Ozone therapy is presented as a potential treatment for periodontitis. Ozone is an unstable gas that kills bacteria through oxidation. It has an anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulating effects. Ozone can be administered as a gas or dissolved in water or oil. Studies show ozone irrigation reduces bacteria and improves periodontal outcomes with no negative effects. Indications for ozone therapy in periodontics include chronic infections, sterilization of sites, and plaque control. Risks include toxicity at high levels. In conclusion, ozone therapy shows potential as an adjunct non-surgical treatment for periodontitis through its antimicrobial properties.
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation reactions by preventing or slowing the rate of lipid oxidation in food systems. Common antioxidants include vitamins A, C, and E, beta-carotene, selenium, and lycopene, which are found in many fruits and vegetables with bright colors. Antioxidants can stabilize free radicals produced during oxidation reactions in the body that can otherwise damage cells and are linked to diseases like cancer and heart disease. Consuming a diet with five servings of fruits and vegetables daily can help reduce oxidative stress through antioxidants.
Polyols are a group of low-digestible carbohydrates derived from the hydrogenation of their sugar or syrup source (e.g., lactitol from lactose). These unique sweeteners taste like sugar but have special advantages. Polyols serve as useful sugar replacers in a wide range of products as part of a sugar free diet. These sugar free foods and products include chewing gums, candies, ice cream, baked goods and fruit spreads. In addition, they function well in fillings and frostings, canned fruits, beverages, yogurt and tabletop sweeteners. They are also used in toothpastes, mouthwashes and pharmaceutical products such as cough syrups and throat lozenges.
Aceclofenac is an NSAID that selectively inhibits COX-2 and has been shown to reduce inflammation and pain. It is well-absorbed orally and metabolized to active metabolites. Clinical trials demonstrate aceclofenac is effective for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and other conditions, with fewer side effects than other NSAIDs like diclofenac. The recommended dosage is 100 mg twice daily by mouth.
Osteoarthritis is a progressive degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown and eventual loss of articular cartilage in the joints. As cartilage breaks down, bones rub together causing pain, swelling, and loss of motion of the joints. The most common joints affected are weight-bearing joints like the hips, knees, and spine. Risk factors include age, obesity, joint injury, genetics, and repetitive joint stress from certain occupations and sports. The breakdown of cartilage is caused by an imbalance between the normal synthesis and degradation of cartilage components by chondrocytes within the cartilage. This leads to loss of cartilage cushioning between bones and development of bone spurs and cysts at the joint margins over time.
Gout is a metabolic disorder caused by hyperuricemia, or high levels of uric acid in the blood. It most commonly affects middle-aged men and causes sudden, severe pain and inflammation in joints like the big toe. Acute gout occurs when uric acid crystals form in a joint, while chronic gout results in long-term joint damage. Treatment involves medications like NSAIDs, colchicine, corticosteroids, and allopurinol to reduce pain and prevent further attacks by lowering uric acid levels. Lifestyle changes like diet modification and exercise can also help prevent gout flares.
Ozone therapy is presented as a potential treatment for periodontitis. Ozone is an unstable gas that kills bacteria through oxidation. It has an anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulating effects. Ozone can be administered as a gas or dissolved in water or oil. Studies show ozone irrigation reduces bacteria and improves periodontal outcomes with no negative effects. Indications for ozone therapy in periodontics include chronic infections, sterilization of sites, and plaque control. Risks include toxicity at high levels. In conclusion, ozone therapy shows potential as an adjunct non-surgical treatment for periodontitis through its antimicrobial properties.
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation reactions by preventing or slowing the rate of lipid oxidation in food systems. Common antioxidants include vitamins A, C, and E, beta-carotene, selenium, and lycopene, which are found in many fruits and vegetables with bright colors. Antioxidants can stabilize free radicals produced during oxidation reactions in the body that can otherwise damage cells and are linked to diseases like cancer and heart disease. Consuming a diet with five servings of fruits and vegetables daily can help reduce oxidative stress through antioxidants.
Polyols are a group of low-digestible carbohydrates derived from the hydrogenation of their sugar or syrup source (e.g., lactitol from lactose). These unique sweeteners taste like sugar but have special advantages. Polyols serve as useful sugar replacers in a wide range of products as part of a sugar free diet. These sugar free foods and products include chewing gums, candies, ice cream, baked goods and fruit spreads. In addition, they function well in fillings and frostings, canned fruits, beverages, yogurt and tabletop sweeteners. They are also used in toothpastes, mouthwashes and pharmaceutical products such as cough syrups and throat lozenges.
