moving on.
Activity: Expectations
Participants to be handed over postcards and asked to list down their expectations of what
they want to learn from the work shop/ training. The cards are then collected and displayed
on the wall and their expectations are addressed.
The expectations of the participants are matched with the training curriculum. All the
expectations raised by participants to be discussed and linked to the course material. If there
are some issues that would not be addressed, it should be specified that why they are not
addressed.
Activity: Training Approach and Objectives
Instructions
Explain that the objective behind the training is to enable PRIs implement the ODF agenda in their
Panchayats. The key objective is to educate them on their roles and responsibilities and the key
approaches to be adopted through triggering and Behaviour Change Communication. Explain that
The training module aims at enhancing the skills of the PRI for (1) Strategising their interventions to
attain ODF, (2) Realise the importance of Triggering for ODF (3) How to build their social
mobilisation and Interpersonal communication skills and how to develop a sustainable ODF plan for
the GP
Activity: Wrap Up
Instructions
1. Summarize the session
2. Summarize Session 1 by referring back to the learning objectives.

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3. Thank participants for their involvement in the session.

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Session2: The Importance of SwachhBharat / Myths and Facts regarding
ODF in India
Learning Objectives
Get to know the global scenario regarding ODF
India is the biggest contributor to ODF
The Linkages between sanitation and Health
The Myths and beliefs that hamper sanitation In India
1
Explain and give a global picture of
Sanitation
Show the global sanitation picture/ How the
problem is majorly confined to Asia
2
Explain the Indian scenario
Throw light on India contributing 60% of the
Open defecators/ How Indians have traditionally
practised open defecation/
3
The linkages between sanitation,
health and economic indicators.
Enlighten the audience on how diseases are
caused due to lack of sanitation/ How feces get
transmitted to the food we eat and the impact it
has on children leading to malnutrition and
death
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Explain the Myths prevalent in India
with regard to sanitation that hampers
adoption of safe sanitation
Explain why the myths regarding sanitation
needs to be dispelled and the need for safe
sanitation practices emphasised if we have to
attain ODF in our GPs

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Activity Part 1
Global Picture of Sanitation
 Welcome the participants and ask them what their perception of Safe Sanitation is?
Once they give their answers, explain the definition of Sanitation.
 Tell the participants that for us the focus of sanitation at the moment is to make our Gram
Panchayats open defecation free.
 Explain that about 1.1 billion people in the world (15% of the global population) defecate
in the open. The problem of open defecation mainly exists in South Asia, Africa and
Latin America.
 Open defecation seems to be more of a Rural Problem as it is estimated that 949 million
of the 1.1 billion open defecators live in rural areas
Activity Part 2
Indian and Sanitation
 Emphasize that India accounts for more than 59% of this population who defecate in the
open...It is estimated that 597 million people in India defecate in the open which is a
cause of national shame for us .This open defecation leads to nearly 65,000 tones of faces
being released into the open environment every day in India which can lead to a host of
diseases.
 Explain that Asians have traditionally practiced open defecation. But today all our
neibhouring countries which are economically backward than us ( Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Nepal, Afghanistan and Sri Lanka) have better sanitation indicators
 Uttar Pradesh and Bihar alone contribute about 50 percent of the people in India who
defecate in the open
Activity Part 3
Effect of Sanitation on Health

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 Explain that the Lack of sanitation and the scourge of open defecation negatively impact the
health and progress of each one of us in many ways. Open defecation leads to contamination
of our agricultural fields, our drinking water sources and the food we eat exposing us to a lot
of diseases. It is estimated that One gram of faces contains 10,000,000 viruses, 1,000,000
bacteria and 1000 parasite cysts.
 Point out that one of the major hazards of Open defecation is that it leads to the spread of
various communicable diseases including cholera, typhoid, polio, diarrhea and worm and
stomach infestations. Children below five years are the worst affected due to their
vulnerability of getting diarrhea which is a killer of children. It is estimated that about 1,000
children die every day and 3, 40,000 children die annually in India due to lack of sanitation
related causes. It has been scientifically proven that open defecation related issues leads to
stunting of children (leading to low height for age) who delays motor development in
children and impaired cognitive function. Moreover, 43 % of children in India suffer from
some form of Malnutrition which is related to the consequence of open defecation practices
being followed in the country.
Activity Part 4
Myths and Practices surrounding sanitation in India
 Explain that a large number of people living in rural areas perceive that open defecation
is healthier than using a toilet. Many studies have thrown light on this fact. A large
number of people perceive that defecating in the closed confines of a toilet is unhealthy
as it is smelly and close proximity with human shit can cause diseases. Many people also
believe that constructing latrines in the household is ritually polluting. They believe that
having toilets and pits in the close confines of the household can lead to diseases.
 In fact people do not believe that exposed human excreta can lead to diseases. The
general perception is that defecating far away from human habitations is healthy and will
not lead to any contamination.
 People are generally averse to building a toilet as they feel that once the pit gets filled up
it is very difficult to clean them. Because of the caste system that has been strongly
prevalent in India in the past cleaning toilets are seen as the work/ responsibility of
untouchables who belong to the lowest stream of the caste spectrum in the society.
 Child feces are not perceived as harmful in most parts of India.

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 The benefits of hand washing and its effect in preventing communicable diseases are not
appreciated.
 It is generally believed that toilets are mainly built for women due to issues of dignity and
shame. Women feel constrained to relieve themselves only under the cover of dark for
reasons of privacy to protect their dignity. Point out that holding back natures call till the
dark adversely effects their health. Moreover, open defecation exposes women to the
danger of physical attacks and encounters such as snake bites.
 People who use toilets in urban areas go back to open defecation when they go to rural
areas because toilets are not perceived as a need. Moreover it has been observed that all
members of many households with toilets do not use them.
Activity: Wrap Up
Instructions
2. Summarise Activity 1,2,3 and 4
3. Ask the participants if they have any questions and answer them
Supplementary Reading Material for TOTs for Session2
What is sanitation?
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with
hazardous wastes. The Hazards can be physical, biological or chemical agents that spread
disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal excreta, solid wastes,
domestic wastewater (sewage or grey water) industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Safe
Sanitation can be practiced by using proper hygienic toilets, proper excreta and solid and liquid
waste management, personal hygiene practices like Hand washing, maintaining proper sanitary

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sewers, Use of proper Sewage treatment plants and adoption of proper solid waste management
practices.
What is open Defecation?
Open defecation refers to the practice whereby people go out in fields, bushes, forests, open
bodies of water, or other open spaces rather than using the toilet to defecate. The practice is
rampant in India and the country is home to the world’s largest population of people who
defecate in the open and excrete close to 65,000 tons of faces into the environment each day.
What is the Global sanitation scenario like?
About 1.1 billion people in the world ( 15% of the global population) defecate in the open. The
problem of open defecation mainly exists in South Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Why is Open Defecation a National shame?
India which has made rapid strides in almost every sphere over the last four decades has only
attained coverage of just over 55% in sanitation across the country. (40% in Rural Sanitation and
82%. under Urban Sanitation) Many people would find it hard to fathom that a country which is
a nuclear power, has an enviable space programme and is labelled as the next economic
superpower has the largest number of people in the world who defecate in the open. The figure
of 626 million as projected by the latest JMP report brought out by UNICEF and WHO is a
matter of shame and concern for our nation.
Why is open defecation difficult to be eradicated in India?

