A review of the technological developments on ceramic monoblock filters and duplexers over the years is presented in this work. Early designs based on simulated and measured data are presented along with later designs based on accurate equivalent circuits as well as the use of evolution algorithms for optimal design.
Comparative Isolation Techniques of 1x2 MIMO Antenna for 5Gjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : In this paper a simple mender line EBG with slotted ground planer 1x2 rectangle patch multi-band antenna is designed and simulated. Presently the communication system provides the ultra wideband internet services. This is possible due to higher data rates and improved spectral efficiency of the communication system. The higher data rates and improved spectral efficiency are achieved by the use of MIMO antenna. MIMO antenna provide a significant increase in data rate and range of link without more bandwidth and power. The main design challenge in MIMO antenna is to attain high isolation between the antenna elements. This paper reviews various decoupling techniques to improve the mutual coupling between the antenna elements.
Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure for Antenna Design iosrjce
A dual band electromagnetic band gap structure is designed, simulated and measured. This is
carried out using CST microwave studio software, the design is carried out on FR-4 substrate by Method of
Suspended Transmission Line. The structure posses a dual band gap that effectively suppress surface wave at
the dual frequencies. The result from the simulation gives dual band gaps that resonate at 1.8GHz and 4.0GHz
and the measured result resonate at 1.8GHz and 4.3GHz, this show there is a good agreement between the two
results. The structure is simple and easily incorporated with microwave and wireless devices
The Eigenfrequency Analysis of Mems Based Baw Resonatoriosrjce
As technology is growing very rapidly, Micro scale devices are playing a vital role in the electronic,
mechanical and other application areas due to their integrability with CMOS IC technology, low power
consumption, low cost Fabrication and Large frequency-Quality factor product. As there is a much demand for
small and portable devices the applications of micro devices like MEMS based Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW)
resonators are rapidly increasing. In this paper we will present the analysis of thin-film BAW resonator
designed in 2D using eigenfrequency by using Zinc oxide and Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT-8) materials and
try to achieve a high quality ( Q) factor . The Q-factor is the most important characteristics of a resonator
because it describes the frequency selectivity of the device. The high Q-factor greatly helps to implement
extremely selective IF and RF filters with small percent bandwidth and low insertion loss
Design of a simple slotted Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Bluetooth...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a slotted rectangular microstrip patch antenna for Bluetooth applications at 2.41GHz. The antenna is designed on a Rogers TMM 4 substrate that is 0.8mm thick with a dielectric constant of 4.5. It has dimensions of 58.53mm x 56.53mm. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 2.41GHz with a return loss of -15.90dB and VSWR of 1.38, meeting Bluetooth requirements. The radiation pattern is also presented. In conclusion, the designed antenna can be used for Bluetooth applications.
Performance analysis of ultrathin junctionless double gate vertical MOSFETsjournalBEEI
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the performance of ultrathin junctionless double gate vertical MOSFETs (JLDGVM) and compares them to conventional junctioned double gate vertical MOSFETs (JDGVM) through process and device simulation. The simulation results show that the drain current (ID) of n-type and p-type JLDGVM is enhanced by 57% and 60% respectively compared to JDGVM. Additionally, JLDGVM exhibit a larger ION/IOFF ratio and smaller subthreshold slope, implying better power consumption and faster switching capability than JDGVM. The junctionless configuration eliminates challenges associated with forming ultra-shallow junctions between the source/
IRJET- Multiple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna with DGS for X Band, Ku Band an...IRJET Journal
This document describes a multiple band microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the X band, Ku band, and K band frequency ranges. The antenna is fabricated using an FR4 epoxy substrate with a thickness of 1.6mm. Rectangular slots are etched into the patch and ground plane to generate multiple resonances at 9.1 GHz, 10.1 GHz, 11 GHz, 16.7 GHz, and 19.1 GHz. A defected ground structure in the form of a circular ring slot is used to improve antenna performance. High frequency structural simulation software is used to analyze the antenna design. The proposed antenna is suitable for applications in X band, Ku band and K band radar and satellite communications.
Reconfigurable Metamaterial Structure at Millimeter Wave Frequency Range IJECEIAES
In this paper, reconfigurable metamaterial structure at millimeter wave frequency range was designed and simulated for a future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone beam switching applications. The new proposed structure was composed of a bridge-shaped resonator (BSR) in the front face and strip line at the back face of the unit cell which operates at 28GHz. First, nonreconfigurable low loss BSR unit cell was designed and subsequently, the reconfigurability was achieved using four switches formed in the gaps of the structure. The proposed structure achieves the lowest loss and almost full transmission among its counterparts by -0.06dB (0.99 in linear scale). To demonstrate the reconfigurability of the metamaterial, the reflection and transmission coefficients and real parts of the effective refractive index at each reconfigured frequency were studied and investigated. Simulation results showed that a high transmission and reflection peaks occur at each resonance frequency according to change the state of the switches.
Image Reconstruction for Solid Profile Measurement in ERT Using Non-invasive ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Image reconstruction software and its image reconstruction algorithm are an important step towards constructing a tomography system. This paper demonstrates an image reconstruction of solid profile using linear back projection (LBP) algorithm and global threshold. A forward problem and inverse problem are discussed. The modelled of sensitivity distributions using COMSOL proved that the system is able to detect the liquid-solid regime in vertical pipe. Additionally, the location of the phantom can be easily distinguished using LBP algorithm and thresholding technique. The simulations and experiments results indicate that the sensitivity distribution of non-invasive ERT system can be applied in getting a tomogram of the medium of interest.
Comparative Isolation Techniques of 1x2 MIMO Antenna for 5Gjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : In this paper a simple mender line EBG with slotted ground planer 1x2 rectangle patch multi-band antenna is designed and simulated. Presently the communication system provides the ultra wideband internet services. This is possible due to higher data rates and improved spectral efficiency of the communication system. The higher data rates and improved spectral efficiency are achieved by the use of MIMO antenna. MIMO antenna provide a significant increase in data rate and range of link without more bandwidth and power. The main design challenge in MIMO antenna is to attain high isolation between the antenna elements. This paper reviews various decoupling techniques to improve the mutual coupling between the antenna elements.
Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure for Antenna Design iosrjce
A dual band electromagnetic band gap structure is designed, simulated and measured. This is
carried out using CST microwave studio software, the design is carried out on FR-4 substrate by Method of
Suspended Transmission Line. The structure posses a dual band gap that effectively suppress surface wave at
the dual frequencies. The result from the simulation gives dual band gaps that resonate at 1.8GHz and 4.0GHz
and the measured result resonate at 1.8GHz and 4.3GHz, this show there is a good agreement between the two
results. The structure is simple and easily incorporated with microwave and wireless devices
The Eigenfrequency Analysis of Mems Based Baw Resonatoriosrjce
As technology is growing very rapidly, Micro scale devices are playing a vital role in the electronic,
mechanical and other application areas due to their integrability with CMOS IC technology, low power
consumption, low cost Fabrication and Large frequency-Quality factor product. As there is a much demand for
small and portable devices the applications of micro devices like MEMS based Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW)
resonators are rapidly increasing. In this paper we will present the analysis of thin-film BAW resonator
designed in 2D using eigenfrequency by using Zinc oxide and Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT-8) materials and
try to achieve a high quality ( Q) factor . The Q-factor is the most important characteristics of a resonator
because it describes the frequency selectivity of the device. The high Q-factor greatly helps to implement
extremely selective IF and RF filters with small percent bandwidth and low insertion loss
Design of a simple slotted Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Bluetooth...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a slotted rectangular microstrip patch antenna for Bluetooth applications at 2.41GHz. The antenna is designed on a Rogers TMM 4 substrate that is 0.8mm thick with a dielectric constant of 4.5. It has dimensions of 58.53mm x 56.53mm. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 2.41GHz with a return loss of -15.90dB and VSWR of 1.38, meeting Bluetooth requirements. The radiation pattern is also presented. In conclusion, the designed antenna can be used for Bluetooth applications.