Aceclofenac is an NSAID that selectively inhibits COX-2 and has been shown to reduce inflammation and pain. It is well-absorbed orally and metabolized to active metabolites. Clinical trials demonstrate aceclofenac is effective for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and other conditions, with fewer side effects than other NSAIDs like diclofenac. The recommended dosage is 100 mg twice daily by mouth.
Osteoarthritis is a progressive degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown and eventual loss of articular cartilage in the joints. As cartilage breaks down, bones rub together causing pain, swelling, and loss of motion of the joints. The most common joints affected are weight-bearing joints like the hips, knees, and spine. Risk factors include age, obesity, joint injury, genetics, and repetitive joint stress from certain occupations and sports. The breakdown of cartilage is caused by an imbalance between the normal synthesis and degradation of cartilage components by chondrocytes within the cartilage. This leads to loss of cartilage cushioning between bones and development of bone spurs and cysts at the joint margins over time.
Gout is a metabolic disorder caused by hyperuricemia, or high levels of uric acid in the blood. It most commonly affects middle-aged men and causes sudden, severe pain and inflammation in joints like the big toe. Acute gout occurs when uric acid crystals form in a joint, while chronic gout results in long-term joint damage. Treatment involves medications like NSAIDs, colchicine, corticosteroids, and allopurinol to reduce pain and prevent further attacks by lowering uric acid levels. Lifestyle changes like diet modification and exercise can also help prevent gout flares.
This document discusses functional components found in salmon and krill. It describes collagen, omega-3 fatty acids, protein hydrolysates, and chitin that can be extracted from these seafood using supercritical fluid extraction. The extracted components have various health benefits and can be incorporated into foods like red wine and milk through emulsification. Strict regulations regarding food labeling and claims must be followed when adding these functional ingredients to products.
Dermatomyositis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the skin and muscles that is characterized by an autoimmune pathogenesis. It commonly presents with characteristic rashes like Gottron's papules and heliotrope rash as well as proximal muscle weakness. Dermatomyositis can also involve internal organs like the lungs, esophagus and heart. Diagnosis involves assessing clinical features, muscle enzymes, electromyography, muscle/skin biopsies and identifying myositis-specific antibodies. Prognosis depends on the severity and organ involvement, with risks of residual weakness, contractures and death from respiratory or cardiac complications.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage. This leads to fibrillation, fissures, and eventually the loss of full thickness cartilage. Cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1 are believed to play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis by stimulating cartilage breakdown and synovial inflammation. A complex interaction between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines contributes to the imbalance between cartilage matrix synthesis and degradation in osteoarthritis.
This document discusses obesity and related topics. It defines obesity as having excess adipose tissue that poses health risks, with a body weight 20% over the ideal weight considered obese. Obesity occurs when caloric intake exceeds utilization, which can be due to overeating, lack of physical activity, genetics, diet composition, or underlying diseases. Complications of obesity include diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart disease, respiratory issues, cancers, and more. Leptin and other molecules released by adipose tissue help regulate energy levels and metabolism.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease involving the breakdown of articular cartilage. It is characterized by cartilage loss, bone changes including osteophyte formation, and inflammation of the synovium. Risk factors include age, genetics, obesity, and joint injury. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, and functional impairment. Treatment focuses on reducing pain and inflammation, maintaining joint mobility, and managing symptoms through exercise, weight loss, bracing, and medications. Surgery is considered if conservative treatments are ineffective.
Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the exocrine glands, most commonly the salivary and lacrimal glands, leading to dry eyes and dry mouth. It exists as either a primary form that occurs alone or a secondary form associated with other connective tissue diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth along with tests like salivary gland biopsy, salivary flow tests, and lab tests for autoantibodies. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms while complications can involve other organ systems.
β-Glucans (beta-glucans) are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers linked by β-glycosidic bonds. β-glucans are a diverse group of molecules that can vary with respect to molecular mass, solubility, viscosity, and three-dimensional configuration. They are biological response modifiers" because of their ability to activate the immune system and has many health benefits.