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In India, open defecation is a well-established traditional practice deeply ingrained from early
childhood. Sanitation is not a socially acceptable topic, and as a result, people do not discuss it.
Consequently, open defecation has persisted as a norm for many Indians. In addition to tradition
and the communication taboo, the practice still exists due to poverty; many of the poorest people
will not priorities toilets and besides, many are living in rented homes without toilets.
How does Sanitation Impact the health of an Individual and Community?
Human excreta always contain large numbers of germs, some of which may cause diarrhea.
When people become infected with diseases such as cholera, typhoid and hepatitis , their
excreta will contain large amounts of the germs which cause the disease. When people
defecate in the open, flies will feed on the excreta and can carry small amounts of the excreta
away on their bodies and feet. When they touch food, the excreta and the germs in the excreta
are passed onto the food, which may later be eaten by another person. Some germs can grow
on food and in a few hours their numbers can increase very quickly. Where there are germs
there is always a risk of disease. During the rainy season, excreta may be washed away by
rain-water and can run into wells and streams. The germs in the excreta will then contaminate
the water which may be used for drinking.
India’s dense population also means that even in rural areas, human feces are not easily kept
away from fields, wells and food. Bacteria and worms in feces are often accidentally ingested.
This results in a range of health problems from diarrhea to enteropathy, a chronic sickness
that prevents the absorption of calories and nutrients.
How can one safeguard against diseases causedby lack of Sanitation?
Many common diseases that can give diarrhea can spread from one person to another when
people defecate in the open air. Disposing of excreta safely, isolating excreta from flies and
other insects, and preventing fecal contamination of water supplies would greatly reduce the
spread of diseases. The disposal of excreta alone is, however, not enough to control the spread
of cholera and other diarrhoea1 diseases. Personal hygiene is very important, particularly
washing hands after defecation and before eating and cooking.
What effect does open defecation have on Children in the country?
Open defecation poses a serious threat to the health of children in India. It is believed that about
45% of children in India suffer from some kind of malnutrition due to the scourge of Open
defecation . It is a commonly accepted fact that the practice of OD is the main reason why India
reports the highest number of diarrheal deaths among children under-five in the world. Every
year, diarrhea kills 188,000 children under five in India. Children weakened by frequent diarrhea
episodes are more vulnerable to malnutrition, stunting, and opportunistic infections such as
pneumonia. Diarrhoea and worm infection are two major health conditions that affect school-age
children impacting their learning abilities.

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What impact does sanitation have on women?
Open defecation also puts at risk the dignity of women in India. Women feel constrained to
relieve themselves only under the cover of dark for reasons of privacy to protect their dignity.
Open defecation exposes women to the danger of physical attacks and encounters such as snake
bites.
What is the economic impact of sanitation?
Poor sanitation also cripples national development: workers produce less, live shorter lives, save
and invest less, and are less able to send their children to school.
What are the myths that exist regarding sanitation in India?
 A large number of people living in rural areas perceive that open defecation is healthier
than using a toilet.
 People are not aware that exposed human excreta can lead to diseases.
 Many people including women enjoy defecating in the open than in the closed confines
of a ‘smelly’ toilet
 It is believed that latrines inside the household is ritually polluting and impure.
 A large number of people perceive that once a toilet pits get filled up, it is very difficult
to clean it.
 Cleaning a toilet is seen as the work/ responsibility of untouchables who belong to the
lowest stream of the caste spectrum.
 Child Faces is not perceived as harmful.
 The benefits of hand washing and its effect in preventing communicable diseases are not
appreciated.
 Toilets are mainly for women due to issues of dignity and shame. Men can defecate in the
open
What is the perception regarding child feces in India?
Most people across India believe that child faces are not harmful. Studies point out that Only 11
per cent of Indian rural families dispose of child faces safely. Eighty per cent of children’s faces
are left in the open or thrown into the garbage. It is estimated that only 11 per cent of Indian
rural families dispose of child faces safely.

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Session3: SwachhBharatMissionand the Role and Responsibilities of PRIs
Learning Objectives
By the end of this session, participants will understand:
The switchover from NBA to SBM
Key components under SBM
Incentives/ eligibility under SBM
Administrative structure under SBM
Role and Responsibilities of PRIs envisaged under SBM
The advantage of using existing health infrastructure like VHSC and VHND
1
Explain the shift and basic difference
between NBA and SBM
Point out the key differences
2
Explain focus areas and highlight
objectives under SBM ( Gramin)
Elaborate on the objectives
3
Explain the key components and
various incentives provided and
categories of people who come under
its ambit
Focus on IHLL and CSC,
4
Describe the administrative structure
and the fund flow mechanism under
SBM
Clearly explain the structure with emphasis on
DWSM
5
Describe the Role and Responsibilities Explain that PRIs are the central point of the

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for PRIs envisaged under SBM structure of implementation of SBM activities
at the ground level.
6 Emphasise the various Health
Platforms under NRHM that can be
involved in the ODF Process
Explain about using existing health
infrastructure and the services of VHSC and
the platform of VHND
Activity Part 1
Define what is meant by Sanitation as defined by Ministry of Drinking Water and
Sanitation, Government of India
Open defecation is the termination of fecal-oral transmission defined by:
(a) No visible feces found in the environment/ village
(b) Every house as well as public/ community institutions using safe technology options for
disposal of feces
Safe technology option means no contamination of surface soil, groundwater or surface
water’ excreta inaccessible to flies or animals; no handling of fresh excreta; and freedom
from odor and unsightly condition.
The switch over from NBA to SBM/ basic difference between NBA and SBM
 Explain that sanitation and eradication of open defecation has always been a priority for
the government of India. The rural sanitation coverage in the country was as low as 1% in
the beginning of 1980s. But With the launch of various government programmes
including the Nirmal Bharth Abhiyan, the sanitation coverage touched 32.7%.
 Explain that the earlier sanitation campaign under the congress government known as the
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, focused on covering the entire community for saturated
outcomes with the objective of creating Nirmal Gram Panchayats. One of the key aspects

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of the earlier NBA programme was its convergence with the MNREGA programme
where funds for the construction of toilets came from both NBA and MNREGA.
 Point out that the part funding from MGNREGA for the payment of Incentives for the
construction of Individual Hhouse Hold Latrines (IHHLs) has been discontinued under
the Swachh Bharat Mission.
 Moreover, the responsibility of construction of all School toilets is transferred to the
Department of School Education and Literacy and of Anganwadi toilets to the Ministry of
Women and Child Development.
Activity Part 2
Key Aspects/ Focus Areas under SBM
 Explain that the arrival of the new NDA government at the centre saw the sanitation
programme get a much needed forward push. The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched
on the 2nd of October, 2014 by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi.
 The aim of the Mission is to work on a mission mode to achieve Swachh Bharat by the
year 2019. The main objective of the mission is to bring about an improvement in the
general quality of life by promoting cleanliness, hygiene and achieving the goal of open
defecation by motivating communities and PRI to adopt sustainable sanitation practices
through awareness and health education.
 The SBM mission would emphasize on developing cost effective technologies which are
ecologically safe and would encourage community managed sanitation systems focusing
on solid liquid waste management to promote safe sanitation practices.
 But the key focus is to prevent incidence of open defecation by providing individual
household toilets to all households and community sanitary complexes in the villages to
achieve the goal of eradication of open defecation by the year 2019.
 Under SBM, all schools are to be provided with separate toilets for Boys and Girls and
Anganwadis to be provided with child friendly toilets
 All GPs to be kept clean by ensuring provisions by ensuring collection and disposal of
solid and liquid waste
 SBM also emphasises the fact that people need to be too made aware of benefits of
personal hygiene, safe handling of drinking water and food hygiene practices.
 Explain that the task at hand is huge, For achieving total sanitation coverage, India
needs to build around 11.11 crore individual household toilets and 1, 14,315 community

