This document discusses the effects of photoanode thickness on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) simulated using an equivalent circuit model. Three DSSCs were fabricated with TiO2 absorption layer thicknesses of 6 μm, 12 μm, and 18 μm. Their current-voltage characteristics were measured and fitted to an equivalent circuit model. The model shows that both the series resistance (Rs) and shunt resistance (Rsh) increase with thicker absorption layers. It also shows that increasing Rs decreases the fill factor, while cell efficiency decreases as the material thickness increases due to increased resistance.
Assessment of wear rate is an inseparable section of the saw ability of dimension stone, and an essential task to optimization in the diamond wire saw performance. This research aims to provide an accurate, practical and applicable model for predicting the wear rate of diamond bead based on rock properties using applications and performances of intelligent systems. In order to reach this purpose, 38 cutting test results with 38 different rocks were used from andesites, limestones and real marbles quarries located in eleven areas in Turkey. Prediction of wear rate is determined by optimization techniques like Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and hybrid Genetic algorithm –Artificial neural network (GA-ANN) models that were utilized to build two estimation models by MATLAB software. In this study, 80% of the total samples were used randomly for the training dataset, and the remaining 20% was considered as testing data for GA-ANN model. Further, accuracy and performance capacity of models established were investigated using root mean square error (RMSE), the coefficient of determination (R2) and standard deviation (STD). Finally, a comparison was made among performances of these soft computing techniques for predicting and the results obtained indicated hybrid GA-ANN model with a coefficient of determination (R2) of training = 0.95 and testing = 0.991 can get more accurate predicting results in comparison with MLP models.
Properties of electrodeposited semiconductor thin films are dependent upon the electrolyte composition, plating time, and temperature as well as the current density and the nature of the substrate. In this study, the influence of electrodeposition parameters such as deposition voltage, deposition time, composition of solution, and deposition temperature upon the properties of In2S3 films were analyzed by the Taguchi Method. According to Taguchi analysis, the interaction between deposition voltage and deposition time was significant. Deposition voltage had the most impact upon the stoichiometry of In2S3 films and deposition temperature had the least impact. The stochiometric ratios between sulfur and indium (S/In : 3/2) obtained from experiments performed with optimized electrodeposition paramters were in agreement with predicted values from the Taguchi Method. The experiments were carried-out according to Taguchi Orthogonal Array L27 (3^4) Design of Experiments (DOE). Approximately 600 nm-thick In2S3 films were electrodeposited from an organic bath (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). An X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were respectively used to analyze the phases, elemental composition, and morphology of the electrodeposited In2S3 films.
Statistical analysis of electrodeposited in2 s3 films techconnect conferenceArkansas State University
In2S3 has received attention as an alternative to CdS as the buffer layer in heterojunction solar cells. Although having a bandgap of 2.0 eV relative to 2.5 eV for CdS, the lower toxicity and environmental impact of indium relative to cadmium, and significant photosensitivity, compel ongoing research [1]. Indium sulfide thin films were deposited onto molybdenum-coated glass (SiO2) substrates by electrodeposition from organic baths (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). The Taguchi method was used to optimize the deposition paramters so as to minimize non-uniformity, cracks, and improper stoichiometry. The measured performance characteristics (molar ratio (In:S) and crack density) for all of the In2S3 films were calculated to analyze the effect of each deposition factor (deposition voltage, deposition temperature, composition of solution, and deposition time) involved in the electrodeposition process by calculating the sensitivity (signal to noise, S/N, ratios).
Number of Iteration Analysis for Complex FSS Shape Using GA for Efficient ESGjournalBEEI
ESG stand for Energy-Saving Glass is a special shielded glass with a metallic oxide layer to abuse undesirable of infrared and ultraviolet radiation into construction assemblies like our home. Firstly, different number of the iteration is the main thing to study a performance of the frequency selective surface shape using genetic algorithm (GA) for efficient energy saving glass (ESG). Three different values for the number of iterations were taken that is 1500, 2000 1nd 5000. Before that, the response of this complex FSS shape on incident electromagnetic wave with different symmetry shape are investigating. Three of them are no symmetrical shape, ¼ symmetrical shape, and 1/8 symmetrical shape. The 1500 number simulation considered about 89.000 per second, compared with 2000 iteration and 5000 iterations had consumed 105.09 per second and 196.00 per second, respectively. For 1/8 symmetry complex FSS shape, it demonstrations the improved performance of transmission loss at 1.2 GHz with - 40 dB. A 2 dB of transmission loss is achieved at WLAN application of 2.45 GHz with 0°, 30°, and 45° incidence angle shows
Reconfigurable Metamaterial Structure at Millimeter Wave Frequency Range IJECEIAES
In this paper, reconfigurable metamaterial structure at millimeter wave frequency range was designed and simulated for a future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone beam switching applications. The new proposed structure was composed of a bridge-shaped resonator (BSR) in the front face and strip line at the back face of the unit cell which operates at 28GHz. First, nonreconfigurable low loss BSR unit cell was designed and subsequently, the reconfigurability was achieved using four switches formed in the gaps of the structure. The proposed structure achieves the lowest loss and almost full transmission among its counterparts by -0.06dB (0.99 in linear scale). To demonstrate the reconfigurability of the metamaterial, the reflection and transmission coefficients and real parts of the effective refractive index at each reconfigured frequency were studied and investigated. Simulation results showed that a high transmission and reflection peaks occur at each resonance frequency according to change the state of the switches.
This paper presents a model for calculation of torsion capacity of the reinforced concrete beams using the artificial neural network. Considering the complex reaction of reinforced concrete beams under torsion moments, torsion strength of these beams is depended on different parameters; therefore using the artificial neural network is a proper method for estimating the torsion capacity of the beams. In the presented model the beam's dimensions, concrete compressive strength and longitudinal and traverse bars properties are the input data, and torsion capacity of the reinforced concrete beam is the output of the model. Also considering the neural network results, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the network layers weight, and the effect of different parameters is evaluated on the torsion strength of the reinforced concrete beams. According to the sensitivity analysis, properties of traverse steel have the most effect on torsion capacity of the beams.
The purpose of this paper is to perform a structural optimization of a flat thermoplastic plate (tile). This task is developed computationally through the interface between an optimization algorithm and the finite element method with the goal of minimizing the equivalent stress with specified target stress of 2 MPa when applied with a load intensity of 1000N. A 300 x 300 x 20 mm thermoplastic plate was selected for the optimization, which was performed with a tool in MATLAB R2012b known as genetic algorithm accompanied with static analysis in ANSYS 15. The results produced the optimum equivalent stress (δopt) of 2.136 MPa with the optimum dimensions of 305 x 302 x 20 mm. Also, the dimensions of the plate with the optimum value of the equivalent stress were discovered to be within the lower and upper bound dimensions of the plate. The thermoplastic plate object of the optimization was a square plate of 300 x 300mm, and 20 mm thick with isotropic properties and a particular load and boundary conditions were applied on the entire plate.
Assessment of wear rate is an inseparable section of the saw ability of dimension stone, and an essential task to optimization in the diamond wire saw performance. This research aims to provide an accurate, practical and applicable model for predicting the wear rate of diamond bead based on rock properties using applications and performances of intelligent systems. In order to reach this purpose, 38 cutting test results with 38 different rocks were used from andesites, limestones and real marbles quarries located in eleven areas in Turkey. Prediction of wear rate is determined by optimization techniques like Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and hybrid Genetic algorithm –Artificial neural network (GA-ANN) models that were utilized to build two estimation models by MATLAB software. In this study, 80% of the total samples were used randomly for the training dataset, and the remaining 20% was considered as testing data for GA-ANN model. Further, accuracy and performance capacity of models established were investigated using root mean square error (RMSE), the coefficient of determination (R2) and standard deviation (STD). Finally, a comparison was made among performances of these soft computing techniques for predicting and the results obtained indicated hybrid GA-ANN model with a coefficient of determination (R2) of training = 0.95 and testing = 0.991 can get more accurate predicting results in comparison with MLP models.