Performance analysis of ultrathin junctionless double gate vertical MOSFETsjournalBEEI
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the performance of ultrathin junctionless double gate vertical MOSFETs (JLDGVM) and compares them to conventional junctioned double gate vertical MOSFETs (JDGVM) through process and device simulation. The simulation results show that the drain current (ID) of n-type and p-type JLDGVM is enhanced by 57% and 60% respectively compared to JDGVM. Additionally, JLDGVM exhibit a larger ION/IOFF ratio and smaller subthreshold slope, implying better power consumption and faster switching capability than JDGVM. The junctionless configuration eliminates challenges associated with forming ultra-shallow junctions between the source/
IRJET- Multiple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna with DGS for X Band, Ku Band an...IRJET Journal
This document describes a multiple band microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the X band, Ku band, and K band frequency ranges. The antenna is fabricated using an FR4 epoxy substrate with a thickness of 1.6mm. Rectangular slots are etched into the patch and ground plane to generate multiple resonances at 9.1 GHz, 10.1 GHz, 11 GHz, 16.7 GHz, and 19.1 GHz. A defected ground structure in the form of a circular ring slot is used to improve antenna performance. High frequency structural simulation software is used to analyze the antenna design. The proposed antenna is suitable for applications in X band, Ku band and K band radar and satellite communications.
Reconfigurable Metamaterial Structure at Millimeter Wave Frequency Range IJECEIAES
In this paper, reconfigurable metamaterial structure at millimeter wave frequency range was designed and simulated for a future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone beam switching applications. The new proposed structure was composed of a bridge-shaped resonator (BSR) in the front face and strip line at the back face of the unit cell which operates at 28GHz. First, nonreconfigurable low loss BSR unit cell was designed and subsequently, the reconfigurability was achieved using four switches formed in the gaps of the structure. The proposed structure achieves the lowest loss and almost full transmission among its counterparts by -0.06dB (0.99 in linear scale). To demonstrate the reconfigurability of the metamaterial, the reflection and transmission coefficients and real parts of the effective refractive index at each reconfigured frequency were studied and investigated. Simulation results showed that a high transmission and reflection peaks occur at each resonance frequency according to change the state of the switches.
Image Reconstruction for Solid Profile Measurement in ERT Using Non-invasive ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Image reconstruction software and its image reconstruction algorithm are an important step towards constructing a tomography system. This paper demonstrates an image reconstruction of solid profile using linear back projection (LBP) algorithm and global threshold. A forward problem and inverse problem are discussed. The modelled of sensitivity distributions using COMSOL proved that the system is able to detect the liquid-solid regime in vertical pipe. Additionally, the location of the phantom can be easily distinguished using LBP algorithm and thresholding technique. The simulations and experiments results indicate that the sensitivity distribution of non-invasive ERT system can be applied in getting a tomogram of the medium of interest.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents the design of a dual band notched ultrawideband (UWB) antenna. The antenna is a small microstrip-fed monopole with a size of 24 x 26 x 0.8 mm3. It achieves band rejections in the WiMAX and WLAN bands through a T-shaped parasitic strip and defected ground plane with hook-shaped slots. Simulation results show the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 2.9-14 GHz, excluding stopbands of 3-4 GHz and 5.1-5.6 GHz. The compact antenna design successfully provides UWB performance while avoiding interference in existing wireless systems.
Preliminary investigation on effective grounding measurement ofIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on effectively grounding microstrip lines. The study measured the via hole inductance of microstrip lines on a GaAs substrate using a vector network analyzer. A test structure with a single via hole was fabricated to approximate a 50 ohm microstrip line. Via hole inductance measurements were taken from 1-5 GHz and the mean inductance was calculated to be 43.29 pH. The preliminary investigation provides useful information for designing microwave integrated circuits using microstrip lines with effective grounding.
This document discusses the effects of photoanode thickness on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) simulated using an equivalent circuit model. Three DSSCs were fabricated with TiO2 absorption layer thicknesses of 6 μm, 12 μm, and 18 μm. Their current-voltage characteristics were measured and fitted to an equivalent circuit model. The model shows that both the series resistance (Rs) and shunt resistance (Rsh) increase with thicker absorption layers. It also shows that increasing Rs decreases the fill factor, while cell efficiency decreases as the material thickness increases due to increased resistance.
This document provides an introduction to transparent electronics. It discusses how transparent electronics allows for invisible electronic circuitry and devices with applications in consumer electronics, energy, and transportation. The basic device structure is similar to conventional electronics, but the materials must be transparent in the visible spectrum. The goals of transparent electronics are to discover and implement transparent electronic materials, incorporate these materials into transistor and circuit designs, and achieve application-specific performance requirements. Realizing this technology requires expertise from various fields including materials science, chemistry, physics, and engineering. In the past decade, the available materials for transparent electronics have expanded beyond transparent conducting oxides to include other conducting, dielectric, and semiconducting materials needed for full device fabrication.
Microstrip line fed stacked layer e shaped patch antenna for wlanIAEME Publication
The design of stacked layer E-shaped microstrip patch antenna for wideband
operation in the 5-6 GHz frequency range has been presented in this paper. The antenna is
Microstrip line feeded. The Roger RO4350 of 1.6 mm height with relative permittivity of
3.66 and dielectric loss tangent of 0.004 has been used as the substrate on which the patch is
placed. An air box of 2mm height has been introduced between substrate and the ground. The
ANSOFT HFSS software has been used for designing the antenna. High performance
characteristics and good impedance matching have been obtained. The antenna is resonating
at 5.36 GHz with a return loss of -56.5 dB. A maximum gain of 5.3 dB has been obtained in
E-plane. The proposed antenna is suitable for WLAN and WiMax applications operating
within 5.15-5.85 GHz frequency band.
Microstructure anlaysis and enhancement of nodular cast iron using digital im...eSAT Journals
Abstract Digital image processing is the technique to process pixel variations on digital images. This paper employs the digital image processing procedure for microstructure analysis and enhancement of nodular cast iron properties inorder to determine the quality factors. This processing made to sharpen and enhance the microstructure before quantitative analysis. This analysis taken in the analog form of nodular cast iron was performed manually such that, it is time consuming for multiple set of images. To avoid this criteria probably, Digital Image Processing techniques are being used. Often the nodular cast iron images are corrupted or defected during transmission by impulse noise which is often filtered using median filters. In this paper, some of processing steps as pre-processing, segmentation, filtering process and edge detection are done on these images for effective and lossless transmission ensuring the counting of nodules in microstructure and detailed study of grain properties that correlates with the mechanical properties such as ductility, malleability and brittleness. Only 30% restoration of image applicable to an acceptable level is limited. A new filtering method – Resolution Based Median Filter (RBMF) is proposed which achieves more than 95% restoration of nodular cast iron images to an acceptable level. This method optimizes further microstructure analysis of grain smoothening and grain boundary detection using finite element simulation model by varying the intensity level of images. Keywords – Digital Image Processing, Material Microstructure, Edge Detection, Grain Boundary, Resolution Based Median Filter (RBMF).
This document describes the design and testing of several flower-shaped slotted microstrip patch antennas for circular polarization. Three antenna designs are proposed using different slot shapes: cross-circle, L-shaped, and flower-shaped slots. The antennas are designed to operate in the 2.45 GHz ISM band. Simulation and experimental results show that the cross-circle slotted design achieves the best performance with a return loss of -25 dB, 3.3 dBi gain, and 0.5 dB axial ratio bandwidth. In general, the slotted designs provide compact circularly polarized antennas suitable for applications such as RFID readers.