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Sanitary complexes in the next five years if India is to achieve the dream of being an
ODF country by 2019. The figure is massive as the country needs to build around 56,000
toilets every single day to achieve this objective.
Activity: Part 3
The key components / Incentive and eligibility criteria under SBM (Gramin)
• Explain that the key components of the SBM(G) include (1) Construction of Individual
Household Toilet (2) construction of Community Sanitary Complexes (3) Efforts to make
the GP clean through Solid and Liquid Waste Management Initiatives
• Each eligible family is paid an incentive of RS 12,000 for the construction of toilets in
their household. The money is provided by incentives to be provided by central and state
governments to build Individual household toilets and Community Sanitary Complexes.
The money would be paid to the eligible families only after successful construction of
toilets and certification by the GP Pradhan.
• In Panchayats were all household cannot construct toilet due to problems of space or
other problems, Panchayats can access government funds for construction of Community
Sanitary Complexes. A Sum of Rs 200,000 has been earmarked for this purpose. But the
GP will have to put in 10% (Rs 20,000) as beneficiary contribution. These complexes
will consist of three to four toilets and bathing space. The members of the community can
use these facilities by paying a nominal fee while the panchayats have the responsibility
of maintenance of these complexes.
 Once panchayats achieve ODF status, they would be given funds for Solid and Liquid
waste management. a, sum of Rs 7/12/15/20 lakh to be allotted for Gram Panchayats
having up to 150/300/500 or more than 500 households.
• Families eligible for Incentives to build toilets include
- All BPL families in the GP
- All SC and ST families in the GP
- All families falling in the category of Small and Marginal Farmers
- All families belonging to Landless laborers in the village who own a house
- If the family has a physically handicapped person or child
- If the family is headed by a woman member
- APL families who do not fall in the above categories in the GP are not eligible for
incentives.

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Activity Part 4
The Administrative Structure and Fund Flow Mechanism under SBM
 Explain that the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation is the Nodal Ministry for
implementing the Swachh Bharat Mission ( Gramin) programme
 The Ministry distributes the central share of the funds to the state government as per the
annual plans submitted by the state government and approved after discussions.
 The funds along with the state share are forwarded to respective state Swachh Bharat
Missions/ State Water and Sanitation Missions
 The State Sanitation Missions then forward the funds to the District Sanitation Missions
 The funds are then passed on to the PRIs (panchayats) who then pass it on to the
beneficiaries.
 A special sanitation account called ‘Gram Nikshay’ has been created at the GP level
wherein funds from District Sanitation Fund are transferred as per the demand for
construction of toilets at the GP level.
 Apart from the incentives for IHHL/CSCs and SLWM the districts have revolving funds
at their hands which can be used for providing loans/ establishing Rural sanitary marts.
 The Swachh Bharat Mission places a lot of importance on IEC/ BCC interventions.
Infact, 3.75% of the total funds allocated to the district are earmarked for IEC
(information Education Communication) activities.
 Panchayats have been identified to play the pivotal role in the implementation of the
SBM programme.
Activity: Part 5
The Role and Responsibilities of PRIs
• Explain that the Gram Panchayats have been mandated to play the most important role in
the implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission. The exact roles that they play will be
decided by the state government as per the prevailing ground realities. But the real onus
of making the panchayats open defecation free lies with the GP by planning and
implementing the programme at the ground level.
• The PRIs have to initiate the adopting of a GP wide resolution for ODF

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• The key role of the GP is to set in motion the process of ‘triggering’ of the local
population by shocking and shaming them into action. The GP can take the help of
District Swachh Bharat Mission in initiating this event.
• The PRIs/ GP need to work on an ODF plan, they need to identify the number of toilets
that need to be constructed in the GP. Then they need to classify people who come under
incentives and those who are eligible for incentives. Once they have a clear picture, they
can approach the District Sanitation Mission for transferring funds to the GP sanitation
fund account ( Gram Nikshay in Uttar Pradesh ) that has been specially created for this
purpose in every GP. The families that are eligible for incentives for constructing a toilet
may be given 50% of their entitlement while families that are not eligible for incentives
can be given loans from the Revolving fund under SBM. These families can repay the
loan to the GP under instalments
• If the GPs feel that they need to construct Community Sanitary Complexes for attaining
ODF in their GP, the need to approach the DSM with justification
• One of the important role of the PRI and the GP is to mobilise its resources and man
power. The GPs needs to identify various partners and use existing programmes like the
VHND. The PRIs need to mobilize school teachers, students, ASHA workers, anganwadi
workers, local faith leaders, prominent personalities for implementation of the
programme. The PRIs can also take the assistance of NGOs for carrying out
communication activities and other tasks like maintaining Community sanitary
complexes.
• One of the key focuses of the PRIs should be on using the existing health infrastructure
.They should take into confidence and utilise the services of the Village Health and
Sanitation Committees ( VHSC). The VHSC has been identified as the key agency for
developing Village Health Plan & the entire planning of village Panchayat for NRHM.
This committee comprises of ANM, MTW, Aganwadi Workers, Teachers, Community
health volunteers, ASHA.
• The PRIs need to Educate and sensitise the community for adopting safe sanitation in
their villages through structured communication by using direct media and Interpersonal
communication tools.
• The PRIs to ensure supply of sanitary materials for the community by coordinating with
Sanitary Marts/ establish temporary Sanitary Marts if necessary through SHGs and
facilitate their interaction with the community.

25
• The PRIs need to promote regular use, up gradation and maintenance of toilets. They
also need to ensure safety standards of the toilets being constructed in the community (
distance from water sources/ type/ depth of pit)They also need to Promote key hygiene
behaviour ( cleanliness/ collection and disposal of solid and liquid waste)
• The PRIs also need to take the onus of regular monitoring and evaluation. Both Block
level and District level PRIs must take the lead in this. The GPs will also organise and
assist social audit of the SBM intervention.
Activity: Part 6
The existing Health infrastructure that can be used for the programme
• Explain that the National Rural Health Mission has a strong existing infrastructure at the
GP level. Apart from the primary health centers, the NRHM has set up Village Health
and Sanitation Committees. The PRIs should involve the VHSNC actively in the SBM
and ODF initiatives and take into confidence regarding sanitation initiatives.
• The PRIs should utilise the services of the Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition
Committees (VHSNC). The VHSNC has been identified as the key agency for
developing Village Health Plan & the entire planning of village Panchayat for NRHM.
This committee comprises of ANM, Aganwadi Workers, Teachers, Community health
volunteers, ASHA.
• The ASHA workers can be compensated from the SBM funds. It should be highlighted
that the ASHA workers know each and every family in the village on a personal basis if
properly motivated and compensated can make a huge difference to the sanitation
programme.
• Another platform that can be used to sensitise and bring about a behavior change
in sanitation is the Village Health and Nutrition Days TheVHND has been
initiated with the objective of bringing health care and awareness at the doorstep
of the rural population.
• The VHND is to be organized once every month (preferably on Wednesdays and
for those villages that have been left out, on any other day of the same month)
On the appointed day, ASHAs, AWWs, and others will mobilize the villagers,
especially women and children, to assemble at the nearest AWC. During the

