Sympatholytic drugs (Adrenergic blockers) bind to the adrenergic receptors and prevent the action of adrenergic drugs.
These are drugs which block the actions of sympathetic division or catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline).
They are competitive antagonists at both α and β adrenergic receptors.
Med chem lecture on Anticholinergic drugs for B.Pharm level in Nepal
Content from Foye's Principle of medicinal chemistry, my own thoughts and some articles
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
Sympatholytic drugs (Adrenergic blockers) bind to the adrenergic receptors and prevent the action of adrenergic drugs.
These are drugs which block the actions of sympathetic division or catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline).
They are competitive antagonists at both α and β adrenergic receptors.
Med chem lecture on Anticholinergic drugs for B.Pharm level in Nepal
Content from Foye's Principle of medicinal chemistry, my own thoughts and some articles
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
New product dedisions provide a dear path to the business. New product development
astep by step process. A Complete idea is required behind new product.
1 1deal Generation: The development of a product starts with the concept and idea.
The remaining process is depending on that idea.
2 Screening of Idea: This step is cruial to ensure that unsuitable ideas, for whatever
reason, are rejected as soon as possible. Ideas need to be considered objectively,
ideally by a group or committee.
3. Concept Development and Testing: After having an idea, next is the sreening
stage. The idea should now convert into concept. It has depth information which can
be visualizing by the consumer.
4. Anaysis of business: After finalization of concept, a business case needs to be kept
algTStogether to consider whether the new service /product will be gainful.
2665.Product Development If the nev product is approved, it will be approved to the
2marketing and technical development step.
6. Test Marketing: Market testing (test marketing or) is different to consumer testing.
in that it introduces the product that follows proposed plan of marketing.
od7. Commercialization: When the concept has been tested and developed, final
0decisions are required to move the product to its introduction into the market.
8. Launch: A detailed plan of launch is required for this step. This is the important
stage for success of a product
New Drug Development
So In present business atmosphere, it is more important to take smart decisions for
business. Innovative approaches and new products can put an organization on proper
pathway and to make a big success if appropriately analyzed and executed. Make it simpler
(Fig.2.1).0
Following parameters should keep in mind for a better decision:
Analyzing existing service and product portfolio frequently.
Knowing the position of functions of business, projects of departments and
initiatives.
Understanding the distribution of funds and assessing efficiency.
Having understanding of market for new opportunities and possible competition.
2.B PRODUCT BRANDING, PACKAGING AND LABELLING DECİSIONs
2.8.1 Branding
Branding has its existence from ancient era. According to Nilson (2000), the first example
of branding is found in the oil lamps' manufacture on the Greek islands thousands of years
back. Brand elements are name, sign, term, symbol, design or distinguishing characteristics.
Brand is not only a graphical design or a logo; it is the unique identity of the product.
By American Marketing Association, Brand can be defined as name, term, sign, symbol
or design, or a combination of them intended to identijy the goods and services of one seller or
group of sellers and to diferentiate them from those of other sellersa54
Branding is a process, where a company generates loyalty among consumers in the
market. Brands are designed with a motive to communicate customers the reason for the
existence of their product. Brand should have a strong connection with customers;
An adrenergic antagonist is a drug that inhibits the function of adrenergic receptors. There are five adrenergic receptors, which are divided into two groups. The first group of receptors are the beta (β) adrenergic receptors. There are β1, β2, and β3 receptors. The second group contains the alpha (α) adrenoreceptors.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
4. Phenoxybenzamine
This medication is used to treat high blood
pressure and heavy sweating due to a
certain tumor of the adrenal glands
(pheochromocytoma). Phenoxybenzamine
belongs to a class of drugs known as alpha
blockers. It works by relaxing and widening
blood vessels so that blood can flow more
easily.
Prazosin is used with or without
other medications to treat high blood
pressure. Lowering high blood
pressure helps prevent strokes, heart
attacks, and kidney problems. Prazosin
belongs to a class of medications called
alpha blockers. It works by relaxing and
widening blood vessels so blood can flow
more easily.
Prazosin
5. Dihydroergotamine is in a group of drugs
called ergot alkaloids . It works by narrowing
the blood vessels around the brain and
affects blood flow patterns that are
associated with certain types of headaches.
Dihydroergotamine injection is used to treat
a migraine or cluster headache attack.
Dihydroergotamine
Methysergide is used exclusively to treat episodic
and chronic migraine and for episodic and chronic
cluster headaches. Methysergide is one of the
most effective medications for the prevention
of migraine, but is not intended for
the treatment of an acute attack, it is to be taken
daily as a preventative medication.
Methysergide
6. Propranolol
Propranolol is used to treat tremors, angina
(chest pain), hypertension (high blood
pressure), heart rhythm disorders, and
other heart or circulatory conditions. It is
also used to treat or prevent heart attack,
and to reduce the severity and frequency of
migraine headaches.
Metipranolol
Ophthalmic metipranolol is used to
treat glaucoma, a condition in which increased
pressure in the eye can lead to gradual loss of
vision. Metipranolol is in a class
of medications called beta-blockers. It works by
decreasing the pressure in the eye.
7. Atenolol Betaxolol
Atenolol is used with or without other
medications to treat high blood
pressure (hypertension). Lowering high blood
pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks,
and kidney problems. This medication is also
used to treat chest pain (angina) and to improve
survival after a heart attack.
Ophthalmic betaxolol is used to
treat glaucoma, a condition in which increased
pressure in the eye can lead to gradual loss of
vision. Betaxolol is in a class
of medications called beta blockers. It works
by decreasing the pressure in the eye.
8. Bisoprolol Esmolol
Bisoprolol is used with or without
other medications to treat high blood
pressure (hypertension). Lowering high blood
pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks,
and kidney problems. This medication belongs
to a class of drugs known as beta blockers.
Esmolol is used to control rapid heart beats
or abnormal heart rhythms. This medicine is
also used to treat fast heartbeat and
high blood pressure during surgery,
after surgery, or during other medical
procedures.
9. Labetalol
Labetalol is used with or without
other medications to treat high blood
pressure (hypertension). Lowering high
blood pressure helps prevent strokes,
heart attacks, and kidney problems.
This medication is both an alpha blocker
and beta blocker.
Metoprolol is a beta-blocker that affects the
heart and circulation (blood flow through
arteries and veins). Metoprolol is used to treat
angina (chest pain) and hypertension (high
blood pressure). Metoprolol is also used to
lower your risk of death or needing to be
hospitalized for heart failure.
Metoprolol
10. Carvedilol is a beta-blocker. Beta-
blockers affect the heart and circulation
(blood flow through arteries and veins).
Carvedilol is used to treat heart
failure and hypertension (high blood
pressure). It is also used after a heart
attack that has caused your heart not to
pump as well.
Carvedilol
Phentolamine is a synthetic imidazoline
with alpha-adrenergic antagonist activity.
As a competitive alpha-adrenergic
antagonist, phentolamine binds to alpha-
1 and alpha-2 receptors, resulting in a
decrease in peripheral vascular
resistance and vasodilatation.
Phentolamine
11. Tolazoline
Tolazoline is a non-selective competitive α-adrenergic
receptor antagonist. It is a vasodilator that is used to
treat spasms of peripheral blood vessels.