Optimization of Empirical Modelling of Advanced Highly Strained In 0.7 Ga 0.3...IJECEIAES
An optimized empirical modelling for a 0.25µm gate length of highly strained channel of an InP-based pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) using InGaAs–InAlAs material systems is presented. An accurate procedure for extraction is described and tested using the pHEMT measured dataset of I-V characteristics and related multi-bias s-parameters over 20GHz frequency range. The extraction of linear and nonlinear parameters from the small signal and large signal pHEMT equivalent model are performed in ADS. The optimized DC and S-parameter model for the pHEMT device provides a basis for active device selection in the MMIC low noise amplifier circuit designs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling of dirac voltage for highly p doped graphene field effect-transistor...Conference Papers
The document presents a modeling approach to extract the Dirac voltage from transfer characteristics of a highly p-doped graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) measured at atmospheric pressure. It describes the full wafer-scale fabrication process used to produce the GFET devices and issues with characterizing them at atmospheric pressure due to water molecule absorption. The modeling approach projects the output characteristics to vacuum pressure conditions using a correlation factor from a commercial GFET sample, then fits an ambipolar virtual source model to the data to determine the Dirac voltage.
This document compares the energy consumption of optical and electronic signal processing circuits. It develops an energy model that accounts for the contributions of optical-to-electrical and electrical-to-optical converters, as well as demultiplexers and multiplexers. The model considers energy consumption, energy density, and complexity of processing. The analysis shows that optical processing may be competitive for very high-speed, limited processing applications. However, electronics provides better energy efficiency and integration density for more complex processing and is likely to remain dominant for most applications. More attention needs to be paid to energy issues in developing new optical technologies.
I. Massive and fast inversions provide high resolution inversion of MobileMT data into resistivity-depth models without limitations on frequency or station numbers. Results are used to assess data quality and compile databases for further analysis.
II. Detail and goal-oriented inversions use adaptive finite element modeling focused on specific zones, providing more detailed models of complex structures.
III. Forward modeling estimates the detectability of exploration targets using MobileMT, helping evaluate the technology's capability for specific geology.
One-Dimensional Carbon Nanostructures—From Synthesis to Nano-electromechanica...Mariana Amorim Fraga
The fundamental properties of one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanostructures and their promising technological applications have stimulated significant research in different areas. Because of their outstanding electrical and mechanical properties, these nanostructures have emerged as a new class of sensor material with real potential for a variety of nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS). Several studies have shown that the performance of a NEMS device is significantly affected by the material properties of the nanostructures used to build it. For this reason, a section of this review is devoted to the synthesis and properties of 1D carbon nanostructures including nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanowires. Thereafter, some NEMS-based sensors using 1D carbon nanostructures are introduced and issues related to their fabrication processes are addressed. The goal of this brief review is to outline the benefits of the use of 1D carbon nanostructures, the current status of development and challenges to enable their widespread application as sensing elements in NEMS devices.
pp. 39-56
S&M1299
http://dx.doi.org/10.18494/SAM.2017.1366
Online Published: January 25, 2017
Study on the effect of the substrate material type and thickness on the perfo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article presents a new design of a four-pole microstrip filtering antenna. The filtering antenna consists of a bandpass filter, which has four resonators integrated to a monopole patch antenna. The filtering antenna is designed with a relatively high bandwidth of about 1.22 GHz to satisfy a high-speed data transmission. Three types of dielectric substrate materials were used for the design of the filtering antenna, which is RT/Duroid 5880, RO3003, and FR-4. The simulation results of the filtering antenna design, which are established on the three different dielectric substrate materials, are done by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. Comparison results of the filtering antenna that is established on the three different dielectric substrate materials are done at a fixed substrate height and different substrate heights. The filtering antenna is designed at a center frequency f0 = 2.412 GHz, which is suitable for WLAN applications.
Analysis and simulations of optimal geometry shapes of the 4 and 9 nano hole ...IJECEIAES
The possibility to limit and manipulate photons at nanometer scales attracted a lot of interest for exciting applications from subwavelength in laser, biosensors, biomedical and optoelectronics devices, the sensor optical properties, however; are complex due to two resonances through propagating and localized surface plasmons. The optical properties of surface plasmons (SPs) at the resonant wavelength is depending on the geometrical nanostructure of materials. In this article, we used different geometry of nanoholes array, 4 and 9 nanoholes array in a metallic film gold nanoparticle with different thickness (20,50,100) nm on SiO2 substrate with refractive index 1.46, we designed two different geometries; 4- holes: hole radius r1=200 nm, period p1=600 nm; and 9- holes: r2=100 nm, period p2=300 nm. Transmission and reflection spectrum have been calculated and simulated by FDTD Lumerical program. From results are observed the effect of thickness is interesting, transmission is increased at (t=20nm) for two arrays. Furthermore, the number of hole and its area has an influence on optical transmission and other parameters (E, H, Ref) which are characteristics of design of metallic nanostructure. We can see that there is a peak value of the wavelength at 519 nm approximately to 73% strong light transmission with 4-NHA in the other hand wavelength of 519 nm transmission is 45% with 9-NHA. strong light transmission is hopeful for many applications (biomedical devices, nanoantennas and laser optical fiber).
Modelling of next zen memory cell using low power consuming high speed nano d...eSAT Journals
Abstract Hybrid SET-CMOS circuits which syndicate the assets of both the SET [Single Electron Transistor] and CMOS depicts highest possibilities to be incorporated in practical implementation for future low power VLSI/ULSI configurations. The proposed work is an attempt based on SET-CMOS hybrid circuit to realize the next gen simple Memory Cell. The authors adhered to MIB model for SET and BSIM4 model for CMOS in realizing the complex cell. The maneuver of the proposed circuit is verified subsequently in standard environment. The outcomes are in good trade off with the conventional statistics of existing memory cell. Keywords: SET, SED, Hybrid CMOS-SET, MIB and Memory Cell
This document presents a novel 7.5 GHz wideband electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure for antenna applications. The EBG structure is a mushroom-like cell with a rectangular spiral shape etched into the top metal layer. Simulation results show a 7.5 GHz band gap is created between 7.49-14.94 GHz where surface waves are prohibited. The band gap properties are analyzed using dispersion diagrams and by simulating a microstrip line above an array of the EBG cells, showing high attenuation within the band gap frequencies. This wideband EBG structure has potential applications in suppressing surface waves in antenna design.
A review study of mechanical fatigue testing methods for small scale metal ma...Alexander Decker
This document reviews mechanical fatigue testing techniques for small-scale metal materials. It begins by discussing the increased focus on materials behavior at the micro and nano scales due to growing MEMS/NEMS applications. It then classifies fatigue testing techniques for small-scale materials, including uniaxial tension-tension, dynamic bending, and uniaxial tension-compression. Specific techniques are described in more detail, such as using piezoelectric actuators to enable load-controlled uniaxial cyclic loading of thin films. The document also examines fatigue properties of materials tested with these techniques, like studying crack growth rates in nickel alloy cantilever beams under dynamic bending.
A new configuration of a printed diplexer designed for DCS and ISM bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a new study on the design of a microstrip diplexer configuration optimized and validated for ISM and DCS frequency bands. The achieved structure is based on microstrip technology, the goal was to design two printed bandpass filters one for ISM band and the other one for DCS frequency band.The two microstrip filters are associated by using a T-junction which permits to validate a diplexer in the frequency bands DCS-Band receiver [1.74–2 GHz] and ISM-Band transmitter [2.3–2.55 GHz]. The whole size of the final circuit is 130x50 mm2. After the validation of the proposed diplexer into simulation we have fabricated and tested it by using VNA which permits to have a good agremment between simulation and measurements.
Design and manufacturing of iris waveguide filters for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
We propose in this paper, two bandpass filters in waveguide technology having rectangular symmetrical discontinuities with a half-radius r, designed and operating respectively in the X-Band (9-11.5) GHz and C-Band (3.5-5.5) GHz. These filters consists of eight irises placed symmetrically respectively on standard rectangular waveguides WR90 and WR229 in which resonant irises are inserted. These irises are used to couple the sections very strongly in this filter, which allows the bandwidth to be increased and the matching to be controlled. The comparison between the numerical and electromagnetic results, which we obtained for the filters, constitutes a means of validation of computer simulation technology (CST) environment and Mician for the design of the other circuit elements in the various frequency bands. We observed excellent consistency between the simulation curves and those of the measurements. The results obtained are promising and pave the way for the use of these structures in the fields of telecommunications.