26
VHND, the villagers can interact freely with the health personnel and obtain
basic services and information. They can also learn about the preventive and
promotive aspects of health care, which will encourage them to seek health care
at proper facilities. Sanitation issues which are intrinsically linked to health can
also be discussed and that participants can be sensitised about the need for open
defecation free GPs
Activity: Wrap Up
Instructions
2. Summarise Activity 1,2,3 4,5 and 6
What is the background of the Sanitation Programme in India?
Providing adequate sanitation coverage to its growing population has always been a major
challenge in India The rural sanitation coverage in the country was as low as 1% in the
beginning of 1980s. With the launch of various programmes like the Central Rural Sanitation
Programme and the Total Sanitation Campaign, the sanitation coverage rose to a remarkable
22% as per the 2001 census. Under the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan the sanitation coverage touched
the figure of 32.7%. But with the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission in October 2014, the
sanitation coverage in the country has accelerated and is showing a steady upward curve. As per
the latest NSSO survey, the rural sanitation coverage in the country stands at 40.6 percent.

27
What are the focus/objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission?
The Government of India has given a new direction to the programme by starting the Swachh
Bharat Mission on the 2nd of October, 2014. The Mission which is coordinated by the Ministry of
Drinking Water and Sanitation consists of two sub- missions, Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)
and Swachh Bharat Mission (urban) the aim is to work on a mission mode to achieve Swachh
Bharat by the year 2019. The main objective of the mission is to bring about an improvement in
the general quality of life by promoting cleanliness; hygiene and achieving the goal of open
defecation free India by motivating communities and PRI to adopt sustainable sanitation
practices through awareness and health education. The mission would emphasise on developing
cost effective technologies which are ecologically safe and would encourage communit6y
managed sanitation systems focusing on solid liquid waste management to promote safe
sanitation practices.
Which are the key components under Swachh Bharat Mission(Gramin)?
The key components are:
• Construction of Individual Household Latrines (IHHL)
• Construction of Community Sanitary Complexes (CSCs).
• Solid Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) activities.
• Information, Education and Communication (IEC) and Human Resource Development
(HRD) activities.
What are Community Sanitary Complexes?
Community Sanitary Complexes are structures consisting of appropriate number of toilet seats,
bathing cubicles, washing platforms, wash basins to benefit the community. They are generally
constructed in a central place where all people have proper access. The GP owns the
responsibility for its operation & maintenance. The unit cost of CSC is Rs. 2 lakh.
What are the incentives available under SBM?
The individual households are provided with an incentive of Rs 12,000 for the construction of a
toilet. The money would be given to them only after building the toilet and getting it approved
from the Gram Pradhan.

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SBM allots a sum of Rs 2, 00,000 to the GP for construction of a Community Sanitary Complex.
10% (Rs 20,000) of the amount has to be put in by the GP through beneficiary Contribution.
Once the GP achieves ODF status, they would be given funds for Solid and Liquid waste
management. a, sum of Rs 7/12/15/20 lakh to be allotted for Gram Panchayats having up to
150/300/500 or more than 500 households.
What are the challenges faced by the country in achieving Swachh Bharat by 2019?
The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation which is the Nodal ministry for building toilets
has a huge and enormous task at hand. Under the Swachh Bharat mission the country aims to be
free of open defecation by the year 2019. For achieving total sanitation coverage, India needs to
build around 11.11 crore individual household toilets and 1, 14,315 community Sanitary
complexes in the next five years if India is to achieve the dream of being and ODF country by
2019. The figure is massive as the country needs to build around 56,000 toilets every single day
to achieve this objective.
What is the administrative structure and fund flow mechanism envisagedunder SBM?
The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation is the Nodal Ministry implementing the Swachh
Bharat Mission (Gramin) programme at the central level. The Ministry is provided with the
central allocations and distributes the central share of the funds to the state government. The
states present their annual targets and plans (PIPs) to the central government which are discussed
and approved. The central share of funds are then transferred to the state government who
forward it to the respective State Swachh Bharat Missions/ State Water and Sanitation Missions
These funds are then forwarded to the District Sanitation Missions .
The District Sanitation Mission is the point of contact for the GPs. All their planning needs to be
done in consultation with the district officials. Apart from the incentives for IHHL/CSCs and
SLWM the districts have revolving funds at their hands which can be used for providing loans/
establishing rural sanitary marts etc .Moreover 3.75% of the funds allocated to the district under
SBM are used for Information Education Communication / BCC interventions. The GPs can
access a share of these funds are per availability.
What is the role envisaged for PRIs in implementing the Swachh Bharat Mission?
As per the Constitution 73rd Amendment Act, 1992, Sanitation is included in the 11th Schedule.
Accordingly, Gram Panchayats have a pivotal role in the implementation of SBM (G). The

29
programme may be implemented by the Panchayati Raj Institutions at all levels. Their exact role
shall be decided by the States as per the requirement in the State.
The GPs will participate in social mobilization, for triggering demand for construction of toilets
and also for maintenance of clean environment by way of safe disposal of waste. The GP will
have to take the responsibility of maintaining community sanitary complexes and also carry out
IEC/ BCC interventions. GPs can play a key role in promoting regular use, maintenance and up-
gradation of toilets, SLWM components and Inter-Personal Communication for hygiene
education. The GPs with the help of external agencies have to play a key role in ensuring that
safety standards are being met with all components of SBM(G) e.g. the distance between water
source and latrine – regulating pit-depth, pit lining to prevent pollution, collapse of pit etc. The
same will apply to key hygiene behavior such as keeping the environment around hand pumps /
water sources clear and tidy and free of human and animal excreta.
Both block level and district level PRIs should regularly monitor the implementation of the
programme. The GPs must also play a role in monitoring of the programme and will assist in
organizing social audits of the programme. To crystalise community action, GPs have been
mandated to organize a pledge taking ceremony and adopt a resolution for attaining ODF in the
GP.
What is the Process involved in getting Funds from District Sanitation Mission for
facilitating construction of toilets at the GP level?
The Gram Panchayat needs to identify the number of toilets that need to be constructed in the
GP. Then they need to classify people who are eligible incentives and those who are not eligible
for incentives. Once they have a clear picture, they can approach the District Sanitation Mission
for transferring funds to the GP. A special sanitation fund account (named Gram Nikshay in
Uttar Pradesh) has been specially created for this purpose in every GP.
The families that are eligible for incentives for constructing a toilet can be given 50% of their
entitlement while families that are not eligible for incentives can be given loans from the
Revolving fund under SBM. These families can repay the loan to the GP under instalments after
constructing a toilet. Photographs of all the toilets constructed by the beneficiaries have to be
taken on completion of the toilet and uploaded on the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation
before the next 50% of the beneficiary funds are released
What are VHNDS? How can they be used as a platform for SBM
TheVHND has been initiated with the objective of bringing health care and awareness at
the doorstep of the rural population. The VHND is to be organized once every month
(preferably on Wednesdays and for those villages that have been left out, on any other

