In these slides, we talk about infrastructure. First tells that what is infrastructure. Secondly, its importance. At last, types of infrastructure. Hope you enjoy our slides. Thanks.

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2. Topic
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3. Introduction
 Presented To: Engr. Usman Haider
 Presented By:
Tauqeer Tajjamal 2017-UET-CCET-CIVIL-13
Hasan Mustafa 2017-UET-CCET-CIVIL-16
Jamshaid Khan 2017-UET-CCET-CIVIL-17
Hassan Ur Rahman 2017-UET-CCET-CIVIL-18
CHENAB COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
& TECHNOLOGY, GRW
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4. Contents
 What is infrastructure?
 Importance of infrastructure.
 Types of infrastructure.
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5. Infrastructure
 The basic facilities,
services, and installations
needed for the functioning
of a community or society,
such as transportation and
communications systems,
water and power lines, and
public institutions including
schools, post offices.
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6. Infrastructure
 The underlying foundation or
basic framework (as of a
system or organization).
 The fundamental facilities
serving a country, city, or area,
as transportation and
communication systems, power
plants, and roads.
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7. Importance of Infrastructure
 First question that raises why physical infrastructure
so important to nation’s development?
 The answer is that once goods are produced, they
need to be transported to ports and airports for
transportation to other states and countries.
 If a manufacturer produces goods quality of his
product but is unable to transport them to destination as
fast as they can, there is no point in making goods in an
efficient manner in first place.
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8. Importance of Infrastructure
 Moreover, good roads are also require for manufacturers
to obtain raw materials and other components.
 In addition, ports that are well functioning and where
ships don’t need to wait for longer period of time otherwise,
loading and unloading of goods from ships would cause
losses to importers and exporters.
 There is need to develop airports that are modern and
efficient for freer and easier movement for people in and
out of the countries.
 For all these reasons, infrastructure is necessary for a
nation.
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9. Types Of Infrastructure
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10. Dam
 Dam is the barrier that stops
flow of water or underground
streams.
 Reservoirs created by dams not
only to suppress floods but also
provide water for activities such
as irrigation, domestic purpuse,
industrial use and agriculture.
 Hydropower is generally used to
generate electricity.
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11. Structure Of Dams
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12. Structure Of Dam
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13. Old Method
 Dams needed fully compacted
and cured wall base. This can be
achieved by smoother rocks
which can actually fit into empty
spaces and fill the gaps made by
the bigger rocks.
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14. Old Method
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 Also in farms, in the borders
they construct a moat typed
mound of soil so that water
stays inside that part of the
farm. A dam is just an
extension of that.
 Also concrete is not exactly
a new invention. It was just
being rediscovered.

15. New Method
 Dams are constructed in dry
season when water level in a
river or stream are lower rainfall
on sources of fill material is less
likely, and conditions are better
for operating large construction
equipment.
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16. New Method
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 The base of dam must go
down into the ground before it
rises above it. A trench that is
full width of dam is cut into
firm rock. The trench is called
a keyway.
 Before construction of dam
begins, foundation area must
be prepared. In rare cases,

17. New Method
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 It prevents a dam from sliding
along a smooth foundation and
also creates a longer path for
any seepage to try to flow under
dam.
 The soil is spread in thin
layers usually 6-8 in thick,
sprayed with water to correct
moisture content, and
compacted with sheepsfoot
rollers.

18. New Method
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 If gravel is used in construction
a vibrating roller is used to vibrate
grains together.
 Dams may have variety of other
facilities depend on their size, use
and location. An emergency
spillways is required at all dams
to allow for flood waters to flow
over an escape route, rather than
over the top of dam.

19. Bridge
 A bridge is a structure built
to span physical obstacles
without closing the way
underneath such as a body of
water, valley, or road, for the
purpose of providing passage
over the obstacle, usually
something that can be
detrimental to cross otherwise.
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20. Advance Structure Of Bridges
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Moveable Bridge

21. Glass Bridge
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22. Old Method
 Old method and techniques take
too much time to complete project.
 Old method depends upon many
labours.
 Transportation of concrete is very
low.
 Sometimes, shape of bridge is not
perfect.
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23. New Method
 Because each bridge is
uniquely designed for a specific
site and function, the
construction process also varies
from one bridge to another.
 One method of setting the
foundation is to drill shafts
through the riverbed, down to
bedrock.
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24. New Method
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 5 Steel panels or precast
concrete slabs are laid across
the girders to form a solid
platform, completing the bridge
superstructure.
 A grid of reinforcing steel
bars is constructed atop the
moisture barrier; this grid will
subsequently be encased in a
concrete slab. The grid is three-
dimensional, with a layer of
rebar near the bottom of the
slab and another near the top.

25. New Method
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 Concrete is pumped to the bottom
of the shaft. As the shaft fills with
concrete, the slurry is forced out of
the top of the shaft, where it is
collected and cleaned so it can be
reused.
 A crane is used to set steel or
prestressed concrete girders between
consecutive sets of columns
throughout the length of the bridge.
The girders are bolted to the column
caps.

26. New Method
 If forms were not used, the concrete
can be applied with a slipform paving
machine that spreads, consolidates,
and smooths the concrete in one
continuous operation. In either case,
a skid-resistant texture is placed on
the fresh concrete slab by manually
or mechanically scoring the surface
with a brush or rough material like
burlap. 26

27. Canal
 Canals are human made channels for water conveyance,
or to service water transport vehicles.
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28. Old Method
 The body of the canal is dug or the sides of the canal
are created by making dykes or levees by piling dirt,
stone, concrete or other building materials.
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29. New Method
 A thorough survey of canal
route must be made, not only
for connect alignment but also
for accurate depths of cuts
and fills.
 Primary excavation is done
with earth moving equipments
like excavators and
bulldozers.
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30. New Method
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 A crawler-track mounted trimming
machine is used to remove final 12-18
in (30-46cm) of soil to create desired
wall slopes and flat bed for a canal.
Excavated soil is carried by conveyor
and loaded onto trucks to throw it
away.
 A layer of high permeable material
may be spread over the walls and floor
to promote drainage of ground water
under the canal.

31. New Method
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 Grids of reinforcing steel are
built and lifted into place on canal
walls and floor. Concrete blocks
hold the grid above the surface so
concrete can flow under them.
 Concrete is mixed, vibrated to
remove air pockets and applied
with slipfrom machine, encasing
reinforcing material.

32. New Method
 Slipforming means pouring concrete between canal
surface and a form that slowly moves forward (mold),
concrete hardens quickly enough to retains its shape.
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33. Building
 A building is a structure with
a roof and walls standing more or less
permanently in one place, such as
a house or factory.
 Buildings come in a variety of sizes,
shapes, and functions, and have been
adapted throughout history for a wide
number of factors, from building
materials available, to weather
conditions, land prices, ground
conditions, specific uses, and aesthetic
reasons.
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34. Old Method
 Street was not properly
designed.
 Design and place of flat
where people lived was
not fully recognized and
designed.
 Plaster was not doing in
ancient times.
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35. Old Method
 Altough, place was good
but infrastructure and
design were not completely
perfect.
 old methods techniques
requires time as compared
to new method technique.
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36. Old Method
 People did very hard
work in ancient times
for completeing his task
or goal.
 In ancient times,
cranes are not available
in majority and its effect
the structure of
building. 36

37. Advanced Structure of Building
 The design and safety of a
building depends upon
foundations or columns.
 Near at sea it requires
more calculation for
designer and engineer.
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38. New Method
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 New method
techniques provides
good material and good
design.
 Structure of design
required very hard time
for designer.

39. THANK YOU
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