Microstrip band-stop filter based on double negative metamaterialIJECEIAES
In this work, we present a novel miniature band stop filter based on double negative metamaterial, this circuit is designed on a low-cost substrate FR-4 of relative permittivity 4.4 and low tangential losses 0.002. The proposed filter has a compact and miniature size of 15 mm in length and 12mm in width without the 50 Ω feed lines. The resonator was studied and analyzed with a view to achieving a band-stop behavior around its resonant frequency. The band-stop characteristics are obtained by implementing the metamaterial resonator on the final structure. The obtained results show that this microstrip filter achieves fractional bandwidth of 40% at 2 GHz. Furthermore, excellent transmission quality and good attenuation are achieved. This filter is an adequate solution for global system for mobile communications (GSM).
Rectangular and circular antennas design for Bluetooth applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The most researched and examined aspect of the communication system is the wireless connection. Without learning how to operate and use different types of antennas, your knowledge is incomplete. Microstrip patch antenna research has advanced significantly in recent years. When compared to standard antennas, microstrip patch antennas provide additional advantages and opportunities. It is of low volume, light weight, low cost, low appearance, compact and easy to manufacture. This study investigates the differences between rectangular and circular patch antennas. For Bluetooth applications, the center frequency of 2.4 GHz was chosen as the optimal resonant frequency. On a flame retardant (FR-4) epoxy substrate, the antenna dielectric constant is 4.4. Above the ground the base rises 3.6 mm. For the simulation process, high frequency simulation software (HFSS 15) is used as the program design. Antennas 1×1, 1×2, and 1×4 are designed for both circular and rectangular antennas. A comparison was made for both types of antennas and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return losses, gain, directivity and half power beam width (HPBW) were found, and the feature of the rectangular antenna was shown.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents the design of a dual band notched ultrawideband (UWB) antenna. The antenna is a small microstrip-fed monopole with a size of 24 x 26 x 0.8 mm3. It achieves band rejections in the WiMAX and WLAN bands through a T-shaped parasitic strip and defected ground plane with hook-shaped slots. Simulation results show the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 2.9-14 GHz, excluding stopbands of 3-4 GHz and 5.1-5.6 GHz. The compact antenna design successfully provides UWB performance while avoiding interference in existing wireless systems.
Preliminary investigation on effective grounding measurement ofIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on effectively grounding microstrip lines. The study measured the via hole inductance of microstrip lines on a GaAs substrate using a vector network analyzer. A test structure with a single via hole was fabricated to approximate a 50 ohm microstrip line. Via hole inductance measurements were taken from 1-5 GHz and the mean inductance was calculated to be 43.29 pH. The preliminary investigation provides useful information for designing microwave integrated circuits using microstrip lines with effective grounding.
This document discusses the effects of photoanode thickness on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) simulated using an equivalent circuit model. Three DSSCs were fabricated with TiO2 absorption layer thicknesses of 6 μm, 12 μm, and 18 μm. Their current-voltage characteristics were measured and fitted to an equivalent circuit model. The model shows that both the series resistance (Rs) and shunt resistance (Rsh) increase with thicker absorption layers. It also shows that increasing Rs decreases the fill factor, while cell efficiency decreases as the material thickness increases due to increased resistance.
This document provides an introduction to transparent electronics. It discusses how transparent electronics allows for invisible electronic circuitry and devices with applications in consumer electronics, energy, and transportation. The basic device structure is similar to conventional electronics, but the materials must be transparent in the visible spectrum. The goals of transparent electronics are to discover and implement transparent electronic materials, incorporate these materials into transistor and circuit designs, and achieve application-specific performance requirements. Realizing this technology requires expertise from various fields including materials science, chemistry, physics, and engineering. In the past decade, the available materials for transparent electronics have expanded beyond transparent conducting oxides to include other conducting, dielectric, and semiconducting materials needed for full device fabrication.
Microstrip line fed stacked layer e shaped patch antenna for wlanIAEME Publication
The design of stacked layer E-shaped microstrip patch antenna for wideband
operation in the 5-6 GHz frequency range has been presented in this paper. The antenna is
Microstrip line feeded. The Roger RO4350 of 1.6 mm height with relative permittivity of
3.66 and dielectric loss tangent of 0.004 has been used as the substrate on which the patch is
placed. An air box of 2mm height has been introduced between substrate and the ground. The
ANSOFT HFSS software has been used for designing the antenna. High performance
characteristics and good impedance matching have been obtained. The antenna is resonating
at 5.36 GHz with a return loss of -56.5 dB. A maximum gain of 5.3 dB has been obtained in
E-plane. The proposed antenna is suitable for WLAN and WiMax applications operating
within 5.15-5.85 GHz frequency band.
Microstructure anlaysis and enhancement of nodular cast iron using digital im...eSAT Journals
Abstract Digital image processing is the technique to process pixel variations on digital images. This paper employs the digital image processing procedure for microstructure analysis and enhancement of nodular cast iron properties inorder to determine the quality factors. This processing made to sharpen and enhance the microstructure before quantitative analysis. This analysis taken in the analog form of nodular cast iron was performed manually such that, it is time consuming for multiple set of images. To avoid this criteria probably, Digital Image Processing techniques are being used. Often the nodular cast iron images are corrupted or defected during transmission by impulse noise which is often filtered using median filters. In this paper, some of processing steps as pre-processing, segmentation, filtering process and edge detection are done on these images for effective and lossless transmission ensuring the counting of nodules in microstructure and detailed study of grain properties that correlates with the mechanical properties such as ductility, malleability and brittleness. Only 30% restoration of image applicable to an acceptable level is limited. A new filtering method – Resolution Based Median Filter (RBMF) is proposed which achieves more than 95% restoration of nodular cast iron images to an acceptable level. This method optimizes further microstructure analysis of grain smoothening and grain boundary detection using finite element simulation model by varying the intensity level of images. Keywords – Digital Image Processing, Material Microstructure, Edge Detection, Grain Boundary, Resolution Based Median Filter (RBMF).
This document describes the design and testing of several flower-shaped slotted microstrip patch antennas for circular polarization. Three antenna designs are proposed using different slot shapes: cross-circle, L-shaped, and flower-shaped slots. The antennas are designed to operate in the 2.45 GHz ISM band. Simulation and experimental results show that the cross-circle slotted design achieves the best performance with a return loss of -25 dB, 3.3 dBi gain, and 0.5 dB axial ratio bandwidth. In general, the slotted designs provide compact circularly polarized antennas suitable for applications such as RFID readers.
Optimization of Empirical Modelling of Advanced Highly Strained In 0.7 Ga 0.3...IJECEIAES
An optimized empirical modelling for a 0.25µm gate length of highly strained channel of an InP-based pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) using InGaAs–InAlAs material systems is presented. An accurate procedure for extraction is described and tested using the pHEMT measured dataset of I-V characteristics and related multi-bias s-parameters over 20GHz frequency range. The extraction of linear and nonlinear parameters from the small signal and large signal pHEMT equivalent model are performed in ADS. The optimized DC and S-parameter model for the pHEMT device provides a basis for active device selection in the MMIC low noise amplifier circuit designs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling of dirac voltage for highly p doped graphene field effect-transistor...Conference Papers
The document presents a modeling approach to extract the Dirac voltage from transfer characteristics of a highly p-doped graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) measured at atmospheric pressure. It describes the full wafer-scale fabrication process used to produce the GFET devices and issues with characterizing them at atmospheric pressure due to water molecule absorption. The modeling approach projects the output characteristics to vacuum pressure conditions using a correlation factor from a commercial GFET sample, then fits an ambipolar virtual source model to the data to determine the Dirac voltage.