30
day of the same month) on the appointed day, ASHAs, AWWs, and others will mobilize
the villagers, especially women and children, to assemble at the nearest AWC.During
the VHND, the villagers can interact freely with the health personnel and obtain basic
services and information. They can also learn about the preventive and promotive
aspects of health care, which will encourage them to seek health care at proper facilities.
Sanitation issues which are intrinsically linked to health can also be discussed and that
participants can be sensitised about the need for open defecation free GPs during
VHNDs.
The issues discussed during VHND include:
 All pregnant women are to be registered.
 Registered pregnant women are to be given ANC.
 Dropout pregnant women eligible for ANC are to be tracked and services are to be
provided to them.
 All eligible children below one year are to be given vaccines against six Vaccine-
preventable diseases.
 All dropout children who do not receive vaccines as per the scheduled doses are to be
vaccinated.
 Vitamin A solution is to be administered, to children.
 All children are to be weighed, with the weight being plotted on a card and managed
appropriately in order to combat malnutrition.
 Anti-TB drugs are to be given to patients of TB.
 All eligible couples are to be given condoms and OCPs as per their choice and referrals
are to be made for other contraceptive services.
 Supplementary nutrition is to be provided to underweight children.

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Session 4:How to make your GPs ODF / Why Triggering is important
Learning Objectives
Key steps involved in developing a participatory ODF process/ plan in the GP
The Importance of Triggering
How the community can be mobilised and Triggered
1
Explain the suggested steps to attain
ODF through a participatory process
Describe the process in a systematic manner
2
Explain the importance of Triggering
in the ODF process
Describe that Triggering is the key to shame
and shock the people and wake them up from
their slumber.
3
How to mobilise and trigger the
community
Explain the whole process of Triggering step by
step
4
Case study of ODF village
Explain how Budhar village in Udaipur
achieved ODF status
Activity: Part 1
Key steps involved in attaining ODF through a Participatory process

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 Explain that under the SBM organisational set up, the District Swachh Bharat Mission is
the point of contact for the GPs. All their planning for attaining ODF status needs to be
done in consultation with the district officials. The Programme planning and allocation of
funds is done through SBM. Apart from the incentives for IHHL/CSCs and SLWM the
districts have revolving funds at their hands which can be used for providing loans/
establishing rural sanitary marts and funding IEC/ BCC activities. etc.
• The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation is in the process of sensitising the district
collectors across the country regarding ODF and the Swachh Bharat Mission. So it is
important to meet with the District Collector and keep him/ her in the loop about your
sanitation interventions at the GP level
• Convene/ organise a big meeting of various stakeholders including civil society
organisations in your GP to be chaired by the District Collector and take an oath of
making your GP ODF free.
• With the help of SBM officials, organize a ‘Triggering ‘activity in your GP by involving
an external agency. Do a lot of groundwork in coordination with the district authorities
and see to it that sanitary mart representatives along with sample of their products are
available at the venue
• Follow up triggering process with IEC activities (Separate fund are available with DSBM
for this purpose). Concentrate on Interpersonal Communication and Direct media
campaigns to bring about a change in attitude and mindset of the people.
• Constitute a strong / committed ‘Nigrani committee’ to monitor the ODF drive in your
GP. Regularly monitor the progress of your ODF interventions and take corrective steps
when necessary.
• Sanitary Marts and availability of sanitary materials in the GP are the key factors that will
facilitate the ODF .The PRIs need to work towards ensuring coordination between
sanitary marts and the community for availability and distribution of sanitary materials
Activity: Part 2
Importance of Triggering in the ODF process
• Explain that ‘Triggering or Community-Led Total Sanitation is the recommended
interventions of the government in the quest to achieve total sanitation in India. Educate

33
the audience as to how Triggering has been successfully used in many countries,
especially Bangladesh.
• Explain that Triggering is based on stimulating a collective sense of disgust and shame
among community members as they come face to face with the truth of open defecation
and its negative impacts on the entire community. The basic assumption is that no human
being can stay unmoved once they realize that they are eating other peoples shit due to
open defecation. It has been observed the world over that triggering leads to strong
reactions in the community forcing them to act and take corrective action.
Activity: Part 3
How the Community can be mobilised and Triggered
 The whole process of Triggering is organised with the help of a professional agency. One
of the key aspects of the triggering process is to have very powerful and convincing
communicators in the team.
 The first step in the triggering process is to organise a ‘transect’ walk in the community.
This is a way of introducing yourself to the community, gaining the confidence of the
community and arousing their interest in ODF activities. The aim is to motivate people
to carry out a more substantial sanitation analysis involving the whole community. There
are many different ways of initiating a discussion on open defecation. You can start with
just a few people who you meet on the way and ask them to walk with you behind the
houses, in the bushes, near the river or other open places where people defecate. A small
gathering in such odd places will soon attract others. Explain how flies and pets come in
to contact with them how it finds its way into your food.
 The second step is to do a feces mapping of the GP, identifying households with and
without toilets and doing an analysis of people who defecate in the open. Mapping which
is a PRA analysis involves creating a simple map of the village to locate households,
resources and problems, and to stimulate discussion. It is a useful method of getting all
community members involved in a practical and visual analysis of the community
sanitation situation where houses without toilets and open defecation sites can be
identified and the problems detailed. Draw attention to how far some people have to walk
to defecate, highlight safety issues and ask people to trace the flow of shit leading to
contamination of the environment.
 The third step is to organize a large well attended meeting in the GP on a well publicised
date where all households of the GP are invited and some refreshments are provided. A
professional team undertakes the Triggering process and succeeds in shocking and
shaming the audience by explaining how feces contaminate their daily lives through a
live example of shit contaminating drinking water..

34
 At the end of the meeting, a list of families who have pledged to build a toilet are
prepared and a time frame is decided. This is followed by the constitution of an ‘Action
Group’ for overseeing the process of building toilets within the pledged time frame.
Activity: Part 4
Case study of how a Village attained ODF
Case study of Village : Budhar/ Kherwada Block/ Udaipur
Population : 1217 households. Achieved ODF in 2013
• Village prone to diseases/ filth and open defecation
• Village panchayat passes a resolution for ODF/ contacts a triggering NGO
• 13th Jan- ‘Transect Walk’ organised
• 18th Jan- Triggering takes place
• Nigrani committee formed/ identifies 25th Feb as ODF date
• Construction activity starts/ community pools in money/ ( APL-4000, BPL-1000)
• Social mobilisation of ASHA/ Anganwadi workers/ SHG groups/ School Teachers
• NGO supplies sanitation materials/ masons
• Sustained Inter Personnel Communication activities undertaken involving ASHA/
Anganwadi workers
• Direct media interventions undertaken using nukkad nataks, rallies by school children
• Community participation in construction of Toilets
• ODF achieved in 2013/ Incentives distributed by GP to eligible families
• GP declared ODF