Properties of electrodeposited semiconductor thin films are dependent upon the electrolyte composition, plating time, and temperature as well as the current density and the nature of the substrate. In this study, the influence of electrodeposition parameters such as deposition voltage, deposition time, composition of solution, and deposition temperature upon the properties of In2S3 films were analyzed by the Taguchi Method. According to Taguchi analysis, the interaction between deposition voltage and deposition time was significant. Deposition voltage had the most impact upon the stoichiometry of In2S3 films and deposition temperature had the least impact. The stochiometric ratios between sulfur and indium (S/In : 3/2) obtained from experiments performed with optimized electrodeposition paramters were in agreement with predicted values from the Taguchi Method. The experiments were carried-out according to Taguchi Orthogonal Array L27 (3^4) Design of Experiments (DOE). Approximately 600 nm-thick In2S3 films were electrodeposited from an organic bath (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). An X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were respectively used to analyze the phases, elemental composition, and morphology of the electrodeposited In2S3 films.
Statistical analysis of electrodeposited in2 s3 films techconnect conferenceArkansas State University
In2S3 has received attention as an alternative to CdS as the buffer layer in heterojunction solar cells. Although having a bandgap of 2.0 eV relative to 2.5 eV for CdS, the lower toxicity and environmental impact of indium relative to cadmium, and significant photosensitivity, compel ongoing research [1]. Indium sulfide thin films were deposited onto molybdenum-coated glass (SiO2) substrates by electrodeposition from organic baths (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). The Taguchi method was used to optimize the deposition paramters so as to minimize non-uniformity, cracks, and improper stoichiometry. The measured performance characteristics (molar ratio (In:S) and crack density) for all of the In2S3 films were calculated to analyze the effect of each deposition factor (deposition voltage, deposition temperature, composition of solution, and deposition time) involved in the electrodeposition process by calculating the sensitivity (signal to noise, S/N, ratios).
Number of Iteration Analysis for Complex FSS Shape Using GA for Efficient ESGjournalBEEI
ESG stand for Energy-Saving Glass is a special shielded glass with a metallic oxide layer to abuse undesirable of infrared and ultraviolet radiation into construction assemblies like our home. Firstly, different number of the iteration is the main thing to study a performance of the frequency selective surface shape using genetic algorithm (GA) for efficient energy saving glass (ESG). Three different values for the number of iterations were taken that is 1500, 2000 1nd 5000. Before that, the response of this complex FSS shape on incident electromagnetic wave with different symmetry shape are investigating. Three of them are no symmetrical shape, ¼ symmetrical shape, and 1/8 symmetrical shape. The 1500 number simulation considered about 89.000 per second, compared with 2000 iteration and 5000 iterations had consumed 105.09 per second and 196.00 per second, respectively. For 1/8 symmetry complex FSS shape, it demonstrations the improved performance of transmission loss at 1.2 GHz with - 40 dB. A 2 dB of transmission loss is achieved at WLAN application of 2.45 GHz with 0°, 30°, and 45° incidence angle shows
Reconfigurable Metamaterial Structure at Millimeter Wave Frequency Range IJECEIAES
In this paper, reconfigurable metamaterial structure at millimeter wave frequency range was designed and simulated for a future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone beam switching applications. The new proposed structure was composed of a bridge-shaped resonator (BSR) in the front face and strip line at the back face of the unit cell which operates at 28GHz. First, nonreconfigurable low loss BSR unit cell was designed and subsequently, the reconfigurability was achieved using four switches formed in the gaps of the structure. The proposed structure achieves the lowest loss and almost full transmission among its counterparts by -0.06dB (0.99 in linear scale). To demonstrate the reconfigurability of the metamaterial, the reflection and transmission coefficients and real parts of the effective refractive index at each reconfigured frequency were studied and investigated. Simulation results showed that a high transmission and reflection peaks occur at each resonance frequency according to change the state of the switches.
This paper presents a model for calculation of torsion capacity of the reinforced concrete beams using the artificial neural network. Considering the complex reaction of reinforced concrete beams under torsion moments, torsion strength of these beams is depended on different parameters; therefore using the artificial neural network is a proper method for estimating the torsion capacity of the beams. In the presented model the beam's dimensions, concrete compressive strength and longitudinal and traverse bars properties are the input data, and torsion capacity of the reinforced concrete beam is the output of the model. Also considering the neural network results, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the network layers weight, and the effect of different parameters is evaluated on the torsion strength of the reinforced concrete beams. According to the sensitivity analysis, properties of traverse steel have the most effect on torsion capacity of the beams.
The purpose of this paper is to perform a structural optimization of a flat thermoplastic plate (tile). This task is developed computationally through the interface between an optimization algorithm and the finite element method with the goal of minimizing the equivalent stress with specified target stress of 2 MPa when applied with a load intensity of 1000N. A 300 x 300 x 20 mm thermoplastic plate was selected for the optimization, which was performed with a tool in MATLAB R2012b known as genetic algorithm accompanied with static analysis in ANSYS 15. The results produced the optimum equivalent stress (δopt) of 2.136 MPa with the optimum dimensions of 305 x 302 x 20 mm. Also, the dimensions of the plate with the optimum value of the equivalent stress were discovered to be within the lower and upper bound dimensions of the plate. The thermoplastic plate object of the optimization was a square plate of 300 x 300mm, and 20 mm thick with isotropic properties and a particular load and boundary conditions were applied on the entire plate.
Performance comparison of selection nanoparticles for insulation of three cor...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an investigation on the enhancement of electrical insulations of power cables materials using a new multi-nanoparticles technique. It has been studied the effect of adding specified types and concentrations of nanoparticles to polymeric materials such as PVC for controlling on electric and dielectric performance. Prediction of effective dielectric constant has been done for the new nanocomposites based on Interphase Power Law (IPL) model. The multi-nanoparticles technique has been succeeded for enhancing electric and dielectric performance of power cables insulation compared with adding individual nanoparticles. Finally, it has been investigated on electric field distribution in the new proposed modern insulations for three-phase core belted power cables. This research has focused on studying development of PVC nanocomposite materials performance with electric field distribution superior to the unfilled matrix, and has stressed particularly the effect of filler volume fraction on the electric field distribution.
Advances on Microwave Ceramic Filters for Wireless Communications (Review Pap...IJECEIAES
A review of the technological developments on ceramic monoblock filters and duplexers over the years is presented in this work. Early designs based on simulated and measured data are presented along with later designs based on accurate equivalent circuits as well as the use of evolution algorithms for optimal design.
Analysis and Design of S-shaped Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper gives a compact analysis and design of S-shaped Microstrip patch antenna which is best suited for Wi-max application. The analysis and design is simulated over IE3D software Ver. 15.2. We have taken a definite ground plane of 50x70 mm and patch size of 30x50 mm.The substrate thickness is taken as 1.6 mm and dielectric constant of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0013. The simulated result shows that the bandwidth is obtained in triple band- 7.79% at 0.262921 GHz band, 13.45% at 1.53034 GHz band and 28.0056% at 2.2382 GHz band. The obtained gain is 3.96 dBi at 2.33945 GHz. The obtained gain and bandwidth is best suited for Wi-max application. Keywords: S shape, Ground plane, Patch Antenna, Triple Band.
Electrochemical performance of supercapacitor with glass wool separator under...journalBEEI
The paper presents the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor with glass wool separator under organic electrolyte of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4). The performance was evaluated using symmetrical two-electrode system and compared to an identical supercapacitor with commercially available cellulose paper separator under 1 M TEABF4. The application of glass wool separator reduces the bulk resistance of supercapacitor by 19.6%, promotes more efficient ions transfer across active surface of electrode and significantly improves specific capacitance by 19.1% compared to cellulose paper. The application of higher concentration TEABF4 (1.5 M) even improves the overall performance of glass wool-based supercapacitor by 32.2% reduction of bulk resistance and 61.9% increment in specific capacitance compared to 1 M TEABF4. In addition, the energy and power densities are significantly improved by 64% and 165%, respectively for the one with 1.5 M TEABF4. In general, the low-cost material glass wool material has great potential to replace commercially available cellulose paper as separator in developing much better supercapacitor.