Glucosamine Chondroitin Sulfate Dietary Supplement for OsteoarthritisW3llness
This document discusses a dietary supplement for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is caused by inflammation and wear and tear of joints, weakening cartilage and surrounding tissues. Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling and reduced mobility. The supplement contains glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and SAM-e, which research shows can reduce osteoarthritis pain and progression. It recommends checking supplement quality and discussing use with a healthcare provider.
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), or brittle bone disease, is a genetic disorder characterized by fragile bones that fracture easily. It is caused by a defect in the body's production of type 1 collagen, which is important for bone strength. The majority of OI cases are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, though some are the result of spontaneous genetic mutations or are inherited autosomally recessively. OI has been classified into eight types based on severity and symptoms, which can include multiple fractures, skeletal deformities, short stature, and in severe cases, lethality in infancy. While there is no cure for OI, treatment aims to increase bone strength and prevent fractures through medications, physical therapy,
The document discusses iodinated contrast media used for imaging procedures and describes its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management of hypersensitivity reactions. It notes that nonionic contrast media are now preferred due to their lower risk of reactions compared to ionic agents. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions can range from mild symptoms like urticaria to life-threatening anaphylaxis, while delayed reactions typically involve skin symptoms appearing 1-3 days after exposure.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that leads to inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues. It is a long-term disease. It can also affect other organs.
RA can occur at any age, but is more common in middle age. Women get RA more often than men.
Infection, genes, and hormone changes may be linked to the disease. Smoking may also be linked to RA.
Monosodium glutamate, also known as MSG, is a flavor enhancer that intensifies the savory taste of foods. It is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, which occurs naturally in foods like tomatoes and cheese. While MSG is used widely in processed foods to enhance flavor, some claim it can cause side effects like headaches and flushing when consumed in large quantities. However, others argue that MSG has benefits as an appetite stimulant and salt substitute. The food industry widely uses MSG for its low cost and ability to encourage increased consumption.
This document provides information about cholesterol, including:
- Cholesterol is produced by the liver and obtained through food, and high levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries and heart disease.
- A fasting blood test measures total cholesterol, LDL ("bad"), HDL ("good"), and triglycerides. High LDL and triglycerides or low HDL increases heart disease risk.
- Risk factors for high cholesterol include family history, diet high in saturated/trans fats, obesity, and lack of exercise. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like a low-fat diet, weight loss, exercise, and medications if needed.
Development of Nutraceuticals & functional foodsEkta Belwal
“Nutraceuticals” & “Health food” shops has grown enormously, fostered by wide media coverage of their benefits. There has been a boom in their sales as patients rush to self-medicate, either in the hope that these products will be effective in treating diseases unsatisfactorily treated with pharmaceuticals, or that the adverse effects of some pharmaceuticals may be avoided.
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may provide benefits for cancer, asthma, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, triglycerides, and osteoporosis. To see benefits, most studies recommend taking 3.4 grams of CLA daily. The richest food sources of CLA are milk fat and red meat, though consumption of these in America has dramatically dropped in recent decades.
Shellfish allergy is estimated to affect up to 3% of the population depending on region, with higher prevalence in Asia-Pacific populations. Tropomyosin is a major shellfish allergen due to its stability and high homology between different shellfish. Clinical manifestations of shellfish allergy can range from mild to life-threatening and there is significant risk of cross-reactivity between different shellfish due to shared allergens. Diagnosis involves careful history, skin prick testing, and oral food challenges. Management focuses on strict avoidance of shellfish and emergency treatment of reactions.
Erectile dysfunction is common in men with diabetes and tends to be more severe than in non-diabetic men. Screening for ED should be conducted annually as part of diabetes reviews. Asking direct questions such as "Are your erections hard enough for penetration?" can help identify cases of ED. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are usually first-line treatment but some men may require additional options or a dose change if initial treatment is not effective. Testosterone deficiency can also contribute to ED in diabetic men.
Osteopetrosis is a rare hereditary bone disorder characterized by abnormally dense bone due to a defect in bone remodeling. There are several types including infantile, intermediate, and adult forms. Infantile osteopetrosis is the most severe type and can cause blindness, deafness, and susceptibility to infections in early infancy due to abnormal osteoclast function. Diagnosis is made through x-rays and bone biopsies, and treatment may include bone marrow transplantation while supportive care focuses on managing infections and anemia.