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Activity: Wrap Up
Instructions
2. Summarise Activity 1,2,3 4,5 and 6
How is a live example of shit contaminating food done at the field level in the Triggering
exercise?
Ask for a glass of drinking water. When the glass of water is brought, offer it to someone and ask
if they could drink it. If they say yes, then ask others until everyone agrees that they could drink
the water. Next, pull a hair from your head and ask what is in your hand. Ask if they can see it.
Then touch it on some shit on the ground so that all can see. Now dip the hair in the glass of
water and ask if they can see anything in the glass of water. Next, offer the glass of water to
anyone standing near to you and ask them to drink it. Immediately they will refuse. Pass the
glass on to others and ask if they could drink. No one will want to drink that water. Ask why they
refuse it. They will answer that it contains shit.
Now ask how many feet a fly has. Inform them it has six feet and they are all serrated. Ask if
flies could pick up more shit than your hair could pick. The answer should be ‘yes’. Now ask
them what happens when flies sit on their, or their children’s food and plate: what are they
bringing with them from places where open defecation is practiced? Finally ask them what they
are eating with their food. The bottom line is: everyone in the village is ingesting each other’s
shit.
Ask them to try to calculate the amount of shit ingested every day. Ask how they feel about
ingesting each others’ shit because of open defecation? Don’t suggest anything at this point. Just
leave the thought with them for now, and remind them of it when you summarise at the end of
the community analysis.

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Session 5: The role of Media / Behavior change and Interpersonal
Communications
Learning Objectives
By the end of this session, participants will learn:
The important role of communication
What is Behaviour Change Communication
What is media and what are various media tools
What is Direct media
What is IPC
What are the key tools used for IPC
What are the skills needed to be a good IPC
1
Define communications, the process
of communication and the need for
communications to attain ODF
Explain the importance of right dissemination of
information for the success of any public
intervention
2 Explain what is Behaviour Change
Communication/ How is behaviour
change different from other
communication approaches?
Highlight the USP of BCC when compared to
other communication approaches
3
Explain what is Media and what are
the basic media tools
Touch on all media tools with examples
4
Why are IPC and direct media
important in a GP setting Highlight the importance of IPC and direct
media in a GP setting with a limited population
5 What are the key tools used for IPC/
skills needed to be a good IPC
communicator
Make the session participative by asking the
respondents to narrate examples of their
perception of IPC

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Activity: Part 1
Define Communications/ Process of communication
• Explain that Communication is the process by which two or more people exchange
ideas, facts, feelings or impressions in ways that each gain a common understanding of
the message. It is the act of getting a sender and receiver tuned together for a particular
message or a series of messages.
• Communication is an on-going, ever-changing, continuous and dynamic process. It does
not have a definite beginning or end
The process involved in Communication
 The first principle is to keep your eyes and ears open while communicating. ‘Learn to
Listen, Listen to Learn’
 Do not go with a preconceived notion, approach or attitude.
 Never believe that you know everything. You should be open to learning and
incorporating new things. One should not suffer from the ‘I Know, I Know, I Know’
attitude.
 Be very clear of your target audience and what you want to communicate
 Be very clear and aware about the context, situation the audience and the mode of
communication.
The role of communication with reference to ODF/ Sanitation
The key objectives are to:
 Raise the level of awareness, knowledge and understanding of the people about issues
related to sanitation and the negative impact ODF and Sanitation has on each and every
individual especially children.
 To undertake motivational activities to create an enabling environment for behavioral
changes among the people through various communication channels with focus on IPC.
Activity: Part 2
Behavior Change Communication

38
• Explain Behavioral Change Communication (BCC) is a process that motivates people to
adopt healthy behaviors and lifestyles. BCC programmes and interventions are aimed at
motivating individuals, groups and communities to change their unhealthy practices or to
sustain the healthy behaviors they are following or practicing.
Difference between behaviour change and other communication
 Successful BCC programmes follow a structured and systematic process. These
approaches consist of five to six major steps and take a holistic view of the whole
behavioral process. The steps followed include(1) A clear situational Analysis of the
problem(2 ) A Strategic Design or a structured communication plan involving various
media tools (3) Development of structured messages and Pre-testing them at the ground
level,(4) A time bound implementation plan (5) A structured Monitoring and Evaluation
of the communication intervention.
Activity: Part 3
Media
Instructions
1. Let the participants describe what they mean by media and describe what according to
they are the various types of media.
2. Each of the participants can write down the various types of media as they understand on
a sticky paper which can be put up and later consolidated
3. Explain the various media that is available as a means of communication
What is Media
• Media is a tool used to communicate messages. Messages can be delivered through
television or radio spots, articles in newspapers, periodicals or through brochures,
posters, flip charts, comics, or in- person by health workers, peer educators, counselors
and trained personnel. Messages can also be communicated through musical, dramatic
performances and community events.
• The selection of media depends on your target audience/the size of the target audience/
the kind of messages you want to communicate/ the kind of interaction you want with
your audience/ the resources at hand or cost of the campaign/ the reach of the media and
the duration of the campaign

39
The Basic Media tools used for communicating
Explain with examples the basic tools used for communicating messages (1) Interpersonal
Communications (2) Direct Media (3) Traditional Media (4) Mass media (5) Digital Media
 Interpersonal communication is person‐to‐person communication that may be verbal or
non‐verbal. It is face‐to‐face, with all the parties involved sending and receiving
information to and from each other. An example of this type of communication is a
typical patient‐doctor visit
 Direct Media/ Group Media is generally referred as media channels that are
stationary. In a rural setting, these channels of communication are basically used
for community mobilisation activities. They include wall writings/ posters, street
plays, village health fairs, folk theatre, awareness rallies etc.
 Traditional media is referred to media channels that the community is familiar with.
They include traditional folk songs, plays, folk theatre, folk storytelling techniques,
puppet shows or any other channel of entertainment the local community is familiar with.
 Mass media are known as channels that transmit messages to large audiences through
media with a wide reach, Mass media channels reach out to a large number of people
across states and even countries. This form of communication includes Television, Radio,
Newspapers, Magazines and web based communications.
Activity: Part 4
Why are Interpersonal Communication and Direct media the key communication tools in a
GP setting
Explain that in a Panchayat setting, the media that matters are Interpersonal communication and
Direct Media. This is because they are cost effective and cater to a smaller audience. The major
advantage they have is the power to directly engage with the target audience. Moreover, other
media channels like Mass Media will be handled by Central / State Governments
Clearly explain to the participants that as their target audience comprises of a
population of 5,000 people , the media they should concentrate on is IPC. If needed they

40
can also indulge in direct media interventions or traditional media depending upon the
availability of funds.
Drive home the point that Mass Media is expensive and needs a large setting. This would
happen at the Central Government level/ State government level.
Tell the participants that keeping in mind the current scenario, the emphasis of their
communication intervention should revolve around Inter Personal Communications
which is the best and cost effective medium in a community setting.
Explain that one of the major advantages of Direct Media is that it is participatory in
nature and has the power to engage the audience. If activities like nukkad nataks are
handled intelligently, it can answer and clear all the questions in the minds of the
audience and can be a major persuasive tool.
Activity : Part 5
Interpersonal Communications
Ask the audience to explain what is meant by interpersonal communications as per the
earlier session
 Explain the various tools used in Inter personal communication like peer
counseling, provider to client counseling, the importance of using educational
tools like posters, flip charts etc
 Explain the importance of winning the trust of the community. This can be
achieved if the community believes that the PRI members are sincere,
knowledgeable, helpful and has the interest of the community at large.
Tools used for interpersonal Communications
 Counseling: Counseling aims to share information about an issue or subject concerning
the client. It should provide him with relevant information that is acceptable and easy to
understand and help him make informed decisions. The counselor can use various aids
like posters, flipcharts, storytelling etc as aids to help him in the process.
 Group discussions/ group activities: For group activities to become a part of IEC, all