Waste concrete is one of the most usable and economic kind of concrete which is used in many civil projects all around the world, and its importance is undeniable. Also, the explanation of constructional process and destruction of them cause the extensive growth of irreversible waste to the industry cycle, which can be as one of the main damaging factors to the economy. In this investigation, with using of constructional waste included concrete waste, brick, ceramic and tile and stone new aggregate was made. Also it was used with different weight ratios of cement in the mix design. The results of laboratory studies showed that the using of the ratio of sand to cement 1 and waste aggregate with 20% weight ratio (W20), replacing of normal aggregate, increased the 28 days compressive strength to the maximum stage 45.23 MPa. In the next stage, in order to develop the experimental results backpropagation neural network was used. This network with about 91% regression, 0.24 error, and 1.41 seconds, is a proper method for estimating results.
22 9752 cable paper id 0022 edit septianIAESIJEECS
Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE) has been used as the insulation for polymeric power cables for its superior advantages. This type of cable insulation are famously known and used for their good dielectric properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and probability to be utilized at high temperature. This study is of four (4) parts; designing suitable method for cable test, accelerated testing procedures applied to XLPE insulation for high voltage cables, online partial discharge determination, and aging test. To study the insulation durability to AC high voltage operation, the breakdown strength and aging were investigated under different setting of temperature. The breakdown voltages of XLPE were measured at different temperatures of 300C, 500C and finally at 700C. Lastly, the aging effect of cable insulation was observed by conducting the AC breakdown voltage test after the aging process. Results showed that the breakdown voltage and aging of XLPE cables will decrease with increase of temperature setting.
Design of Square Shaped Miniaturized Split Ring ResonatorsIJERA Editor
Microwaves are constantly experiencing changes for many years. Microwave circuits use microstrip lines because it allows easy integration of active and passive surface mount components and it is less costly. In addition to a large number of benefits, microstrip lines have some disadvantages such as narrow-band loss, interference and low efficiency. To overcome the disadvantages, metamaterials are introduced. The proposed work shows various concentric U-shaped multi-split ring resonators(SRRs) metamaterial structures with & without broadside coupling. As compared to the conventional split ring resonators , broadside coupled resonators shows decrease in the LC resonance frequency and provide an electrically small and easy-to-fabricate alternative to the present multi-band metamaterial structures. The multi-band magnetic resonator topologies are simulated using CST Microwave Studio (MWS) to compute and compare their electrical sizes. Different types of U-shaped structures with inner and outer rings of SRR are used to realize transmission spectra, resonant frequencies and electrical sizes. This topology has the flexibility of adjusting the resonance frequencies by changing the design parameters such as the gap width, metal width and inter-ring distances. The broadside-coupled multiple U-Shaped magnetic resonator topology is considered to be a useful contribution to multi-band metamaterial research applications.
The transition of copper cable technology to fiber optic is very triggering the development of technology where data can be transmitted quickly and accurately. This cable change can be seen everywhere. This cable is an expensive cable. If it is not installed optimally, it will cost enormously. This excess cost can be used to other things to support performance rather than for excess cable that should be minimized. Determining how much cable use at the time of installation is difficult if done manually. Prim's algorithm can optimize by calculating the minimum spanning tree on branches used for fiber optic cable installation. This algorithm can be used to shorten the time to a destination by making all the points interconnected according to the points listed. Use of this method helps save the cost of fiber optic construction.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
EVALUATION OF OPTICALLY ILLUMINATED MOSFET CHARACTERISTICS BY TCAD SIMULATIONVLSICS Design
In this paper we report effect of optical illumination on Silicon MOSFET. The MOSFET has been studied in
respect of current voltage, transconductance admittance and scattering parameters. Gain analysis of the
Silicon MOSFET is done in dark and under optical illumination. The device is fabricated using ATHENA™
process simulator and the device simulation is performed using ATLAS™ from SILVACO international.
The simulation results indicate potential of MOSFET as optically sensitive structure which can be used
for increase in data transmission/reception rates, reduction of interconnect delays, elimination of clock
skew, or as a photodetector for optoelectronic applications at low and radio frequency.
Performance comparison of selection nanoparticles for insulation of three cor...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an investigation on the enhancement of electrical insulations of power cables materials using a new multi-nanoparticles technique. It has been studied the effect of adding specified types and concentrations of nanoparticles to polymeric materials such as PVC for controlling on electric and dielectric performance. Prediction of effective dielectric constant has been done for the new nanocomposites based on Interphase Power Law (IPL) model. The multi-nanoparticles technique has been succeeded for enhancing electric and dielectric performance of power cables insulation compared with adding individual nanoparticles. Finally, it has been investigated on electric field distribution in the new proposed modern insulations for three-phase core belted power cables. This research has focused on studying development of PVC nanocomposite materials performance with electric field distribution superior to the unfilled matrix, and has stressed particularly the effect of filler volume fraction on the electric field distribution.
Advances on Microwave Ceramic Filters for Wireless Communications (Review Pap...IJECEIAES
A review of the technological developments on ceramic monoblock filters and duplexers over the years is presented in this work. Early designs based on simulated and measured data are presented along with later designs based on accurate equivalent circuits as well as the use of evolution algorithms for optimal design.
Analysis and Design of S-shaped Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper gives a compact analysis and design of S-shaped Microstrip patch antenna which is best suited for Wi-max application. The analysis and design is simulated over IE3D software Ver. 15.2. We have taken a definite ground plane of 50x70 mm and patch size of 30x50 mm.The substrate thickness is taken as 1.6 mm and dielectric constant of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0013. The simulated result shows that the bandwidth is obtained in triple band- 7.79% at 0.262921 GHz band, 13.45% at 1.53034 GHz band and 28.0056% at 2.2382 GHz band. The obtained gain is 3.96 dBi at 2.33945 GHz. The obtained gain and bandwidth is best suited for Wi-max application. Keywords: S shape, Ground plane, Patch Antenna, Triple Band.
Electrochemical performance of supercapacitor with glass wool separator under...journalBEEI
The paper presents the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor with glass wool separator under organic electrolyte of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4). The performance was evaluated using symmetrical two-electrode system and compared to an identical supercapacitor with commercially available cellulose paper separator under 1 M TEABF4. The application of glass wool separator reduces the bulk resistance of supercapacitor by 19.6%, promotes more efficient ions transfer across active surface of electrode and significantly improves specific capacitance by 19.1% compared to cellulose paper. The application of higher concentration TEABF4 (1.5 M) even improves the overall performance of glass wool-based supercapacitor by 32.2% reduction of bulk resistance and 61.9% increment in specific capacitance compared to 1 M TEABF4. In addition, the energy and power densities are significantly improved by 64% and 165%, respectively for the one with 1.5 M TEABF4. In general, the low-cost material glass wool material has great potential to replace commercially available cellulose paper as separator in developing much better supercapacitor.
Waste concrete is one of the most usable and economic kind of concrete which is used in many civil projects all around the world, and its importance is undeniable. Also, the explanation of constructional process and destruction of them cause the extensive growth of irreversible waste to the industry cycle, which can be as one of the main damaging factors to the economy. In this investigation, with using of constructional waste included concrete waste, brick, ceramic and tile and stone new aggregate was made. Also it was used with different weight ratios of cement in the mix design. The results of laboratory studies showed that the using of the ratio of sand to cement 1 and waste aggregate with 20% weight ratio (W20), replacing of normal aggregate, increased the 28 days compressive strength to the maximum stage 45.23 MPa. In the next stage, in order to develop the experimental results backpropagation neural network was used. This network with about 91% regression, 0.24 error, and 1.41 seconds, is a proper method for estimating results.
22 9752 cable paper id 0022 edit septianIAESIJEECS
Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE) has been used as the insulation for polymeric power cables for its superior advantages. This type of cable insulation are famously known and used for their good dielectric properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and probability to be utilized at high temperature. This study is of four (4) parts; designing suitable method for cable test, accelerated testing procedures applied to XLPE insulation for high voltage cables, online partial discharge determination, and aging test. To study the insulation durability to AC high voltage operation, the breakdown strength and aging were investigated under different setting of temperature. The breakdown voltages of XLPE were measured at different temperatures of 300C, 500C and finally at 700C. Lastly, the aging effect of cable insulation was observed by conducting the AC breakdown voltage test after the aging process. Results showed that the breakdown voltage and aging of XLPE cables will decrease with increase of temperature setting.