Osteonecrosis is a condition caused by loss of blood supply to the bone, which can lead to bone tissue death and joint collapse. It is often caused by long term steroid use or heavy alcohol use. Symptoms may include joint pain that worsens with weight bearing. Diagnosis involves x-rays, MRI, or biopsy. Treatment options range from medications and reduced activity to core decompression surgery or joint replacement depending on severity. Preventing osteonecrosis involves limiting steroid use, alcohol, and smoking.
Advanced Glycation Endproducts and diabetes gowri shanker
This document discusses advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are compounds formed when sugars bind to proteins or lipids. AGEs accumulate in tissues over time and can promote oxidative stress and inflammation. The document notes that AGEs can enter the body through diet, as many cooking methods promote AGE formation, and through smoking. It explores the mechanisms by which AGEs may contribute to diseases like diabetes through depletion of antioxidant defenses. The document also discusses evidence that a low-AGE diet can help reduce circulating AGE levels and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation.
This document discusses glycation and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which are formed through non-enzymatic reactions between sugars and proteins over time. It describes how AGEs accumulate in tissues and contribute to diabetic complications by cross-linking proteins and altering their structure and function. The body has defense mechanisms like AGE receptors on macrophages to help break down and eliminate AGEs, but levels still rise with increased hyperglycemia and age, leading to tissue damage over the long term.
This document discusses functional components found in salmon and krill. It describes collagen, omega-3 fatty acids, protein hydrolysates, and chitin that can be extracted from these seafood using supercritical fluid extraction. The extracted components have various health benefits and can be incorporated into foods like red wine and milk through emulsification. Strict regulations regarding food labeling and claims must be followed when adding these functional ingredients to products.
Dermatomyositis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the skin and muscles that is characterized by an autoimmune pathogenesis. It commonly presents with characteristic rashes like Gottron's papules and heliotrope rash as well as proximal muscle weakness. Dermatomyositis can also involve internal organs like the lungs, esophagus and heart. Diagnosis involves assessing clinical features, muscle enzymes, electromyography, muscle/skin biopsies and identifying myositis-specific antibodies. Prognosis depends on the severity and organ involvement, with risks of residual weakness, contractures and death from respiratory or cardiac complications.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage. This leads to fibrillation, fissures, and eventually the loss of full thickness cartilage. Cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1 are believed to play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis by stimulating cartilage breakdown and synovial inflammation. A complex interaction between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines contributes to the imbalance between cartilage matrix synthesis and degradation in osteoarthritis.
This document discusses obesity and related topics. It defines obesity as having excess adipose tissue that poses health risks, with a body weight 20% over the ideal weight considered obese. Obesity occurs when caloric intake exceeds utilization, which can be due to overeating, lack of physical activity, genetics, diet composition, or underlying diseases. Complications of obesity include diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart disease, respiratory issues, cancers, and more. Leptin and other molecules released by adipose tissue help regulate energy levels and metabolism.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease involving the breakdown of articular cartilage. It is characterized by cartilage loss, bone changes including osteophyte formation, and inflammation of the synovium. Risk factors include age, genetics, obesity, and joint injury. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, and functional impairment. Treatment focuses on reducing pain and inflammation, maintaining joint mobility, and managing symptoms through exercise, weight loss, bracing, and medications. Surgery is considered if conservative treatments are ineffective.
Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the exocrine glands, most commonly the salivary and lacrimal glands, leading to dry eyes and dry mouth. It exists as either a primary form that occurs alone or a secondary form associated with other connective tissue diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth along with tests like salivary gland biopsy, salivary flow tests, and lab tests for autoantibodies. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms while complications can involve other organ systems.
β-Glucans (beta-glucans) are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers linked by β-glycosidic bonds. β-glucans are a diverse group of molecules that can vary with respect to molecular mass, solubility, viscosity, and three-dimensional configuration. They are biological response modifiers" because of their ability to activate the immune system and has many health benefits.
Glucosamine Chondroitin Sulfate Dietary Supplement for OsteoarthritisW3llness
This document discusses a dietary supplement for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is caused by inflammation and wear and tear of joints, weakening cartilage and surrounding tissues. Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling and reduced mobility. The supplement contains glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and SAM-e, which research shows can reduce osteoarthritis pain and progression. It recommends checking supplement quality and discussing use with a healthcare provider.