This document compares the energy consumption of optical and electronic signal processing circuits. It develops an energy model that accounts for the contributions of optical-to-electrical and electrical-to-optical converters, as well as demultiplexers and multiplexers. The model considers energy consumption, energy density, and complexity of processing. The analysis shows that optical processing may be competitive for very high-speed, limited processing applications. However, electronics provides better energy efficiency and integration density for more complex processing and is likely to remain dominant for most applications. More attention needs to be paid to energy issues in developing new optical technologies.
I. Massive and fast inversions provide high resolution inversion of MobileMT data into resistivity-depth models without limitations on frequency or station numbers. Results are used to assess data quality and compile databases for further analysis.
II. Detail and goal-oriented inversions use adaptive finite element modeling focused on specific zones, providing more detailed models of complex structures.
III. Forward modeling estimates the detectability of exploration targets using MobileMT, helping evaluate the technology's capability for specific geology.
One-Dimensional Carbon Nanostructures—From Synthesis to Nano-electromechanica...Mariana Amorim Fraga
The fundamental properties of one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanostructures and their promising technological applications have stimulated significant research in different areas. Because of their outstanding electrical and mechanical properties, these nanostructures have emerged as a new class of sensor material with real potential for a variety of nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS). Several studies have shown that the performance of a NEMS device is significantly affected by the material properties of the nanostructures used to build it. For this reason, a section of this review is devoted to the synthesis and properties of 1D carbon nanostructures including nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanowires. Thereafter, some NEMS-based sensors using 1D carbon nanostructures are introduced and issues related to their fabrication processes are addressed. The goal of this brief review is to outline the benefits of the use of 1D carbon nanostructures, the current status of development and challenges to enable their widespread application as sensing elements in NEMS devices.
pp. 39-56
S&M1299
http://dx.doi.org/10.18494/SAM.2017.1366
Online Published: January 25, 2017
Study on the effect of the substrate material type and thickness on the perfo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article presents a new design of a four-pole microstrip filtering antenna. The filtering antenna consists of a bandpass filter, which has four resonators integrated to a monopole patch antenna. The filtering antenna is designed with a relatively high bandwidth of about 1.22 GHz to satisfy a high-speed data transmission. Three types of dielectric substrate materials were used for the design of the filtering antenna, which is RT/Duroid 5880, RO3003, and FR-4. The simulation results of the filtering antenna design, which are established on the three different dielectric substrate materials, are done by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. Comparison results of the filtering antenna that is established on the three different dielectric substrate materials are done at a fixed substrate height and different substrate heights. The filtering antenna is designed at a center frequency f0 = 2.412 GHz, which is suitable for WLAN applications.
Analysis and simulations of optimal geometry shapes of the 4 and 9 nano hole ...IJECEIAES
The possibility to limit and manipulate photons at nanometer scales attracted a lot of interest for exciting applications from subwavelength in laser, biosensors, biomedical and optoelectronics devices, the sensor optical properties, however; are complex due to two resonances through propagating and localized surface plasmons. The optical properties of surface plasmons (SPs) at the resonant wavelength is depending on the geometrical nanostructure of materials. In this article, we used different geometry of nanoholes array, 4 and 9 nanoholes array in a metallic film gold nanoparticle with different thickness (20,50,100) nm on SiO2 substrate with refractive index 1.46, we designed two different geometries; 4- holes: hole radius r1=200 nm, period p1=600 nm; and 9- holes: r2=100 nm, period p2=300 nm. Transmission and reflection spectrum have been calculated and simulated by FDTD Lumerical program. From results are observed the effect of thickness is interesting, transmission is increased at (t=20nm) for two arrays. Furthermore, the number of hole and its area has an influence on optical transmission and other parameters (E, H, Ref) which are characteristics of design of metallic nanostructure. We can see that there is a peak value of the wavelength at 519 nm approximately to 73% strong light transmission with 4-NHA in the other hand wavelength of 519 nm transmission is 45% with 9-NHA. strong light transmission is hopeful for many applications (biomedical devices, nanoantennas and laser optical fiber).
Modelling of next zen memory cell using low power consuming high speed nano d...eSAT Journals
Abstract Hybrid SET-CMOS circuits which syndicate the assets of both the SET [Single Electron Transistor] and CMOS depicts highest possibilities to be incorporated in practical implementation for future low power VLSI/ULSI configurations. The proposed work is an attempt based on SET-CMOS hybrid circuit to realize the next gen simple Memory Cell. The authors adhered to MIB model for SET and BSIM4 model for CMOS in realizing the complex cell. The maneuver of the proposed circuit is verified subsequently in standard environment. The outcomes are in good trade off with the conventional statistics of existing memory cell. Keywords: SET, SED, Hybrid CMOS-SET, MIB and Memory Cell
This document presents a novel 7.5 GHz wideband electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure for antenna applications. The EBG structure is a mushroom-like cell with a rectangular spiral shape etched into the top metal layer. Simulation results show a 7.5 GHz band gap is created between 7.49-14.94 GHz where surface waves are prohibited. The band gap properties are analyzed using dispersion diagrams and by simulating a microstrip line above an array of the EBG cells, showing high attenuation within the band gap frequencies. This wideband EBG structure has potential applications in suppressing surface waves in antenna design.
A review study of mechanical fatigue testing methods for small scale metal ma...Alexander Decker
This document reviews mechanical fatigue testing techniques for small-scale metal materials. It begins by discussing the increased focus on materials behavior at the micro and nano scales due to growing MEMS/NEMS applications. It then classifies fatigue testing techniques for small-scale materials, including uniaxial tension-tension, dynamic bending, and uniaxial tension-compression. Specific techniques are described in more detail, such as using piezoelectric actuators to enable load-controlled uniaxial cyclic loading of thin films. The document also examines fatigue properties of materials tested with these techniques, like studying crack growth rates in nickel alloy cantilever beams under dynamic bending.
A new configuration of a printed diplexer designed for DCS and ISM bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a new study on the design of a microstrip diplexer configuration optimized and validated for ISM and DCS frequency bands. The achieved structure is based on microstrip technology, the goal was to design two printed bandpass filters one for ISM band and the other one for DCS frequency band.The two microstrip filters are associated by using a T-junction which permits to validate a diplexer in the frequency bands DCS-Band receiver [1.74–2 GHz] and ISM-Band transmitter [2.3–2.55 GHz]. The whole size of the final circuit is 130x50 mm2. After the validation of the proposed diplexer into simulation we have fabricated and tested it by using VNA which permits to have a good agremment between simulation and measurements.
Design and manufacturing of iris waveguide filters for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
We propose in this paper, two bandpass filters in waveguide technology having rectangular symmetrical discontinuities with a half-radius r, designed and operating respectively in the X-Band (9-11.5) GHz and C-Band (3.5-5.5) GHz. These filters consists of eight irises placed symmetrically respectively on standard rectangular waveguides WR90 and WR229 in which resonant irises are inserted. These irises are used to couple the sections very strongly in this filter, which allows the bandwidth to be increased and the matching to be controlled. The comparison between the numerical and electromagnetic results, which we obtained for the filters, constitutes a means of validation of computer simulation technology (CST) environment and Mician for the design of the other circuit elements in the various frequency bands. We observed excellent consistency between the simulation curves and those of the measurements. The results obtained are promising and pave the way for the use of these structures in the fields of telecommunications.
Microstrip band-stop filter based on double negative metamaterialIJECEIAES
In this work, we present a novel miniature band stop filter based on double negative metamaterial, this circuit is designed on a low-cost substrate FR-4 of relative permittivity 4.4 and low tangential losses 0.002. The proposed filter has a compact and miniature size of 15 mm in length and 12mm in width without the 50 Ω feed lines. The resonator was studied and analyzed with a view to achieving a band-stop behavior around its resonant frequency. The band-stop characteristics are obtained by implementing the metamaterial resonator on the final structure. The obtained results show that this microstrip filter achieves fractional bandwidth of 40% at 2 GHz. Furthermore, excellent transmission quality and good attenuation are achieved. This filter is an adequate solution for global system for mobile communications (GSM).