Design of Square Shaped Miniaturized Split Ring ResonatorsIJERA Editor
Microwaves are constantly experiencing changes for many years. Microwave circuits use microstrip lines because it allows easy integration of active and passive surface mount components and it is less costly. In addition to a large number of benefits, microstrip lines have some disadvantages such as narrow-band loss, interference and low efficiency. To overcome the disadvantages, metamaterials are introduced. The proposed work shows various concentric U-shaped multi-split ring resonators(SRRs) metamaterial structures with & without broadside coupling. As compared to the conventional split ring resonators , broadside coupled resonators shows decrease in the LC resonance frequency and provide an electrically small and easy-to-fabricate alternative to the present multi-band metamaterial structures. The multi-band magnetic resonator topologies are simulated using CST Microwave Studio (MWS) to compute and compare their electrical sizes. Different types of U-shaped structures with inner and outer rings of SRR are used to realize transmission spectra, resonant frequencies and electrical sizes. This topology has the flexibility of adjusting the resonance frequencies by changing the design parameters such as the gap width, metal width and inter-ring distances. The broadside-coupled multiple U-Shaped magnetic resonator topology is considered to be a useful contribution to multi-band metamaterial research applications.
The transition of copper cable technology to fiber optic is very triggering the development of technology where data can be transmitted quickly and accurately. This cable change can be seen everywhere. This cable is an expensive cable. If it is not installed optimally, it will cost enormously. This excess cost can be used to other things to support performance rather than for excess cable that should be minimized. Determining how much cable use at the time of installation is difficult if done manually. Prim's algorithm can optimize by calculating the minimum spanning tree on branches used for fiber optic cable installation. This algorithm can be used to shorten the time to a destination by making all the points interconnected according to the points listed. Use of this method helps save the cost of fiber optic construction.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
EVALUATION OF OPTICALLY ILLUMINATED MOSFET CHARACTERISTICS BY TCAD SIMULATIONVLSICS Design
In this paper we report effect of optical illumination on Silicon MOSFET. The MOSFET has been studied in
respect of current voltage, transconductance admittance and scattering parameters. Gain analysis of the
Silicon MOSFET is done in dark and under optical illumination. The device is fabricated using ATHENA™
process simulator and the device simulation is performed using ATLAS™ from SILVACO international.
The simulation results indicate potential of MOSFET as optically sensitive structure which can be used
for increase in data transmission/reception rates, reduction of interconnect delays, elimination of clock
skew, or as a photodetector for optoelectronic applications at low and radio frequency.
Ultra-optical characterization of thin film solar cells materials using core...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates on new design of heterojunction quantum dot (HJQD) photovoltaics solar cells CdS/PbS that is based on quantum dot metallics PbS core/shell absorber layer and quantum dot window layer. It has been enhanced the performance of traditional HJQD thin film solar cells model based on quantum dot absorber layer and bulk window layer. The new design has been used sub-micro absorber layer thickness to achieve high efficiency with material reduction, low cost, and time. Metallicssemiconductor core/shell absorber layer has been succeeded for improving the optical characteristics such energy band gap and the absorption of absorber layer materials, also enhancing the performance of HJQD ITO/CdS/QDPbS/Au, sub micro thin film solar cells. Finally, it has been formulating the quantum dot (QD) metallic cores concentration effect on the absorption, energy band gap and electron-hole generation rate in absorber layers, external quantum efficiency, energy conversion efficiency, fill factor of the innovative design of HJQD cells.
Study the effect of nickel and aluminium doped ZnO photoanode in DSSCTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) is one of the promising candidates which are efficient, low-cost, and clean hybrid molecular solar cell devices. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been widely used as the phoanode in DSSC due to its excellent charge conduction mechanism, yet still suffers from poor cell efficiency. In this study, aluminium doped ZnO (ZnO:Al) and Ni doped ZnO (ZnO:Ni) were studied as photoanode material in DSSC using solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS) simulation, and the electrolyte liquid considered a single solid p-type layer as hole transporting materials. Both studied photoanodes have demonstrated better cell performance than pure ZnO photoanode due to the small amount of aluminium (Al) and nikel (Ni) impurities added have enhanced the physiochemical properties of ZnO films. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.96% was obtained at 3 mol% ZnO:Al photoanode with optimized key parameters. These simulation results proved an opportunity to improve the performance of the DSSCs via doping engineering into the ZnO photonaode.
Numerical Simulation and Efficiency Improvement of Solar Cell using Multi Lay...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Efficiency improvement of solar cell has been
achieved using design and simulation of anti-reflecting
coating. Anti-Reflecting coating helps in deploying new
geometries shape for the evaluation of different methods to
provide for light trapping in all directions and enables full
space utilization when bringing together into device arrays.
Efficiency improvement strategies have been discussed using
efficient selection of modules and surface texturing using
TCAD tools. Significant improvement in yield and
minimization of losses was achieved using device simulation
and process simulation platform using silvaco tools. Multilayer anti reflecting coating has been designed which can be
studied to analyze the performance of system. It was observed
that multi-layer coating helps in improvement of available
current for similar light beam under simulation.
EVALUATION OF OPTICALLY ILLUMINATED MOSFET CHARACTERISTICS BY TCAD SIMULATIONVLSICS Design
In this paper we report effect of optical illumination on Silicon MOSFET. The MOSFET has been studied in respect of current voltage, transconductance admittance and scattering parameters. Gain analysis of the Silicon MOSFET is done in dark and under optical illumination. The device is fabricated using ATHENA™ process simulator and the device simulation is performed using ATLAS™ from SILVACO international. The simulation results indicate potential of MOSFET as optically sensitive structure which can be used for increase in data transmission/reception rates, reduction of interconnect delays, elimination of clock skew, or as a photodetector for optoelectronic applications at low and radio frequency.
Simulation and Modeling of Silicon Based Single Electron TransistorIJECEIAES
In this work, we simulated and modeled silicon quantum dot based single electron transistor (SET). We simulated the device using non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism in transport direction coupled with Schrodinger equation in transverse directions. The characteristics of SET such as Coulomb blockade and Coulomb diamonds were observed. We also present a new efficient model to calculate the current voltage (IV) characteristics of the SET. The IV characteristic achieved from the model are very similar to those from simulations both in shape and magnitude. The proposed model is capable of reproducing the Coulomb diamond diagram in good agreement with the simulations. The model, which is based on transmission spectrum, is simple, efficient and provides insights on the physics of the device. The transmission spectrum at equilibrium is achieved from simulations and given as input to the model. The model then calculates the evolved transmission spectra at non-equilibrium conditions and evaluates the current using Landauers formula.
The influences of calcium fluoride and silica particles on improving color ho...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The LEDs lighting device with phosphor ingredient (pcLEDs) is among the most common lighting methods in recent years and evaluated by chromatic uniformity and lighting capacity. Therefore, we introduce the phosphor particles that can improve the scattering efficiency (SEPs) to apply in pcLEDs at 8500 K correlated color temperature (CCT) with the expectation to produce better pcLEDs by enhancing both quantity and quality of emitted light. Combining various materials such as CaF2 and SiO2 with yellow Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphor composition in the pcLEDs simulation created by the LightTools program is the mechanism of this research. The simulated pcLEDs are tested and the results will be verified with Mie-scattering theory. The observation of the simulation leads to the conclusion about the scattering coefficients of SEPs at 455 nm and 595 nm wavelengths. The calculation showed that CaF2 is better for color homogeneity yet suffer from luminous flux deficiency as the concentration gets higher. On the other hand, SiO2 is the scattering enhancement material that can maintain high luminous flux regardless of its concentration.