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), or brittle bone disease, is a genetic disorder characterized by fragile bones that fracture easily. It is caused by a defect in the body's production of type 1 collagen, which is important for bone strength. The majority of OI cases are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, though some are the result of spontaneous genetic mutations or are inherited autosomally recessively. OI has been classified into eight types based on severity and symptoms, which can include multiple fractures, skeletal deformities, short stature, and in severe cases, lethality in infancy. While there is no cure for OI, treatment aims to increase bone strength and prevent fractures through medications, physical therapy,
The document discusses iodinated contrast media used for imaging procedures and describes its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management of hypersensitivity reactions. It notes that nonionic contrast media are now preferred due to their lower risk of reactions compared to ionic agents. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions can range from mild symptoms like urticaria to life-threatening anaphylaxis, while delayed reactions typically involve skin symptoms appearing 1-3 days after exposure.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that leads to inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues. It is a long-term disease. It can also affect other organs.
RA can occur at any age, but is more common in middle age. Women get RA more often than men.
Infection, genes, and hormone changes may be linked to the disease. Smoking may also be linked to RA.
Monosodium glutamate, also known as MSG, is a flavor enhancer that intensifies the savory taste of foods. It is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, which occurs naturally in foods like tomatoes and cheese. While MSG is used widely in processed foods to enhance flavor, some claim it can cause side effects like headaches and flushing when consumed in large quantities. However, others argue that MSG has benefits as an appetite stimulant and salt substitute. The food industry widely uses MSG for its low cost and ability to encourage increased consumption.
This document provides information about cholesterol, including:
- Cholesterol is produced by the liver and obtained through food, and high levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries and heart disease.
- A fasting blood test measures total cholesterol, LDL ("bad"), HDL ("good"), and triglycerides. High LDL and triglycerides or low HDL increases heart disease risk.
- Risk factors for high cholesterol include family history, diet high in saturated/trans fats, obesity, and lack of exercise. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like a low-fat diet, weight loss, exercise, and medications if needed.
Development of Nutraceuticals & functional foodsEkta Belwal
“Nutraceuticals” & “Health food” shops has grown enormously, fostered by wide media coverage of their benefits. There has been a boom in their sales as patients rush to self-medicate, either in the hope that these products will be effective in treating diseases unsatisfactorily treated with pharmaceuticals, or that the adverse effects of some pharmaceuticals may be avoided.
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may provide benefits for cancer, asthma, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, triglycerides, and osteoporosis. To see benefits, most studies recommend taking 3.4 grams of CLA daily. The richest food sources of CLA are milk fat and red meat, though consumption of these in America has dramatically dropped in recent decades.
Shellfish allergy is estimated to affect up to 3% of the population depending on region, with higher prevalence in Asia-Pacific populations. Tropomyosin is a major shellfish allergen due to its stability and high homology between different shellfish. Clinical manifestations of shellfish allergy can range from mild to life-threatening and there is significant risk of cross-reactivity between different shellfish due to shared allergens. Diagnosis involves careful history, skin prick testing, and oral food challenges. Management focuses on strict avoidance of shellfish and emergency treatment of reactions.
Erectile dysfunction is common in men with diabetes and tends to be more severe than in non-diabetic men. Screening for ED should be conducted annually as part of diabetes reviews. Asking direct questions such as "Are your erections hard enough for penetration?" can help identify cases of ED. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are usually first-line treatment but some men may require additional options or a dose change if initial treatment is not effective. Testosterone deficiency can also contribute to ED in diabetic men.
Osteopetrosis is a rare hereditary bone disorder characterized by abnormally dense bone due to a defect in bone remodeling. There are several types including infantile, intermediate, and adult forms. Infantile osteopetrosis is the most severe type and can cause blindness, deafness, and susceptibility to infections in early infancy due to abnormal osteoclast function. Diagnosis is made through x-rays and bone biopsies, and treatment may include bone marrow transplantation while supportive care focuses on managing infections and anemia.
Osteonecrosis is a condition caused by loss of blood supply to the bone, which can lead to bone tissue death and joint collapse. It is often caused by long term steroid use or heavy alcohol use. Symptoms may include joint pain that worsens with weight bearing. Diagnosis involves x-rays, MRI, or biopsy. Treatment options range from medications and reduced activity to core decompression surgery or joint replacement depending on severity. Preventing osteonecrosis involves limiting steroid use, alcohol, and smoking.
Advanced Glycation Endproducts and diabetes gowri shanker
This document discusses advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are compounds formed when sugars bind to proteins or lipids. AGEs accumulate in tissues over time and can promote oxidative stress and inflammation. The document notes that AGEs can enter the body through diet, as many cooking methods promote AGE formation, and through smoking. It explores the mechanisms by which AGEs may contribute to diseases like diabetes through depletion of antioxidant defenses. The document also discusses evidence that a low-AGE diet can help reduce circulating AGE levels and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation.