41
participants should become involved in the discussions and generally share common
ideas and concerns.
Key skills needed to be an interpersonal communicator
 Knowledge- The communicator should have adequate and updated knowledge about the
issue
 Active listening skills- This involves listening to what people say and asking the right
questions and includes
 Concentrating on what the person is saying
 Respecting the viewpoint of the person
 Listening intently and encouraging the person to speak
 Being alert to body language
 Giving the person enough time to think and reply to questions.
 Repeating and interpreting- Repeating the words used by the client gives the impression
that one is listening while interpretation gives the chance to correct any wrong
assumptions
 Asking questions- good and timely questions encourage real exchange of information
 Making positive statements- Making statements like what you say is correct helps you
gain the confidence of the client.
Instructions
What is the difference between IEC and BCC

42
The important thing about BCC is that it follows a systematic evidence based approach. Earlier,
organisations used information education and communication (IEC) strategies to improve
awareness to bring about positive behaviours. But today, the emphasis is on Behavioural Change
Communication (BCC) which builds on IEC. Traditional IEC methods concentrated on giving
information and creating awareness while BCC follows a more structured approach of
behavioural theories and systematic implementation processes.
A BCC strategy lays out a detailed plan for reaching desired behaviour change objectives. It
throws light on various issues like, should one focus on direct communication to disseminate
messages or interpersonal communications? Which communication media will reach the target
audience most effectively? How can one build on issues and portray it more effectively that the
audience is already familiar with?
A BCC strategy answers such crucial questions. BCC approach consists of five to six major
steps and takes a holistic view of the whole behavioural process. The steps followed include(1) A
clear situational Analysis of the problem(2 ) A Strategic Design or a structured communication
plan involving various media tools (3) Development of structured messages and Pre-testing
them at the ground level,(4) A time bound implementation plan (5) A structured Monitoring and
Evaluation of the communication intervention.
What is mass media? What are the various channels used in Mass Media?
Mass Media consists of channels that transmit messages to large audiences. Mass media
channels reach out to a large number of people across states and even countries. This form of
communication includes Television, Radio, Newspapers, Magazines and web based
communication
Television: one of the channels with the maximum reach which is highly attractive and popular
Advantages: Television is highly watched, reaches a large wide audience at the same time, has
the ability to deliver impact due to its colourful audio visual presentation.
Disadvantages: Very expensive medium, high production costs. Spots are very costly especially
on prime time.
Radio: Again a very powerful medium which can reach all segments of the society with
powerful messages. It is one of the cheapest means of large scale communications
Advantages: it can be used as a personal medium with excellent reach, Moreover there is scope
for two way communication.

43
Disadvantages: The lack of audio visual support in information dissemination reduces appeal. It
is also fragmented in nature.
Newspapers: One of the best medium for giving large scale information dissemination and can
be very useful for advocacy purposes. (Magazines are very effective in reaching niche audiences)
Advantages: It is cheap, easy to carry, repeated eyeballs on adverts, scope of messaging and
disseminating large information.
Disadvantages: it could be quite expensive, reach limited to literate audience
New Media: The web based media including internet/ smart phone is regarded as the new media
Advantages: Effective among youths, educated audience, not very expensive. There is a lot of
scope for making it interactive. Has the potential for instant messaging and being interactive.
Disadvantages: can only cater to technology savvy crowd, could be expensive, limiter reach as
the audience needs to be highly literate

44
Session 6: Social mobilization and How to prepare a communication
plan for attaining ODF in your GP
Learning Objectives
Social Mobilisation
Process involved in Social Mobilisation
Tools used in Social Mobilisation
The generic steps involved in formulating a communication action plan for ODF in the
GP
1
Explain what is social mobilisation
Concentrate on explaining why social
mobilisation is crucial ( give the example of the
polio campaign)
2
Explain the process and tools used in
social mobilisation Explain the process with examples
3
Explain how to develop a
communications action plan for
sustainable sanitation Take through the communication plan step by
step with examples
1. Explain what is meant by social mobilisation
2. Ask the participants to list out how they have mobilised the community in their project areas
( encourage the participants to come up with examples)

45
3. What are the various tools that can be used at the community level for social mobilisation?
Activity: Part 1
Social Mobilisation
Explain that Social Mobilization is a broad scale movement to engage people's participation in
achieving a specific development goal through self-reliant efforts. It is a planned decentralized
process
that transforms populations from being recipients of benefits to active participants in the
development process. It involves a series of planned processes to reach influence and involve all
sections of the society to reach a common objective or goal.
As far as the PRIs are concerned, the key is to establish a deep rapport with the local community.
The local community should feel that the Panchayati Raj members are one among them and is
really committed and interested in their welfare
The process for social mobilisation will require
 Frequent visits in the community
 Participating in the communities events/ festivals
 Making the community aware of their rights
 Creating awareness in the community
 Informing the community about various government schemes
 Exploring credit linkages
Activity: 2
The tools that can be used to mobilise the community
Emphasise and explain the tools used in social mobilisation:
 Meetings
 Group discussions
 Showing short films in the community
 Organising Games and sports in the community
 Organising exhibitions
 Pictorial representations on issues at the community level
 Organising exposure visits to other villages
 Organising rallies
 Organising competitions at the school level

46
 Distribution of awards/ incentives
 Organising street plays
 Organising community activities like group news reading
Activity: 3
Steps involved in Developing a communications plan
Explain the steps involved in developing a communication plan at the GP level
What are the key steps involved in developing a communications action plan on Family
Planning?
1. Gain understanding of the ground situation/ Do a situational analysis
Understand the prevailing situation of the issue at the ground level. To develop a
communications plan to make your GP ODF, you should do an assessment about (a)
About the prevailing myths, knowledge, priority and preferences in the community on
issues connected to sanitation. (b) The communication needs and preferred tools of
communication in the community.
2. How would you do a situational analysis at the community level?
 Organise a meeting of frontline health/ sanitation workers like Swachhata Preraks/
ASHAs / Anganwadi workers
 Collect block based baseline data of the GP from MDWS website/ DWSM
 Hold a stake holder meet local religious leaders, block development officer , local school
teachers, any NGO representatives working in the area to understand ground realities
3. Try to get a fair picture of your audience
 Families who do not own a toilet
 Families who do not have a pucca toilet
 Families who have a toilet, but their family members still defecate in the open
 Families which are genuinely poor to construct a toilet
 Families who are covered by govt incentive / subsidy
 Families who are not covered by the incentive
 Ownership of TV/ radio
 Their preferred means of communication ( IPC/ Direct Media)
 What is their preferred meeting place in the GP
4. Cleary state your goals and objectives