EFFICIENT AND COST EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR AN ECO-FRIENDLY SOLAR COLONYcscpconf
A simple and successful design is developed which has the objective to put together a cost effective model, scaled down both in size and energy required for an average residential home
driven through Solar Panels. It also deals with the autonomous illumination of streets of a
model colony through solar panels to meet the requirements and attain the maximum efficiency
of the available energy. The Photovoltaic system along with an inverter and intensity control circuit counts for the basic design. The effort deals with the efficient, cost effective and needful
implementation of Photovoltaic systems which would be useful primarily in rural and remote parts of India for both social and economic development of the people.
Electrical treeing and partial discharge characteristics of silicone rubber f...IJECEIAES
This article presents a study on electrical treeing performances with its associated partial discharge (PD) and the influence of filler concentration in silicone rubber (SiR) samples which are filled with silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) as nanofillers for electrical tree growth suppression. There are many researches on electrical treeing in SiR with SiO2 nanofillers but none of the publication have reported on Si3N4 nanofillers for suppression of the electrical tree growth. In this study, the treeing experiments were conducted by applying a fixed AC voltage of 10 kV and 12 kV at power frequency of 50 Hz on unfilled SiR, SiR/SiO2, and SiR/Si3N4 nanocomposites with different filler concentrations by 1, 3, and 5 weight percentage (wt%) and the treeing parameters were observed with its correlated PD patterns. The outcome from this study found that the SiR/Si3N4 nanocomposites were able to withstand the electrical treeing better than the pure SiR or SiR/SiO2 nanocomposites. Furthermore, the increase in filler concentration improved the electrical tree performances of the nanocomposites. This finding suggests the Si3N4 can be used as filler in polymeric insulating materials for electrical tree inhibition. Meanwhile, the PD activity shows increment when the tree progresses thereby indicating correlation in both parameters which can be as key parameter for monitoring unseen treeing in non-transparent samples.
Device simulation of perovskite solar cells with molybdenum disulfide as acti...journalBEEI
Organo-halide Perovskite Solar Cells (PSC) have been reported to achieve remarkably high power conversion efficiency (PCE). A thorough understanding of the role of each component in solar cells and their effect as a whole is still required for further improvement in PCE. In this paper, the effect of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) in PSC with mesoporous structure configuration was analyzed using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS). With the MoS2 layer which having two-fold function, acting as a protective layer, by preventing the formation of shunt contacts between perovskite and Au electrode, and as a hole transport material (HTM) from the perovskite to the Spiro-OMETAD. As simulated, PSC demonstrates a PCE, ŋ of 13.1%, along with stability compared to typical structure of PSC without MoS2 (Δ ŋ/ŋ=-9% vs. Δ ŋ/ŋ=-6%). The results pave the way towards the implementation of MoS2 as a material able to boost shelf life which very useful for new material choice and optimization of HTMs
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Dissertation-_jufri_hazlan_11377.pdf
1. 1
EFFECTS OF PHOTOANODE THICKNESS ON THE
PERFORMANCE OF DSSC SIMULATED USING
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
By
JUFRI HAZLAN BIN JAMALUDIN
DISSERTATION
Submitted to the Electrical & Electronics Engineering Programme in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Engineering (Hon.)
Electrical & Electronic Engineering
UniversitiTeknologi PETRONAS
Bandar Seri Iskandar
31750 Tronoh
Perak DarulRidzuan
2. 2
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project report is based on my original work except for citations and
quotations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously
and concurrently submitted for any other degree or award at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
or other institutions.
Signature : _________________________
Name : _________________________
ID No. : _________________________
Date : _________________________
3. 3
APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION
I certify that this project report entitled “EFFECTS OF PHOTOANODE THICKNESS ON
THE PERFORMANCE OF DSSC SIMULATED USING EQUIVELENT CIRCUIT” was
prepared by JUFRI HAZLAN BIN JAMALUDIN has met the required standard for
submission in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of (Hons.)
Electrical Electronics Engineering at UniversitiTeknologi PETRONAS.
Approved by,
Signature : _________________________
Supervisor : Dr.Zainal Arif bin Burhanudin
Date : _________________________
4. 4
ABSTRACT
In DSSC or any other solar cells, thick absorption layer is preferable as it can
maximize the photo-generation of carriers. Unfortunately, the photo-generated carriers
need to traverse through the thick layer before it can be collected at the photo-electrodes.
This may lead to unwanted phenomena such as loss of photo-generated carriers due to
recombination, increase in resistivity, and drop in mobility. For optimization purposes,
the balance between thick absorption layer and these unwanted phenomena need to be
fully understood and will be investigated. In this work, three DSSCs with 6, 12 and 18
µm absorption layer thickness were fabricated and their current-voltage (IV)
characteristics measured. To model the DSSC, a lumped parameter equivalent circuit
model consisting of a single exponential-type ideal junction, a constant photo-generated
current source, a series parasitic resistance (Rs) and a parallel parasitic conductance (Rsh)
was used. The measured and modeled IV characteristics fit reasonably well. From the
model, it is shown that both Rs and Rsh will be increased as the thickness of the
absorption layer increases. It is also shown that by varying Rs the fill factor will
decreased, while the efficiency of the solar cells are decreasing as the material gets
thicker.
5. 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Praise to Him the Almighty that in
his will and given strength, I managed to complete this Final Year Project for the Electrical and
Electronic Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS.
A lot has transpired during the study and I am indebt with so many people who has made this
course an illuminating and enriching venture. My deepest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr
Zainal Arif Burhanuddin for guiding me through this course thoroughly and giving me all the
support to finish this study. Not to forget my lab colleague, Mr Adel Iskandar Samsudin for
helping and giving continuous support towards this course.
Last but not least, to all that help me directly or indirectly helped me out in completing this
study.
Thank you.
6. 6
TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
1.1.1) Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
1.1.2) Structure
1.1.3) Operation
1.1.4) Efficiency
1.1.5) Efficiency for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC)
1.1.6) Modeling of equivalent circuit for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC)
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objective
1.4 Feasibility
Chapter 2: Methodology and Project Works
2.1 Project Flow Chart
2.2 Background Works
2.3 Expected Result
2.4 Material and Equipment
2.7 Gantt Chart
Chapter 3:Results and Discussion
3.1 Data Gathering and Analysis
3.2 IV curve for different thickness (6 μm, 12 μm, 18 μm)
3.3 Analysis
Chapter 4: Conclusion And Recommendation
References
Appendices
9
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
20
20
22
23
23
23
24
25
29
36
39
40
41
7. 7
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Structure of DSSC 8
Figure 2: Illustration of Dye Operation 14
Figure 3: Dependence of IPCE spectra on haze of TiO electrodes. 15
Figure 4: I-V curve for Fill Factor 16
Figure 5: I-V Curve for Dummy and Actual Power 17
Figure 6: Equivalent Circuit 18
Figure 7: Visible Spectrum For Wavelength 24
Figure 8: Screen Printing Process 25
Figure 9: Belt furnace 25
Figure 10: Dye solution 26
Figure 11: Tio2 with dye 26
Figure 12: Cold press 26
Figure 13: Heat press 26
Figure 14: Vacuum Dessicator 27
Figure 15: I-V curve for 6 μm 28
Figure 16: I-V curve for 12 μm 28
Figure 17: I-V curve for 18 μm 29
Figure 18: Command for voltage (V) 31
Figure 19: Command for current (I) 32
Figure 20: I-V curve for 6μm 33
Figure 21: I-V curve for 12μm 34
Figure 22: I-V curve for 18μm 35
Figure 23: Comparison I-V curve for 6µm 37
Figure 24: Comparison I-V curve for 12µm 37
Figure 25: Comparison I-V curve for 18µm 38
8. 8
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Performance for 6μm 28
Table 2: Performance for 12μm 28
Table 3: Performance for 18μm 29
Table 4: I-V curve parameters for 6µm 33
Table 5: I-V curve parameters for 12µm 34
Table 6: I-V curve parameters for 18µm 35
Table 7: Summary of I-V curve parameters 36
9. 9
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1) Background Study
Microelectronics is one of the important fields in Electrical & Electronic, this major
cover all about the study and microfabrication of every small electronics design and
components. The devices are made from semiconductor. Most of the components that
involved in electronic design such as transistor, capacitors, inductors and resistors are
made from semiconductor. This field is also important for electrochemical device such as
dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Therefore, to understand and learning about this major
can help the engineers adapt easily during doing this project. There are millions of
research papers about automation and control and become more and more development
into the future.