This document discusses glycation and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which are formed through non-enzymatic reactions between sugars and proteins over time. It describes how AGEs accumulate in tissues and contribute to diabetic complications by cross-linking proteins and altering their structure and function. The body has defense mechanisms like AGE receptors on macrophages to help break down and eliminate AGEs, but levels still rise with increased hyperglycemia and age, leading to tissue damage over the long term.
The document discusses emerging therapy options for controlling protein glycation and its role in diabetes complications. It describes the biochemical pathways involved in advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation, including the polyol pathway, hexosamine pathway, and protein kinase C pathway. Inhibiting AGE formation through therapies like benfotiamine and L-carnosine may help reduce inflammation and complications in diabetics by preventing cross-linking of proteins in tissues like the retina, kidneys, and blood vessels. Controlling glucose levels and diet are also important to limit the formation of damaging AGE products.
This document summarizes carbohydrate digestion in the human gastrointestinal tract. It describes how carbohydrates are broken down into smaller molecules by salivary and pancreatic amylases and intestinal disaccharidases and oligosaccharidases. The monosaccharides glucose, fructose and galactose that are produced are then absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine. Glucose absorption is an active process that utilizes sodium-glucose co-transporters, while fructose absorption occurs via facilitated diffusion. Factors that can influence carbohydrate absorption such as intestinal health, hormones and vitamins are also discussed.
Asam amino dan protein terdiri dari senyawa penyusun protein yang terbentuk dari ikatan peptida antar asam amino. Protein memiliki struktur primer, sekunder, tersier, dan kuarterner yang ditentukan oleh interaksi antara rantai polipeptida. Terdapat berbagai jenis protein seperti protein serat dan globular yang memiliki fungsi struktural dan metabolik berbeda.
pathology and Complications of type 2 diabetes mellitusAiswarya Thomas
explains in detail abou various complications of diabetes mellitus and its pathophysiology. Described about the peripheral, microvascular, macrovascular comlpication
This document discusses the pathophysiology of acute and chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar state, and mechanisms of glucose-induced vascular damage. It then provides background on the prevalence and types of diabetes. The main pathophysiological mechanisms discussed are the polyol pathway, formation of advanced glycation end products, activation of protein kinase C, increased flux through the hexosamine pathway, and mitochondrial superoxide production. These lead to microvascular complications like nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy as well as macrovascular complications. The document concludes by summarizing diagnostic criteria for diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglyce
Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney disease characterized by gradually increasing urinary albumin excretion, high blood pressure, declining kidney function, and presence of diabetic retinopathy. It develops in 20-40% of people with diabetes and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. The pathophysiology involves metabolic and hemodynamic pathways as well as genetic factors. Hyperglycemia causes kidney damage through increased polyol pathway flux, formation of advanced glycation end products, activation of protein kinase C, and other mechanisms. Hemodynamic changes from hypertension increase glomerular pressure and permeability. Genetic factors like ACE polymorphisms also influence risk. Progression is associated with proteinuria, anemia
Microvascular complications of diabetes pathophysiologyMWIZERWA JEAN-LUC
it is presented by a MEDICAL STUDENT AT UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA
topic is about pathophysiology mechanisms of glypcerglycemia in causing microvascular complications. it will help medical student to know deep in cascade how high concentration ogf glucose is converted into other substances to affect blood vessels.
Formation and fate of Ammonia
Transdeamination, oxidative and non oxidative deamination, Ammonia transport, Ammonia intoxication, Ammonia detoxification
This document provides an overview of nutrition and diet. It defines nutrition as the process of taking in food and using it for growth, metabolism, and repair. Nutrition involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, assimilation, and excretion of foods. Good nutrition status is characterized by a healthy appearance while poor status results in dull appearance and health issues. Nutritional needs vary by age, gender, and activity level. Food provides nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water which the body needs for energy, growth, and maintenance. These nutrients are obtained through a digestion process and absorbed to support bodily functions. A balanced diet incorporating proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals
This document provides an overview of basic nutrition concepts. It discusses the roles of macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the diet. Carbohydrates are the body's primary source of energy and are divided into simple and complex categories. Simple carbs are absorbed quickly while complex carbs including fiber provide sustained energy release. The document also outlines carbohydrate digestion and absorption as well as recommendations for daily carbohydrate and fiber intake. Maintaining blood glucose homeostasis and effects of high glycemic load foods are summarized.