47
Try to understand that your goals are long term (spread over time) while your objective are for
the duration of your communication plan (may be one year).
For example your goals may be (1) Achieve 100% coverage by 2016 while your objective under
the campaign could be to increase (2) No one defecated in the open in the GP (3) No slip backs
happen in the GP.
5. Identify your resources/ and time frame for the campaign
Try to get a fix of the budget that can be spared and a tentative time frame to run the campaign
6. Identify the messages
What are the key messages you want to conway in your campaign and what is the best media to
popularise these messages.
7. Identify your media
To be effective in your outreach communication activity, you should list the media you plan to
use as per the messages, timeframe and most importantly the budget you have at hand.
IPC- 60%
Group communication -30%
Print communication- 10%
You can then get into details while framing the budget
8. Identify your manpower
The most important thing is to identify your manpower for carrying out the communication
campaign and fix responsibility on implementing various activities
9. Identify capacity building needs/ material
You need to identify how to build the capacity of your counsellors/ identify tools like flip charts/
tablets/ identify theatre groups for staging street plays
10. Frame your communication budget
You need to work out your communication budget based on the duration and frequency of the
campaign/ you need to identify costs of organisations/ theatre groups/ materials/ training need
for the campaign

48
11. Monitor you communications plan
Draw out a monitoring and evaluation plan for the communication activity by linking it with
your programme objectives.
Tentative Format of a Communication Action Plan
Name of
Activity
When Where Communication
tools
Target
Audience
Message
to be
conveyed
Manpower Budget
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Counseling of
individual
household
Group
meetings
Awareness
rallies by
school
children
Observation
of Sanitation
week
Sanitation
exhibition
Nukkad
Nataks
Puppet shows
Flip charts/ tablets
Pamphlets/
posters
Placards/ banners
Posters/ banners/
hangers/ audio-
video messages
All of the above
including display
of sanitation
models
Theatre group/
transportation/
refreshments
Same as above
Men/ women
Children
Religious
leaders/
community
Community
community
To be
decided by
the GP
As per
allocations
/funds
available

49
Instructions

50
Session7: Suggested Steps involved in preparing an Action Plan for attaining
ODF in your GP
Learning Objectives
How to formulate a generic action plan for attaining ODF in the GP
Discuss and learn from group presentations of various groups
Develop your own plan as per the ground situation and challenges in your GP
1
Explain the suggested steps involved
in preparing an action plan for
attaining ODF in the GP
Highlight the point that these are only
suggested steps. The PRIs need to formulate the
action plan as per the ground realities prevailing
in the GP.
2
Divide the participants into four
groups and ask them to prepare an
action plan for their GP
See to it that each group has proper
representation and is given ample time to
discuss and prepare a plan
3
The four groups make presentations
Explain the action plan step by step
4 Discuss the presentations and agree on
the basics and re-draw the action plan.
Discuss all the presentations and clear all
doubts or ambiguity in the mind of the
respondents.

51
Activity 1: Suggestedsteps involved in preparing an action plan for attaining ODF in the
GP
• Do a mapping/ Participatory Research Analysis of your GP regarding toilets constructed/
use of toilets/ unused toilets/ Popular ODF sites.
• Also identify and frame a comprehensive list of families who need to build a toilet
• Out of the list, identify potential beneficiaries eligible for government subsidy and those
who are not eligible for the subsidy.
• Approach the District Sanitation Mission for transferring funds to the GP sanitation fund
account (Gram Nikshay) that has been specially created for this purpose in every GP.
• For the families who do not come under any eligibility criteria, try to arrange loans from
SHGs or from the SBM revolving funds available with the District sanitation Mission
• Identify and compile a list of various stakeholders ( Both Government and Private) to be
part of the ODF drive
• Carry out an assessment of the financial viability (funds that would be needed/ funds that
would be available with the community/ Funds that need to be raised through loans etc.
• Create a network of ASHAs, Anganwadi workers, Swachata Preraks , SHGs for attaining
sanitation targets.
• Organise capacity building training workshops for ASHAs/ Anganwadi workers in IPC
for disseminating sanitation messages.
• Make use of Village Health and Sanitation Committee infrastructure and use VHND
days being observed
• Mobilize as many families / people as you can for the ‘Triggering ‘ process as this is
crucial for the success of the ODF drive.
• Post Triggering Process, Draw out an IEC/ BCC plan for the GP with focus on Inter
personal Communication and Direct Media initiatives

52
• Identify institutions/ private players/ NGOs who can distribute sanitation materials in the
GP and facilitate this process
• Identify / Employ masons who have the expertise in building toilets as per safe guidelines
laid out by SBM guidelines.
• Carry out individual household visits and motivate/ educate them regarding immediate
construction of toilets.
• Constitute ‘Nigrani’ committees for regularly visiting ODF sites in the GP and keeping a
tab on people who defecate in the open
• Focus on sustainable sanitation through IPC and Direct Media
• Sensitise religious leaders on sanitation and rope them into the programme
• Coordinate with sanitary marts in ensuring regular supply of sanitary materials as per
need and demand of the community
Activity 2
1. Divide the participants into four groups
2. Ask each group to work on an action plan for attaining ODF in the GP keeping in view
the ground situation.
3. Provide them with charts and sketch pens and one facilitator can supplement the
discussions of the group.
Activity 3
Give the groups thirty minutes to work on an Action plan
1. Ask the groups to present one by one their action plan
2. Analyse and pinpoint shortcomings of each group one by one, once they finish their

53
presentations
3. Get all the participants to comment on the presentations
Activity 4
1. Explain what was lacking and what was strong in the presentation of each group
2. Once again explain the various steps involved in an action plan and describe why
each step is crucial before concluding the session

54
Annexure
Abbreviations
ANM Auxiliary Nurse Midwife
APL Above Poverty Line
ASHA Accredited Social Health Activist
BPL Below Poverty Line
BCC Behaviour Change Communication
CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation
CSC Community Sanitary Complex
DWSM District Swachh Bharat Mission
GOI Government of India
GP Gram Panchayat
IHHL Individual Household Latrines
IEC Information Education Communication
IPC Inter Personal Communication
JMP Joint Monitoring Programme
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MDWS Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation
MNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
NBA Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan
NGO Non Governmental Organisations

55
NGP Nirmal Gram Puraskar
NRHM National Rural Health Mission
ODF Open Defecation Free
PRI Panchayathi Raj Institutions
PRA Participatory Research Analysis
PHC Primary Health Centre
RSM Rural Sanitary Mart
SHG Self Help Group
SSBM State Swachh Bharat Mission
SLWM Solid and Liquid Waste Management
TSC Total sanitation campaign
VHSNC Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committee
VHND Village Health and Nutrition Day
WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene
References
Guidelines for Swachh Bharat Mission ( Gramin)
Sanitation and Hygiene Communication Strategy 2012
Sanitation Country Paper 2013
Gram Panchayat Handbook , MDWS
Pathway to Success, Compendium of Best Practices in Rural Sanitation ( WSP)

56
Practical Guide to Triggering Community Led Total sanitation by Kamal Kar
WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Report 2012
Swacchata Doot Guideline 2011
UNICEF India website / End open defecation page
MDWS Website / www.mdws.nic.in

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