Rectangular and circular antennas design for Bluetooth applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The most researched and examined aspect of the communication system is the wireless connection. Without learning how to operate and use different types of antennas, your knowledge is incomplete. Microstrip patch antenna research has advanced significantly in recent years. When compared to standard antennas, microstrip patch antennas provide additional advantages and opportunities. It is of low volume, light weight, low cost, low appearance, compact and easy to manufacture. This study investigates the differences between rectangular and circular patch antennas. For Bluetooth applications, the center frequency of 2.4 GHz was chosen as the optimal resonant frequency. On a flame retardant (FR-4) epoxy substrate, the antenna dielectric constant is 4.4. Above the ground the base rises 3.6 mm. For the simulation process, high frequency simulation software (HFSS 15) is used as the program design. Antennas 1×1, 1×2, and 1×4 are designed for both circular and rectangular antennas. A comparison was made for both types of antennas and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return losses, gain, directivity and half power beam width (HPBW) were found, and the feature of the rectangular antenna was shown.
A compact size microstrip five poles hairpin band-pass filter using three-lay...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a reduced size microstrip five poles hairpin band-pass filter using three-layers structure for Ku-band satellites application. The three-layers structure shows a substantially reduced filter size and enlarged bandwidth. The filter has been designed based on five-pole resonators at 12.475 GHz and bandwidth of 550 MHz. This filter is designed on Rogers RO3003 substrate having relative permittivity (εr) of 3. The proposed band-pass filter has been designed with the help of Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. Comparison analyses between the simulated insertion loss and reflection coefficient of RO3003 and FR4 substrates have been carried out in order to show the efficiency of the proposed filter design. Based on the obtained results, the proposed filter design achieves significant filter size reduction compared to other band-pass filters.
Design and modeling of solenoid inductor integrated with FeNiCo in high frequ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this work, the design and modeling of the solenoid inductor are discussed. The layout of integrated inductors with magnetic cores and their geometrical parameters are developed. The quality factor Q and inductance value L are derived from the S-parameters and plotted versus frequency. The effect of solenoid inductor geometry on inductance and quality factor are studied via simulation using MATLAB. The solenoid inductor geometry parameters considered are the turn’s number, the magnetic core length, the width of a magnetic core, the gap between turns, the magnetic core thickness, the coil thickness, and solenoid inductor oxide thickness. The performance of the proposed solenoid inductor integrated with FeNiCo is compared with other solenoid inductors.
IRJET- Miniaturized Planar Waveguide Filter for C-Band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design of a miniaturized planar waveguide filter for C-band applications. The proposed filter uses coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines to connect ports and achieve a compact size suitable for defense and secure communication applications. The filter is simulated using CST Microwave Studio. Parametric analysis is performed to analyze the effect of via position on filter performance. The proposed CPW filter design achieves size reduction compared to conventional substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) designs while improving bandwidth.
Three key benefits of 3D integrated circuits are discussed:
1) Power is reduced as 3D integration allows for shorter wire lengths, lower capacitance, and fewer repeaters. This can significantly decrease total active power by over 10%.
2) Noise is decreased since shorter wires have lower capacitance, reducing noise from simultaneous switching and wire-to-wire coupling.
3) Packing density increases by stacking active devices vertically, allowing the chip footprint to be reduced. This additional dimension enhances conventional two-dimensional designs.
Three key points:
1) 3D integrated circuits (ICs) stack multiple active device layers which can dramatically enhance chip performance, functionality, and density. However, key technology challenges must be addressed before realizing these advantages.
2) IBM introduced a scheme for building 3D ICs using a layer transfer process. This involves glass substrate alignment, oxide bonding, and single-damascene metallization to create high-aspect-ratio vertical interconnects between layers with submicron alignment.
3) Benefits of 3D ICs include reduced power from shorter wires, lower noise, increased logical fan-out, higher density packing, and performance gains from placing logic and memory in separate stacked layers. This also
Three key points:
1) 3D integrated circuits (ICs) stack multiple active device layers which can dramatically enhance chip performance, functionality, and density. However, key technology challenges must be addressed before realizing these advantages.
2) IBM introduced a scheme for building 3D ICs using a layer transfer process. This involves glass substrate alignment, oxide bonding, and single-damascene metallization to create high-aspect-ratio vertical interconnects between layers with submicron alignment.
3) Benefits of 3D ICs include reduced power from shorter wires, lower noise, increased logical fan-out, higher density packing, and performance gains from placing logic and memory in separate stacked layers. This enables
This document describes research in millimeter-wave integrated circuits conducted by Taejong Baek at Dongguk University. The research focuses on developing monolithic integrated circuits for millimeter-wave applications using semiconductor technologies like metamorphic HEMTs with 70nm gate lengths. Key accomplishments include fabricating 70nm gate length MHEMTs with an fT of 330GHz and fmax of 425GHz, as well as developing dielectric-supported air-gap microstrip lines (DAML) to reduce transmission line losses in millimeter-wave integrated circuits. The DAML fabrication process uses only photolithography and low-temperature processes for compatibility with standard MMIC fabrication.
IRJET- Design a Substrate Integrated Waveguide IRIS Band Pass Filter in CST S...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design of an iris bandpass filter in substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. SIW guides electromagnetic waves similar to rectangular waveguides but can be manufactured using printed circuit board techniques. The paper proposes an improved X-band and K-band bandpass filter using iris resonators designed and simulated in CST software. Key filter parameters are presented and simulation results show good agreement with measurements. The filter is suitable for use in satellite communication systems.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Band-pass filter based on complementary split ring resonatorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This letter presents a new circuit of the band-pass filter designed by using microstrip technology. Based on complementary split ring resonator and various series of optimization technic and a specific design method, a miniature band-pass filter with excellent electrical performances is achieved. First of all, the metamaterial unit cell is studied to obtain a desired resonant frequency and it is implemented in the ground plan in order to increase the characteristics of the bandpass behavior and decrease its operating frequencies. This proposed circuit is designed on an FR-4 substrate having a relative permittivity of 4.4 tangential losses of 0.025 and thickness of 1.6 mm. This filter is developed by using CST Microwave. The obtained features allow this filter to be used in diverse wireless applications such as IMT-E and WiMax.
Design and optimization of a new compact 2.4 GHz-bandpass filter using DGS te...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this work is the study, the design and the optimization of an innovative structure of a network of coupled copper metal lines deposited on the upper surface of a R04003 type substrate of height 0.813 with a ground deformed by slots (DGS). This structure is designed in an optimal configuration for use in the design of narrowband bandpass filter for wireless communication systems (WLAN), the aim of use the defected ground structure is to remove the unwanted harmonics in the rejection band, the simulation results obtained from this structure using CST software show a very high selectivity of the designed filter, a very low level of losses (less than-0.45 dB) with a size overall size of 43.5x34.3 mm.
Design of carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) small signal model IJECEIAES
The progress of Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET) devices has facilitated the trimness of mobile phones, computers and all other electronic devices. CNTFET devices contribute to model these electronics instruments that require designing the devices. This research consists of the design and verification of the CNTFET device's small signal model. Scattering parameters (S-parameters) is extracted from the CNTFET model to construct equivalent small model circuit. Current sources, capacitors and resistors are involved to evaluate this equivalent circuit. S-parameters and small signal models are elaborated to analyze using a technique to form the small signal equivalent circuit model. In this design modeling process, at first intrinsic device's Y-parameters are determined. After that series of impedances are calculated. At last, Y-parameters model are transformed to add parasitic capacitances. The analysis result shows the acquiring high frequency performances are obtained from this equivalent circuit.