This document provides guidelines for the management of diabetes through diet and nutrition. It outlines the main goals of treatment as making patients symptom-free and preventing complications. Target blood glucose and lipid levels are listed. A balanced diet with appropriate proportions of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and fibers is recommended. Factors like age, gender, diabetes type, weight, and medical conditions determine an individual's diet. Meal planning considers calorie needs and glycemic index values of foods. Dietary education tools like food groups, exchanges, and carbohydrate counting are discussed to help patients understand healthy eating.
This document discusses human nutrition and energy from food. It explains that energy comes from fats, carbohydrates, and proteins which are metabolized to power cell respiration. Staple foods that supply energy vary by culture and region depending on availability. Fats contain the most energy per gram, followed by carbohydrates then proteins. The type and amount of carbohydrates and fats consumed can impact health and risk of diseases like diabetes or obesity. Protein is only used for energy in excess of carbohydrate and fat intake.
Nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal health and preventing various diseases. The relationship between nutrition and health is intricate, with dietary choices significantly influencing overall well-being. Here's a comprehensive description of nutrition in health and disease:
Nutrition in Health:
Essential Nutrients: A balanced diet provides essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. These nutrients are vital for the proper functioning of the body, supporting growth, development, and overall maintenance of health.
Energy Balance: Nutrition contributes to maintaining an appropriate energy balance. The intake of calories should match the body's energy expenditure, preventing issues like obesity or malnutrition.
Disease Prevention: A nutritious diet can help prevent various chronic diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. Antioxidants from fruits and vegetables, for instance, play a role in protecting cells from damage.
Immune System Support: Adequate nutrition supports a robust immune system, helping the body defend itself against infections and illnesses. Nutrients like vitamins A, C, and D, as well as zinc and selenium, are essential for immune function.
Healthy Aging: Proper nutrition contributes to healthy aging by maintaining muscle mass, bone density, and cognitive function. Nutrient-rich foods are especially important as individuals age to support overall well-being.
Nutrition in Disease:
Malnutrition: Inadequate or imbalanced nutrition can lead to malnutrition, which encompasses both undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition can result in stunted growth, weakened immune function, and other health complications, while overnutrition can contribute to obesity and related diseases.
Chronic Diseases: Poor dietary choices are linked to the development of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancers. Diets high in saturated fats, sugars, and salt can contribute to these health issues.
Nutritional Deficiencies: Insufficient intake of specific nutrients can lead to deficiencies, causing a range of health problems. For example, vitamin deficiencies may result in conditions like scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) or rickets (vitamin D deficiency).
Inflammation: Certain dietary patterns, such as those high in processed foods and low in anti-inflammatory nutrients, may contribute to chronic inflammation, a factor implicated in various diseases, including arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases.
Digestive Health: Nutrition plays a pivotal role in maintaining digestive health. Poor dietary choices can lead to gastrointestinal issues, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
In summary, nutrition is a cornerstone of health and disease prevention. Making informed and balanced dietary choices is crucial for maintaining overall well-being and reducing the risk of various health
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the three macronutrients that provide energy and building blocks for the body. Carbohydrates are divided into simple and complex types, with complex carbs like whole grains being healthier. Proteins help build and maintain tissues and are obtained from foods like meat, eggs, and dairy. Fats are categorized as saturated or unsaturated, with unsaturated fats like olive oil being preferable to saturated fats found in butter. A balanced diet should obtain calories from these macronutrients to fuel the body and support growth and repair of tissues.
Nutrition in health and disease
carbohydrates, dietary goals, fats, minerals, nutrients, proteins, vitamins, what is nutrition, what are nutrients, who recommended dietary goals, Role of vitamins and Minerals
Forever-Active.com - Healthy family nutrition presentationforever-active
The document provides information on healthy nutrition and food sensitivities. It includes:
1) An agenda covering childhood obesity, food sensitivities, calcium myths, gluten intolerance, and a nutritional game.
2) Details on childhood obesity including definitions, statistics on increasing rates, and health risks.
3) Benefits of physical activity for children and different forms of exercise.
4) Common food allergens like dairy, alternatives to dairy, and myths about calcium.
