STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND DISORDERS

1. RAMKESH CHAUHAN ; ASU2020010100135 ; B.PHARM ; 1st YEAR

2. STEUCTURE
There are 2 adrenal gland ,one situated on the
upper pole of each kidney enclosed with renal
fascia .
They are about 4cm and 3cm thick.
Adrenal gland is composed of 2 parts.
*Adrenal cortex *Adrenal medulla
The adrenal glands consist of an outer
connective tissue capsule, a cortex and
a medulla. Veins and lymphatics leave
each gland via the hilum, but arteries and
nerves enter the glands at numerous sites.
The outer cortex and inner medulla are the
functional portions of the gland.

3. FUNCTION OF ADRENAL CORTEX
IT Produce 3 steroid hormones called as
adrenocorticoid/
Corticosteroid/corticoids
ΩGlucocorticoids
ΩMineralocorticoids
ΩAndrogens (Sex hormone)

4. Glucocorticoid
• Glycogenesis
• Hyperglycaemia
• Lipolysis
• Protein catabolism
• Promoting absorption of Na+ & H2O from
renal tubules
In Pathological and pharmacological
 Help in anti inflammation action
 Suppress immune response
 Suppress response to tissue injury
 Delay wound healing
Mineralocorticoid /Aldosterone
It maintain H2O and electrolyte
balance
Reabsorption of Na+
Excretion of K+ in urine
Regulate blood volume
Regulate blood pressure
Sex hormones
 Mainly androgen(Produce less amount
then testes after puberty).
 Contribute to onset of puberty
 High level in female cause masculinization

5. FUNCTION OF ADRENAL MEDULLA
It is completely surrounded by adrenal cortex.
≠ It produce hormone are:
1. Adrenaline
2. Noradrenaline
¥ Adrenaline has greater effect
on heart & metabolic
pressure whereas
noradrenaline has more
influence on blood vessels.

6. • The adrenal medulla is the site of the conversion of the amino
acid tyrosine into the catecholamines; epinephrine, norepinephrine,
and dopamine.
• In response to stressors, such as exercise or imminent danger, medullary
cells release the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline into the
blood.
• Affects of adrenaline and noradrenaline includes increased heart
rate and blood pressure, blood vessel constriction in the skin and
gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle (bronchiole and capillary) dilation, and
increased metabolism, all of which are characteristic of the fight-or-flight
response.
ADRENAL MRDULLA

7. Influence of
Ricardian
rhythm
Hypothalamus
Corticotropin
RH
Anterior
lobe of
pituitary
ACTH
Adrenal cortex
Increased blood
Glucocorticoid
level
Used by
body
Decreased
Blood
Glucocorticoid
level
+
FLOW

8. Disorders of adrenal cortex
o Hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome)
o Hypercortisolism
o Hypersecretion of mineralocorticoid
o Hyposecretion of mineralocorticoid
o Androgen excess.
o Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)

9. DISOREDERS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA
Tumor
 Bruising
 High blood pressure
 Weakness
 High blood sugar levels or diabetes
 Low potassium levels
 Excessive hair growth
 Sweating
 Increased weight or weight loss
 Stretch marks on the abdomen
 Depressed mood
 Nervousness
 Anxiety/panic attacks
 Osteoporosis
 Fat deposits on the neck
 Heart palpitations
Pheochromocytoma
*Begin tumor
Neuroblastoma
*Malignant tumor