New implementations for concurrent computing applications of 3D networks using corresponding nano and field-emission controlled-switching components are introduced. The developed implementations are performed within 3D lattice-based systems to perform the required concurrent computing. The introduced 3D systems utilize recent findings in field-emission and nano applications to implement the function of the basic 3D lattice networks using nano controlled-switching. This includes ternary lattice computing via carbon nanotubes and carbon field-emission techniques. The presented realization of lattice networks can be important for several reasons including the reduction of power consumption, which is an important specification for the system design in several future and emerging technologies, and in achieving high performance and reliability realizations. The introduced implementations for 3D lattice computations, with 2D lattice networks as a special case, are also important for the design within modern technologies that require optimal design specifications of high speed, high regularity and ease-of-manufacturability, such as in highly-reliable error-correcting signal processing applications.
International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) ijcsit
New implementations for concurrent computing applications of 3D networks using corresponding nano and field-emission controlled-switching components are introduced. The developed implementations are performed within 3D lattice-based systems to perform the required concurrent computing. The introduced 3D systems utilize recent findings in field-emission and nano applications to implement the function of the basic 3D lattice networks using nano controlled-switching. This includes ternary lattice computing via carbon nanotubes and carbon field-emission techniques. The presented realization of lattice networks can be important for several reasons including the reduction of power consumption, which is an important specification for the system design in several future and emerging technologies, and in achieving high performance and reliability realizations. The introduced implementations for 3D lattice computations, with 2D lattice networks as a special case, are also important for the design within modern technologies that require optimal design specifications of high speed, high regularity and ease-of-manufacturability, such as in highly-reliable error-correcting signal processing applications.
The Dielectric Relaxation Properties And Dipole Ordering...Sarah Gordon
The document describes the fabrication of a flexible field effect transistor (FET) using low-cost and biodegradable materials. Cellulose paper is used as both the substrate and dielectric layer, while pencil graphite is used as the source, drain, channel and gate without any other materials. Electron and hole mobilities of 180 and 200 cm2v-1s-1 respectively are observed for the all-carbon FET. The FET shows potential for motion detection applications through strain sensing.
A Triple Band Bow Tie Array Antenna Using Both-sided MIC Technology IJECEIAES
A single-fed linearly polarized 2x2 microstrip bow tie array antenna is proposed. The feed network has microstrip line and slot line where microstrip-slot branch circuit is connected in parallel. The feed network of the array is designed using both-sided M IC Technology to overcome the impedance matching problem of conventional feed networks. The 2x2 half bow tie array antenna is also truncated with spur lines for optimization of antenna performance. The array antenna unit can be realized in very simple and compact structure, as all the antenna elements and the feeding circuit is arranged on a Teflon glass fiber substrate without requiring any external network. The design frequency of the proposed antenna is 5 to 8 GHz (C- Band) and the obtained peak gain is 12.41 dBi. The resultant axial ratio indicates that linear polarization is achieved.
Similar to Advances on Microwave Ceramic Filters for Wireless Communications (Review Paper) (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
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accurate equivalent circuits from first electromagnetic principles and also the use of evolution algorithms for
optimal design.
2. CERAMIC BLOCK FILTERS AND DUPLEXERS
Early work started in Finland with the design of integrated miniature ceramic filters for 900 MHz
cellular mobile radio applications [8] utilising stripline TEM λ/4 cavities with ceramic core. The design was
based on models available in the literature, computer simulations and measurements of coupling coefficients
for irregular structures. Interdigital and combline filter structures were fabricated using titanate based ceramic
compounds with dielectric constants of 37 and 78 respectively as shown in Figure 1. After trimming the
fabricated structures good agreement between simulated and measured results was established.
Figure 1. Measured coupling coefficients from symmetric resonator pairs without and with irregularities.
(a) Interdigital with grooves. (b) Combline with grooves. (c) Combline with a cut [8].
At the same time Isota et al [9] of Mitsubishi Electric CompanyTM, Japan, designed and
manufactured a combline ceramic filter with λ/4 resonators operating at 1000 MHz Figure 2. The advantage
of this filter was the suppression of the third harmonic where a second pass-band was observed. This was
achieved by placing grooves on the outer surface of the dielectric block, which also provided enough inter-
resonator coupling.
Figure 2. Monoblock dielectric filter configuration: (a) Monoblock dielectric filter,
(b) Filter cross-section [9].
The biggest expansion of the use of ceramic monoblock filters for mobile communications took
place in the 1990’s with the vast growth of mobile communications, due to the filters’ small size and low
cost. MurataTM, Japan, designed and manufactured a fully monoblock ceramic filter with a combline
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configuration for the 800 MHz band cordless telephone system [10] and also a ceramic monoblock
duplexer [11]. This filter consists of a high permittivity (εr=90) dielectric monoblock with multiple
cylindrical holes which constitute the inner conductors of the resonators. All surfaces are metallised except
the surrounding of the I/O ports and the circumferential gaps inside at the end of the cylindrical holes. This
structure is shown in Figure 3(a) and the duplexer structure in Figure 3(b). The design of the filter was based
on equivalent circuits available in the literature and 3D Finite Element Method analysis. The experimental
and simulated results exhibit a difference of about 5%.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. (a) Monoblock dielectric filter structure [10], (b) Monoblock dielectric duplexer structure [11].
Kennerley and Hunter [12] designed and manufactured ceramic stripline filters for mobile and
wireless LAN’s communications able to overcome the disadvantage of tuning (necessary to compensate for
dimensional tolerances) often encountered with monoblock structures. These stripline filters consist of two
tiles of ceramic substrate with a transmission line circuit printed on a thin, low permittivity substrate forming
a sandwich structure Figure 4. The low permittivity substrate can be extended beyond the ceramic tiles to
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form the input and output terminals. Grounding is achieved by conductor coating the outside faces of the
structure.
Kobayashi and Saito [13] of Sumitomo Metal IndustriesTM, Japan, designed and manufactured
ceramic filters for cordless phone systems. These filters were constructed by placing stripline made of high
permittivity ceramics (εr=90) between microstrip lines made of low permittivity ceramics (εr=15) Figure 5 to
achieve additional miniaturisation. Some discrepancies were observed between simulated and measured
results.
Figure 4. Ceramic stripline filter construction [12].
Figure 5. Miniaturised filter structure [13].
Ishikawa et al [14] of MurataTM, Japan, designed and manufactured planar dielectric resonator
filters fabricated in ceramic substrates for millimetre wave applications. The advantage of these filters is that
they can easily be integrated into planar circuits, such as MMICs and MICs. Figure 6(a) shows the
configuration of a TE010 mode dielectric resonator. The resonator consists of a dielectric substrate and upper
and lower metal plates. The dielectric substrate is placed between the metal plates. Both upper and lower
surfaces of the substrate are metallised. Thin-film electrodes on both sides of the substrate have hollow
patches of the same diameter. The electrodes divide the resonator into three regions to be cutoff against
cylindrical TE mode, therefore, the electromagnetic field is concentrated within the circular hollow patches.
Figure 6(b) represents the filter configuration.
In [15] a method for modelling ceramic comb-line filters was presented. This method considers a
ceramic combline filter as a multi-conductor transmission line Figure 7 and extracts equivalent circuit
parameters for transmission lines which in turn can easily be simulated by a circuit simulator. Although this
method speeds up significantly the simulation process it is limited to uniform multi-conductor transmission
lines only and cannot treat any irregular structures.
Park and Ziegert [16] published a feasibility study on producing ceramic block filters in small
quantities. They used a capacitively coupled lumped element band-pass filter model from the literature and a
generic ceramic structure to determine the unloaded Q factor and frequency range Figure 8. Then the filter
frequency, order, and shape factor could be tailored with low cost tuning methods to implement the coupling
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coefficients and mesh resonances to achieve narrow band-pass coupled resonator filters. This was achieved
with the use of automated milling or laser etching tools to modify the geometry of both the ceramic and
plating and hence the cost of the generic structure and associated equipment was spread over many
applications.
(a) (b)
Figure 6. (a) TE010 mode dielectric resonator (b) Filter configuration based on TE010 mode dielectric
resonator [14].