As we are in the final year student in Electrical & Electronic department majoring in
Automation and Control but performing a project on microelectronics is a challenging
moment for us to try to study and understand all the knowledge that related in this field
so that we can get an opportunity to become an professional engineer and work into the
real industry after graduated.
1.1.1) Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)
DSSC is a semiconductor formed between a photo-sensitized anode and electrolyte.
These cells were invented by Michael Gratzel and Brian O’Regan and are also known as
Gratzel Cells. In Gratzel cells, particles of TiO2 covered with dye that absorbs at a wide
range of wavelengths given by sunlight are placed between the two electrodes in an
electrolyte solution containing iodine ions [2]. These cells provide a technical and
10. 10
economically feasible alternative way for conventional p-n junction silicon cells. The use
of Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles are inexpensive if compared to the silicon needed for
normal cells because they need no expensive manufacturing steps. Besides that, this
material TiO2 is already widely used as a paint bas and coffee whiteners. In physics
terms, Gratzel cells offer very high efficiencies and the economics are promising because
this material is cheap and widely available material [1,2]
1.1.2) Structure
Dye sentisized solar cells have been widely researched and investigated for improvement
as a next generation solar cells because of its simple structure as shown above and low
manufacturing cost. DSC comprises a nanocrystalline titanium dioxide electrode attached
with a dye fabricated on a transparent conducting oxide (TCO), a platinum (Pt) counter
electrode, and electrolyte solution with a dissolved iodide ion redox couple between the
electrodes. The Titanium Dioxide film provides high internal surface area of dye for high
light absorption efficiency. The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne has
made and experiment and found that the efficiency of black dye is 10.4% which is higher
than usual and it is hardly to be achieved due to insufficient understanding of DSSC.[3]
Fig 1:Cross section of a conventional
dye-sensitized
solar cell
Fig 1: Structure of DSSC
11. 11
The figure above is the scanned electron microscope image of nanocrystalline TiO2 film
used in a dye-sensitized solar cell. This image was taken from (Michael Gratzel, Dye
Sensitized solar cells, J. Photochem. Photobio.2003) [4]
14. 14
The figure above shows the operation of dye solar cell and the energy of electrons flows
in the direction of the blue line. Dye will absorbs photon and creates electron/hole from a
low energy state. Ti𝑂2 facilitates the charge separation and electron will be injected into
the Ti𝑂2. Lastly, an electron will fill the hole in the dye and this completing the circuit. In
this experiment, nanoparticles are used because of the enormous surface areas.
1.1.4) Efficiency
The conversion efficiency of solar cell can be expressed as below:
η=FF x 𝐼𝑠𝑐 x 𝑉
𝑜𝑐 / 𝑃𝑖𝑛 where
FF- fill factor
𝐼𝑠𝑐 - short circuit current
𝑉
𝑜𝑐 - open circuit current
𝑃𝑖𝑛 - incident power
Fig 2: illustration of Dye Operation [6]
15. 15
The parameters above are the most important element in order to increase the efficiency
of solar cell. Generally, there are 3 resistance elements in DSC which is the resistance of
TCO, resistance of ionic diffusion and the resistance at the interface between electrode
and electrolyte. Previously, the researcher has revealed that the decrease in internal
resistance has caused the Fill Factor (FF) to be increased. 𝐽𝑠𝑐 also has the big
consequence on the efficiency of solar cells. The value of 𝐽𝑠𝑐 obtained from I-V
measurement must be consistent with the value estimated from incident photon to current
efficiency (IPCE) spectra because 𝐽𝑠𝑐 can be obtained from the integrating product of flux
density and IPCE. [7]
𝐽𝑠𝑐 =∫ qF(ʎ)(1-r(ʎ))IPCE(ʎ)dʎ [7]
r(ʎ) is the incident light loss in light absorption and reflection by conducting glass. It is
difficult to obtain accurate IPCE spectra of DSC because IPCE is depending on
measurement conditions such as chopping frequency and bias light.
Fig 3: Dependence of IPCE spectra on haze of
TiO electrodes. Haze in the figure measured at
800nm [7]
16. 16
1.1.6) Efficiency for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC)
There are few advanced method such as electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) which
we use to analyze electric mechanisms of cells but it requires much time and the obtained
data are complicated to interpret. Few parameters of solar cell performance are calculated
from I-V curve using source meter under light irradiation. Parameters such as 𝐼𝑠𝑐 ,𝑉
𝑜𝑐 , fill
factor (FF) and efficiency (η) are calculated. The I-V curve is used in equivalent circuit
analysis by using diode model. In this circuit, there will be series resistance and shunt
resistance that can be estimated by fitting the equivalent circuit to I-V curve.
The diagram above shows the I-V curves of both a high fill factor solar section and a low
fill factor section. As can be seen, both curves have the same open circuit voltage and
short circuit current, but, the lower fill factor panel actually produces less power at its
maximum power point if compared to the higher fill factor panel.
Fig 4: I-V curve for Fill Factor
17. 17
During the manufacture of commercial solar panels, each and every single solar cell will
be tested for its fill factor. If its fill factor is low which is below than 0.7, the cells are
sold as Grade-B cells, then it can be used for hobbyist use. FF ratio of the solar cells is
the actual power output which is (Vpmax x Ipmax) versus its theoritical power output
which is (Voc x Isc).
FF=
𝐼𝑚𝑝 𝑋 𝑉𝑚𝑝
𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝑋 𝑉𝑠𝑐
η=
𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝑋 𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝑋 𝐹𝐹
𝑃𝑠𝑐
Fig 5: I-V Curve for Dummy and Actual Power
18. 18
From the I-V curve, we can see that the theoretical power is in the red area, and the actual
power is the area in the blue. The fill factor is the ratio of the blue area to the red area
which is actual power to the theoretical power. The higher the fill factor of a solar panel,
the nearer the blue curve is to the red curve. A solar panel that has higher fill factor has
less parasitic losses due to the series and parallel resistances within the cell itself.
1.1.7) Modeling of equivalent circuit for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC)
Figure shown above is the model of equivalent circuit used in this project which consist
of current source 𝐼𝐿, diode, 2 resistors ( series resistance,Rs and shunt resistance, Rsh)
and it works under open circuit condition. The shown figure is the simplest model for
solar cells where the current source is in parallel with diode and shunt resistance.
Figure 6: Equivalent Circuit
19. 19
Below are the equations that we used for this equivalent circuit, where diode current 𝐼𝑑
and shunt current 𝐼𝑠ℎ are written as:
𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑜 [exp (q
𝑉+𝐼𝑅𝑠
𝑛𝑘𝑇
) - 1]
𝐼𝑠ℎ =
𝑉+𝐼𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑠ℎ
From the equations above, the circuit operation can be expressed as below
I= 𝐼𝑝ℎ - 𝐼𝑜 [exp (q
𝑉+𝐼𝑅𝑠
𝑛𝑘𝑇
) - 1] -
𝑉+𝐼𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑠ℎ
Where 𝐼𝑝ℎ is photo current,
Basically, the shunt resistance (Rsh) and series resistance (Rsh) have a striking effect on
the performance of DSSC. Rsh is due to the leakage path across the dye interface induced
by defects at the surface of the oxide and Rs is the resistance between the cells of Tio2 on
the electron transport. For this project, we would like to see the effect of series resistance
(Rs) of the equivalent circuit towards the efficiency of the solar cells as the thickness of
TiO2 increases for one thickness to another thickness.
𝐼𝑜= initial current
𝑅𝑠= series resistance
𝑅𝑠ℎ= parallel (shunt) resistance
n= diode factor
q= elementary electric charge
k= boltzman constant
T= temperature
20. 20
1.2) Problem Statement
In this project, we would like to simulate the different thickness of Titania Dioxide
(Ti𝑂2) and observe the effects on light absorption towards the dye molecules that
attached to the Titania Dioxide. In simulating this project, we will use a software called
MATLAB. The function of that software is to provides tools that let the user to do
locate, code, and annotate findings in primary data material, to weigh and evaluate their
importance, and also to visualize complex relations between them. Lastly plot the
desirable graph.