5) Information on gluten, signs of intolerance, hidden foods containing gluten, and gluten-free grains.
This document provides information about nutrition and balanced diets. It discusses the main nutrients required - carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fiber and water. It describes how to test for these nutrients and the importance of a balanced diet. Not eating a balanced diet can lead to malnutrition and health problems like obesity, heart disease and constipation. The document also discusses how microorganisms are used in food production and the uses and risks of food additives.
The "Nutrition Basics: Macronutrients" lesson will introduce and explain the three most calorie-dense foods-- fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. You will get an understanding of what most foods are made of and why they are important.
Roberts Diet Overview Gastrointestinal (GI) Dysmotility Diet Guideline Overviewmitoaction
The document provides an overview of dietary guidelines for people with gastrointestinal dysmotility. It recommends dividing calories evenly between carbohydrates, protein and fat to meet energy needs while minimizing GI symptoms. Meals should be balanced and spread throughout the day to improve tolerance. Carbohydrates should be mainly complex starches providing 40-60% of calories. Protein from animal sources should provide 20-30% of calories. Fat intake should be around 30% of calories, focusing on unsaturated rather than saturated fat. Fiber and high-fat foods can slow digestion and should be limited or avoided. Small, frequent meals and proper hydration are also emphasized.
The document discusses nutrition and provides information on the essential nutrients required by the body, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. It explains the roles and food sources of each nutrient category. The document also outlines dietary guidelines for Americans, including building a healthy base by choosing a variety of grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy, and protein foods and aiming for fitness through regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight. Portion sizes and moderation in fats, sugars, and salt are also addressed.
This document discusses several concepts related to nutrition in health and social care. It addresses organic food production which restricts fertilizers and pesticides and requires ingredients to be at least 95% organic. It also discusses self-prescribed health supplements which some people take to meet nutrient needs. Treatment options for obesity are discussed, including reducing diets, exercise, medication, and surgery. Food labelling is also summarized, which provides nutritional information like calories, fat, sugars, and salt per 100 grams to help consumers make choices. Recommended daily intakes can differ depending on activity level.
This document discusses different types of fats and their roles and benefits. It covers long chain fatty acids which are stored in the body and help with calcium absorption and cardiovascular health. Medium chain fatty acids are metabolized like carbohydrates and used quickly for energy. Monounsaturated fats like olive oil are beneficial for heart health and reducing inflammation. Trans fats should be avoided. The document also discusses conjugated linoleic acid and its potential health benefits. Fitness is defined as the ability to perform physical activity.
Nutrition is essential for dancers to grow, maintain health, build muscle, and recover from illness and injury. A balanced diet provides carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals to fuel the body and support these functions. Carbohydrates provide energy, proteins support muscle growth and repair, and fats provide energy and insulation. The document outlines guidelines for a balanced diet including eating a variety of whole foods, limiting highly processed foods, and consuming 5 portions of fruits and vegetables daily. Specific foods like whole grains, lean proteins, dairy, and healthy fats are recommended. Proper nutrition and hydration can prevent issues like fatigue, muscle soreness, and joint pain in dancers.
Nutrition involves six classes of nutrients that provide energy, building blocks, and regulate bodily functions. There are macro and micronutrients where macros like carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are needed in large quantities for energy and micronutrients like vitamins and minerals are needed in smaller amounts. A balanced diet incorporates a variety of foods to obtain all essential nutrients but should limit refined carbohydrates, saturated fats, and excess calories. Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise can help prevent diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
The document discusses nutrition and its effects on health, sports performance, and digestion. It covers the major macronutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, fats - and explains their roles and best food sources. Carbohydrates specifically fuel exercise and come as complex or simple forms. Good fats and proteins aid in energy production, growth, and immune function. Micronutrients like vitamins and minerals are also outlined, noting their functions and food sources to meet daily needs. Overall the document provides a comprehensive overview of nutrition and its importance for health, exercise, and digestion.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to nutrition and fitness. It discusses the essential nutrients required for a healthy diet, including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and fiber. It recommends obtaining nutrients from whole, minimally processed foods. The document also outlines the five components of health-related fitness: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. It provides examples of exercises to improve each component and recommends engaging in regular physical activity for health benefits.
Similar to Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) (20)
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
3. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs for
short) are complex, oxidant compounds created
when simple sugars crosslink with proteins or
lipids through non-enzymatic reaction.