Figure 7. Multi-conductor transmission line [15].
Figure 8. Ceramic block filter and its equivalent circuit model [16].
In [17] a helical ceramic resonator design was described and a sample filter structure based on this
type of resonator was presented. The helical resonator structure was produced using standard ceramic
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resonator technology and led to substantial miniaturisation of the filters. This type of resonator and the
associated filter are illustrated in Figures 9 and Figure 10.
Figure 9. Cross-sectional view of two ceramic resonator structures: (a) conventional coaxial. (b) helical [17].
Figure 10. A generalised ceramic monoblock filter utilising 4 helical resonators [17]
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
So far we have seen that the extraction of the equivalent circuit parameters for monoblock structures
is usually performed using experimental and electromagnetic simulation data fitted to a basic topology
equivalent model found in the literature with arbitrary initial values. This basic model is often limited and
optimisation may result in unrealistic parameter values. Since 2004 Tsitsos et al and Kyriazidis et al
produced an extensive work on ceramic monoblock filter modelling and design. Initially they presented
practical electromagnetic analysis techniques [18] including the application of symmetry [19] to speed up
electromagnetic simulation times and to improve simulation accuracy. Then they presented a CAD parameter
extraction technique [20],[21] to produce accurate equivalent circuits. This technique is based on first
electromagnetic principles thus providing a physical insight into the extraction process. In this way accurate
equivalent circuits can be produced for each individual monoblock structure thus avoiding the “general
purpose” equivalent circuits found in the literature. The main advantage of this technique is its suitability for
analysing structures of arbitrary geometry and materials. Based on these techniques it was possible to design
ceramic monoblock filters for mobile handsets operating in the PCS and UMTS frequency bands [22], [23]
Figure 11.
As an example, the inductances and capacitances associated with the filter’s cups and the
impedances associated with the filter’s resonators were determined by numerically solving well established
electromagnetic equations in the “field calculator” menu of HFSS. The capacitance per unit length of a
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transmission line is given by C=q/V, where the electric charge q is calculated from the electric flux density D
over a closed surface A as shown in Figure 12.
(a)
(b)
Figure 11. (a) Ceramic monoblock filter layout. (b) Equivalent circuit [21].
(a) (b)
Figure 12. (a) Extraction of filter’s cup capacitance to ground. (b) Extraction of inductances associated with the
filter’s cups [21].
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dAE=dAD
A
⋅⋅ ∫∫ ε
A
=q (1)
and the voltage V is evaluated by integrating the electric field E along a line integral in the r direction:
drV ⋅Ε−= ∫ (2)
The inductance per unit length of a transmission line is given by L=Φ/Ι. The magnetic flux Φ is
calculated by integrating the magnetic flux density B normal to an open surface S in a radial direction:
dSH=dSB
S
⋅⋅Φ ∫∫ µ
S
= (3)
and the current I is calculated by integrating the magnetic field H around a closed contour:
dlH ⋅∫C
=I (4)
The equivalent extracted parameter values are presented in Table 1. Figure 13 presents the circuit
and structural response of the filter.
Table 1. Equivalent Circuit Extracted Parameter Values [21].
Equivalent circuit parameters Extracted values Optimised values
Cup #1 (#3) capacitance to ground: C1=C3 1.8065 pF 1.5217 pF
Cup #1 (#3) inductance: L1=L3 0.1138 nH 0.0839 nH
Cup #2 capacitance to ground: C2 0.4833 pF 0.2503 pF
Coupling capacitance between cups # 1 and #2 (# 2 and #3): C12= C23 0.6533 pF 0.6457 pF
Cup #1 (#3) capacitance to port: Cport 1.3454 pF 0.5933 pF
Resonator #1 (#3) to cup #1 (#3) discontinuity inductance: L1disc= L3disc 0.05115 nH 0.0640 nH
Resonator #1 (#3) characteristic impedance: Z01=Z03 5.9680 Ohms 7.3994 Ohms
Resonator #2 characteristic impedance: Z02 6.7980 Ohms 7.9880 Ohms
Even-mode characteristic impedance of resonators #1 and #2 (#2 and #3): Z0e 6.9705 Ohms 9.0909 Ohms
Odd-mode characteristic impedance of resonators #1 and #2 (#2 and #3): Z0o 5.2680 Ohms 6.7338 Ohms
Transformed resonator #1 (or #3) characteristic impedance: Z´0 11.9360 Ohms 14.7987 Ohms
Transformed even-mode characteristic impedance of resonators #1 and #2 (#2 and #3): Z´0e 15.3543 Ohms 22.2189 Ohms
Transformed odd-mode characteristic impedance of resonators #1 and #2 (#2 and #3): Z´0ο 8.9692 Ohms 11.9740 Ohms
Figure 13. PCS filter structural and equivalent circuit response [21].
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Based on the techniques described above a duplexer suitable for a mobile handset operating in the
UMTS receive and transmit frequency bands was designed [24] Figure 14. Its frequency response is
presented in Figure 15. The above work was extended further by applying efficiently the Differential
Evolution Algorithm (DEA) combined with the Finite Element Method (FEM) towards the optimal shape
design of ceramic microwave filters in order to meet specific requirements [22]. The overall algorithm was
implemented by a two-step procedure, which is repeated iteratively. In the first step, for a given set of the
design parameters values, the electromagnetic analysis problem is solved using the Ansoft HFSS
computational package, which is based on the FEM. In the second step, the DEA updates the values of the
design parameters based on their performance in meeting the design specifications.
(a)
(b)
Figure 14. (a) UMTS ceramic block duplexer layout. (b) Equivalent circuit topology [24].
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Figure 15. Frequency response of the UMTS duplexer of Figure 14 [24].
4. CONCLUSION
An extensive review of the technological developments on ceramic monoblock filters and duplexers
over the years is presented in this work. The review of course is not exhaustive but the basic milestones on
the design and development of these structures was presented. It was shown that although early designs were
based on simulated and measured data, later designs were based on accurate equivalent circuits as well as the
use of evolution algorithms for optimal design.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to acknowledge the Research Committee of the Technological and
Educational Institute (T.E.I.) of Central Macedonia, Serres, Greece for supporting this work. (Decision
SAT/IC/090517-67/10/P/6).
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[22] S. Tsitsos, et al., “Design of a 3-pole PCS-type monoblock filter using an equivalent circuit approach”, AEÜ
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[23] P. Kyriazidis and S. Tsitsos, “Design of a UMTS monoblock filter using an equivalent circuit approach”,
Automated RF and Microwave Measurement Society (ARMMS) Conference, Nov. 2007.
[24] S. Tsitsos, et al., “Efficient CAD design of ceramic block duplexers”, International Journal of Electronics Letters,
vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 50-60, 2014.
[25] Th. I. Kosmanis, et al., “Optimal design of pcs ceramic microwave filters using the differential evolution
algorithm”, ACES Journal, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 361-365, Apr 2016.
BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHOR
Stelios P. Tsitsos was born in Greece in 1966. He was awarded the Diploma in Electrical and
Computer Engineering from the Democritus University of Thrace, Greece, in 1989. In 1991 he
was awarded the Master’s Degree in Telecommunications Engineering and Digital Electronics
from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), UK. In 1994
he was awarded his Ph.D Degree in Microwave Engineering from the same University. From
1996 to 1999 he worked as a Research Associate at UMIST, UK, where he conducted research
on the design and optimization of ceramic filters for mobile phones, for TDK Corporation,
Japan. From 1999 to 2002 he worked for the Greek Telecommunications Company (OTE) as a
Senior Engineer. In 2002 he joined the Department of Computer Engineering of the
Technological and Educational Institute of Central Macedonia, Serres, Greece, where he is now
a Professor. His research interests include passive and active microwave components and
devices for wireless communications and computational electromagnetics. Dr. Tsitsos is a
member of the Technical Chamber of Greece, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers) and ARMMS (Automated RF and Microwave Measurement Society), UK.