1.3) Objective
The main objective of this project is to perform experiments on the different thickness of
Titania Dioxide (Ti𝑂2) using equivalent circuit. Besides that, we will also discuss and
carry out some research on the electrochemical device and understand the concept of dye
synthesis solar cell. A part of doing research on this topic, we will also gain some
experience and knowledge on compiling all the research results by using the right
method.
1.4) Feasibility
The feasibility of this project is to complete the project within the scope and time frame,
while maintaining substance to this project.
During the first semester (FYP I), the scope and task that will be covered are;
a) Research on the performance of DSSC and it characteristics
b) Propose a suitable method in experimenting this project
c) Analyze several effects on different size of Titania Dioxide
For the following semester (FYP II), the scope and task that will be covered are;
a) Perform in depth experimental analysis to determine the parameter that affects
the light absorption
b) Design and propose a better idea in order to increase the light absoption thus
increase the efficiency of solar power.
21. 21
CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1) Project Flow Chart
START
Fit equivalent circuit to I-V
curve
Fabricate aggregates with
different thickness
Design equivalent circuit
Obtain I-V curve for each thickness
Analyze 𝐼𝑠𝑐 , 𝑉
𝑜𝑐 , η and FF
Obtain absorption data from
different aggregate thickness
END
Problem Identification
Understand the
concept of Dye
Synthesized Solar Cell
Research on project by
reading journals and
research papers from
other universities
Gathering all the informations
22. 22
2.2) Background Works
This project is actually divided into two phase which are semester one and semester two.
In the first semester, the student will be focusing more on data gathering, research on the
particular project and the paperwork on the literature of the study. For the second
semester, the student will be focusing on the practical work such as performing
experiment on the scope of the study.
2.3) Expected Result
The expected result throughout this project is to determine the effect of Titanium Dioxide
thickness towards the performance of DSSC. As explained before, 𝑇𝑖𝑂2 provides high
internal surface to accommodate sufficient amount of dye for light absorption. By
performing experiment on different thickness of 𝑇𝑖𝑂2 , we will have different set of
series resistance (Rs) value. So, the thicker the 𝑇𝑖𝑂2 , the series resistance also will be
higher. The increase of Rs value would change the Feed forward (FF) of the solar model.
The current theory for this project would be, as the thickness of Titanium Dioxide
increased, the efficiency of light absorbing also will be increased as more dye will be
attached to the Titanium Dioxide
2.4) Material and Equipments
In this project, the student will use several equipments and material. For the material, the
student will need new variation thickness of Titanium Dioxide layers. For the
equipments, the student will use a software called MATLAB, which is used to simulate
the I-V curve for each thickness of Titanium Dioxide.
23. 23
2.5) Gantt Chart and Milestone
No. Detail/ Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 Project Work Continues M
i
d
-
S
e
m
e
s
t
e
r
B
r
e
a
k
2 Submission of Progress Report
3 Project Work Continues
4 Pre-EDX
5 Submision of Draft Report
6 Submission of Dissertation (soft bound)
7 Submission of Technical Paper
8 Oral Presentation
9 Submission of Project Dissertation (Hard
Bound)
24. 24
CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Data Gathering and Analysis
The data used for the simulation of the effect on photoanode size on the
performance of Dye Synthesized Solar Cell (DSSC) is the actual historical data
taken from my research partner by using the UV-VIS Spectroscopy software.
The data consists of the light absorbance data obtained from the input light that
went through the different sizes of titanium dioxide using all the measuring
equipments.
Violet: 400 - 420 nm
Indigo: 420 - 440 nm
Blue: 440 - 490 nm
Green: 490 - 570 nm
Yellow: 570 - 585 nm
Orange: 585 - 620 nm
Red: 620 - 780 nm
Fig 7: Visible Spectrum For Wavelength
25. 25
3.1 Fabrication of DSSC with different thickness
1) Groundwork
Prepare the materials that need to be use such as 𝑇𝑖𝑂2 paste, TCO glass and dye
2) Screen printing
For this process there will be 3 different thickness of 𝑇𝑖𝑂2 which are 6 μm, 12 μm,
and 18 μm. The 𝑇𝑖𝑂2 paste will be printed on the TCO surface. Basically, each paste
will have 6 μm. So, for the 12 μm thickness, we will have to print two layers of 𝑇𝑖𝑂2
paste on the TCO glass and 3 layers for the 18 μm.
3) Drying process
The TCO glass will undergo the drying process using the belt furnace with the
temperature of 550 degree Celsius. This process is to dry out the 𝑇𝑖𝑂2 paste layer on
the TCO glass.
Figure 8: Screen Printing Process
Figure 9: Belt furnace
26. 26
4) Dye soaking
Firstly, we have to prepare the dye solution and pour in into a special container, then
the TCO glass with 𝑇𝑖𝑂2 paste will be soak into that box. The box need to be closed
for 15 hours. To ensure that the soaking process has completed, the color of 𝑇𝑖𝑂2
paste will turn into purple color.
5) Sandwiching
After 15 hours, the TCO glass will undergo for sandwiching process where the soaked
TCO glass will sandwiched by another TCO glass that has a small hole in the center.
The two glass will be stick together using heat press process. Then, it will go for the
cold press process in order to cool down the TCO glass.
Figure 10: Dye solution
Figure 11: Tio2 with dye
Figure 12: Cold press Figure 13: Heat press
27. 27
6) Electrolyte filling process
Electrolyte which is the iodide will be fill through the small hold on the TCO glass
using injection method in the pump and vacuum dessicator. Finally, the small hole
will be sealed using aluminum foil.
Figure 14: Vacuum Dessicator
28. 28
3.2 IV curve for different thickness (6 μm, 12 μm, 18 μm)
3.2.1. Experimental result
I-V curve can be obtained using the solar simulator. There are few parameters
that we can obtained from this process for the three thickness.
6 μm
Voc Vmp Pmax Isc Imp Jsc FF Efficiency
0.660 0.404 2.592 8.099 6.392 8.099 0.493 2.592
12μm
Voc Vmp Pmax Isc Imp Jsc FF Efficiency
0.583 0.377 2.767 9.262 7.340 9.262 0.512 2.767
Table 2 : Performance for 12μm
Figure 15: I-V curve for 6 μm
Figure 16: I-V curve for 12 μm
Table 1 : Performance for 6μm
29. 29
18μm
Voc Vmp Pmax Isc Imp Jsc FF Efficiency
0.639 0.395 2.791 8.755 7.066 8.755 0.499 2.791
3.2.2 Simulation Result
The simulation result can be obtained from the MATLAB model of PV module. This
MATLAB model is specially designed to evaluate the Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
(DSSC) module during the execution using the equations which will be mentioned in
the next section of this report. The MATLAB program has calculated the current I and
V using the parameters of the solar module which are Isc and Voc that has been
obtained from the experimental result from the previous section. It is suggested that to
use numerical method to solve the non-lineal problem. As a result, Newton Raphson
method was used in this program to solve the problem in finding the values for the
current (I).
Table 3: Performance for 18μm
Figure17: I-V curve for 18 μm
30. 30
In an ideal cell, Rs and Rsh were assumed to be 0. The net current of the cell is the
difference between the the normal diode current 𝐼𝑜 and the photocurrent 𝐼𝐿. The formula
in the next page shows the relationship between these two parameters.
I=𝐼𝐿- 𝐼𝑜(𝑒
𝑞(𝑉+𝐼𝑅𝑠 )
𝑛𝑘𝑇 − 1)
The temperature of the cell is also taken into the account of the model. These formulas
were used during the simulation in the MATLAB module.
𝐾𝑜 =
𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝑇1
𝐼𝐿= 𝐼𝐿(T1)+ 𝐾𝑜(𝑇 − 𝑇1)
𝐼𝐿(𝑇1)= Isc (𝑇1𝑛𝑜𝑚 )
𝐺
𝐺(𝑛𝑜𝑚 )
𝐼𝑜(T1)=
𝐼𝑠𝑐(𝑇1)
(𝑒
𝑞𝑉𝑜𝑐 (𝑇1)
𝑛𝑘𝑇 1 − 1)
The series resistance also included in this program which represents the resistance
between the Tio2 cells on the electron transportation.
Rs = -
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝐼𝑉𝑜𝑐
-
1
𝑋𝑣
𝑋𝑣=𝐼𝑜(T1)
𝑞
𝑛𝑘𝑇1
𝑒
𝑞𝑉𝑜𝑐 (𝑇1)
𝑛𝑘𝑇 1 -
1
𝑋𝑣
In order to simulate the result which consist of the values of current (I), voltage(V) and
the I-V curves for the 3 thickness of TiO2. In the next page, there will be the steps done
in the MATLAB program in order to obtain the result. This project was set to into a
significant condition which is:
a) Sun level = 100mW/𝑐𝑚2
b) Area (A) = 1𝑐𝑚2
c) Air mass spectrum (AM) = 1.5
d) Temperature =25 degrees celcius
31. 31
MATLAB 1
Figure above shows the command in MATLAB in assigning the value of Voc. In this
command window, we assigned the range of the desired voltage that we wish to see the
result, so that when the I-V curve is plotted, these values are going to be the X axis of
the curve.. For this simulation, the assigned voltage is ranging from 0V- 0.7 V with the
step of 0.01V.
Fig 18: Command for voltage (V)
32. 32
MATLAB 2
In this command window, we have to call the function from the editor (solar1) which
consist the parameters of Voltage, Sun level and the Temperature. (V, G, T). From here,
we will obtain the Isc value of the I-V curve, which will be Y axis of the I-V curve.
Fig 19: Command for current (I)
33. 33
MATLAB 3
Finally we can obtain the I-V curves from the designed program. Below are the curves
for each thickness.
Figure 20 shows the I-V curve for 6μm which is plotted in the MATLAB software. As
we can see here, the short circuit current, Isc value for this thickness is 8.1mA and the
for the open circuit voltage Voc is 0.55V. From this I-V curve, we have obtained few
parameters such as fill factor (FF), efficiency, Isc, Voc, Imp (max power) and also Vmp
(max power). Below is the table that contained all the parameters which has been
obtained from the I-V curve.
Thickness
(μm)
FF Efficiency
(η)
Isc (mA) Voc (V) Imp (mA) Vmp (V)
6 0.631 2.80 8.100 0.66 6.5 0.43
Fig 20: I-V curve for 6μm
Table 4: I-V curve parameters for 6µm
34. 34
Figure 21 shows the I-V curve for 12μm which is plotted in the MATLAB software. As
we can see here, the short circuit current, Isc value for this thickness is 9.2mA and the
for the open circuit voltage Voc is 0.50V. From this I-V curve, we have obtained few
parameters such as fill factor (FF), efficiency, Isc, Voc, Imp (max power) and also Vmp
(max power). Below is the table that contained all the parameters which has been
obtained from the I-V curve.
Thickness
(μm)
FF Efficiency
(η)
Isc (mA) Voc (V) Imp (mA) Vmp (V)
12 0.629 2.81 9.262 0.48 7.00 0.40
Fig 21: I-V curve for 12μm
Table 5: I-V curve parameters for 12µm
35. 35
Figure 22 shows the I-V curve for 18μm which is plotted in the MATLAB software. As
we can see here, the short circuit current, Isc value for this thickness is 10.3mA and the
for the open circuit voltage Voc is 0.55V. From this I-V curve, we have obtained few
parameters such as fill factor (FF), efficiency, Isc, Voc, Imp (max power) and also Vmp
(max power). The value of Isc and Voc for thickness is the highest if compared to the
previous two thicknesses which are 6μm and 12μm. Below is the table that contained all
the parameters which has been obtained from the I-V curve.
Thickness
(μm)
FF Efficiency
(η)
Isc (mA) Voc (V) Imp (mA) Vmp (V)
18 0.621 3.52 10.300 0.55 8.00 0.44
Fig 22: I-V curve for 18μm
Table 6: I-V curve parameters for 18µm
36. 36
3.3 Analysis
Figure 7 shows the summarized of the I-V curve parameters for the 3 thicknesses. As
the material goes thicker, the series resistance (Rs) will be increased. This hypothesis
was stated in the previous problem statement section. When Rs increases, there is no
obvious change in the value of Isc and Vsc on the I-V curves as these values are
increasing gradually with the thickness. What we can see here is the value of Fill Factor
(FF) is dropping distinctly, but it would not affect the efficiency of the solar cells. The
efficiency is increasing as the material gets thicker. In this simulation, the material with
18μm has the highest efficiency. In this simulation, the value of Rs has been set which
has the value of 0.7 ohm. The comparison between the experimental result and the
simulation result has been made. Both of the results show the efficiency of dye-
sensitized solar cells is increasing as the DSSC gets thicker. It is confirmed that series
resistance (Rs) does not influence the Isc and Voc but will affect FF instantly. The
obtained value of the parameters has been listed in Table 1 in the previous page.
Thickness
(μm)
FF Efficiency
(η)
Isc (mA) Voc (V) Imp (mA) Vmp (V)
18 0.621 3.52 10.300 0.55 8.00 0.44
12 0.629 2.81 9.262 0.48 7.00 0.40
6 0.631 2.80 8.100 0.66 6.5 0.43
Table 7: Summary of I-V curve parameters
37. 37
3.4 Comparison
In this section, the author will be discussing on the comparison data between the
simulated data and the experimental data. Below are the comparison I-V curves for the 3
thickness which are 6µm, 12µm and 18µm. The simulated curve is in the red line and
the experimental is in the green line.
Fig 23: Comparison I-V curve for 6µm
Fig 24: Comparison I-V curve for 12µm
38. 38
From the I-V curve comparison figures above, it can be seen that the simulated data has
the higher fill factor (FF) which is around 0.6 if compared to the experimental data
which has the FF value around 0.4. Theoretically, the solar cells are said to be better
when the value of FF is approaching the value of 1.00. The value of Voc for both
simulated and experimental data is not the same due to the internal error.
Fig 25: Comparison I-V curve for 18µm
39. 39
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This project is mainly about how to increase the efficiency of light absorption on
the dye solar cells by varying the size of Titanium Dioxide. Nevertheless, the pass
researchers have not performed investigation on this scope. The student also will find
and use suitable method in order to measure the efficiency of dye solar cell based on the
Titanium Dioxide characterization. Several assumptions are made to make the
experiment and the project become simpler and easy to understand. As the conclusion,
we can conclude that the thicker material has the highest efficiency. For the
recommendation, I would to recommend the university to go deeper in doing research
on this topic. There few things that I have not discovered during performing this project
due to the time constrain. Besides that, the students in this university should be exposed
to this area because most of them did not know that the university final year student is
doing project on this topic.
40. 40
REFERENCES
[1] http://electrons.wikidot.com/dye-sensitized-solar-cell
[2] http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2210
[3] Yasuo Chiba, Ashraful Islam, Yuki Watanabe, Ryoichi KomiyaNaoki Koide and
Liyuan Han, (Received June 7, 2006; accepted June 9, 2006; published online June 23,
2006)
[4] Raphael Shirley, Oliver Inderwildi and Markus Kraft,Combustion Synthesized
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells,
http://como.cheng.cam.ac.uk
[5]Sony’s Technology Highlight-Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Environmental Technology
, http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/technology/technology/theme/solar_01.html
[6] Michael Grätzel Review Dye-sensitized Solar Cells, Journal of Photochemistry and
Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews4 (2003) 145–153
[7] Yasuo Chiba and Ashraful Islam, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Conversion
Efficiency of 11.1%,Solar Systems Development Center, Sharp Corporation, 282-1
Hajikami, Katsuragi, Nara 639-2198, Japan.
[8] ATLAS Device Simulation Framework
http://www.silvaco.com/products/device_simulation/atlas.html
[9] http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/pn-junction/absorption-coefficient