Energy Services Market: Conceptual Framework and Mechanism of FormingIJCMESJOURNAL
The energy services market is the youngest, compared to other types of energy markets, but also the most actively expanding worldwide in two priority areas: energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. At the same time, the incompleteness of the theoretical foundations substantially slows down its development. This paper provides an overview of the legal and regulatory frameworks associated with energy services market formation, brings together conceptual ideas and innovation studies from developed countries, and offers a theoretical foundations (model) of the energy services market formation based on the synergetic combination of energy systems requirements analysis and set theory. A new organizational structure of the energy services market clients’ interaction with energy-and-fuel markets, markets of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies and markets of consumers, as well as a new organizational mechanism for supporting the effective functioning of the energy services market based on a system of corresponding equations are proposed. In general, the proposed framework allows the researchers and engineers to define in more depth and more clearly the system-coordinated pathways to improve the energy services market functioning.
Business Research Report for Electricity Conusmption behaviour research conducted in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar region of Gujarat with a sample size of 50.
The Global Survey of the Electrical Energy Distribution System: A ReviewIJECEIAES
This paper gives a review of energy scenario in India and other countries. Today’s demand of the world is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, during the production of electricity. Henceforth over the world, the production of electrical power is changing by introducing abundantly available renewable energy sources like sun and wind. But, because of the intermittent nature of sustainable power sources, the electrical power network faces many problems, during the transmission and distribution of electricity. For resolving these issues, Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is acknowledged as supporting technology. This paper discusses about the world electrical energy scenario with top renowned developed countries in power generation and consumption. Contribution of traditional power sources changed after the introduction of renewable energy sources like sun and wind. Worldwide Agencies are formed like International Energy Agency (IEA), The Central Intelligence Agency, (CIS) etc. The main aim of these agencies is to provide reliable, affordable and clean energy. This paper will discuss about the regulatory authority and government policies/incentives taken by different countries. At the end of this paper, author focuses on obstacles in implementation, development and benefits of renewable energy.
Energy Services Market: Conceptual Framework and Mechanism of FormingIJCMESJOURNAL
The energy services market is the youngest, compared to other types of energy markets, but also the most actively expanding worldwide in two priority areas: energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. At the same time, the incompleteness of the theoretical foundations substantially slows down its development. This paper provides an overview of the legal and regulatory frameworks associated with energy services market formation, brings together conceptual ideas and innovation studies from developed countries, and offers a theoretical foundations (model) of the energy services market formation based on the synergetic combination of energy systems requirements analysis and set theory. A new organizational structure of the energy services market clients’ interaction with energy-and-fuel markets, markets of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies and markets of consumers, as well as a new organizational mechanism for supporting the effective functioning of the energy services market based on a system of corresponding equations are proposed. In general, the proposed framework allows the researchers and engineers to define in more depth and more clearly the system-coordinated pathways to improve the energy services market functioning.
Business Research Report for Electricity Conusmption behaviour research conducted in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar region of Gujarat with a sample size of 50.
The Global Survey of the Electrical Energy Distribution System: A ReviewIJECEIAES
This paper gives a review of energy scenario in India and other countries. Today’s demand of the world is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, during the production of electricity. Henceforth over the world, the production of electrical power is changing by introducing abundantly available renewable energy sources like sun and wind. But, because of the intermittent nature of sustainable power sources, the electrical power network faces many problems, during the transmission and distribution of electricity. For resolving these issues, Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is acknowledged as supporting technology. This paper discusses about the world electrical energy scenario with top renowned developed countries in power generation and consumption. Contribution of traditional power sources changed after the introduction of renewable energy sources like sun and wind. Worldwide Agencies are formed like International Energy Agency (IEA), The Central Intelligence Agency, (CIS) etc. The main aim of these agencies is to provide reliable, affordable and clean energy. This paper will discuss about the regulatory authority and government policies/incentives taken by different countries. At the end of this paper, author focuses on obstacles in implementation, development and benefits of renewable energy.
Energy-intensive industries – energy efficiency policies and evaluationsLeonardo ENERGY
The webinar will review results from academic evaluations of energy efficiency and climate mitigation policies that have targeted energy-intensive industry on EU and Member State level. The EU emissions trading system, by some portrayed as Europe´s flagship policy to tackle climate change, has had little effect in triggering innovative low-carbon solutions. Other policy approaches taken by Member States have centred on site-level energy management practices linked with national incentives and obligations that stimulates industrial energy efficiency as a strategy aiming at multiple objectives. Remarks are also made about policy design and the role of evaluation to foster policy improvements.
Suggested reading: Stenqvist, C. (2013). Industrial energy efficiency improvement - the role of policy and evaluation. Doctoral dissertation. Lund: Lund University.
Speakers for this webinar: Christian Stenqvist
Interfacing and Interconnection of Microgrid Systems A Reviewijtsrd
This paper put forwards a comprehensive review on planning of grid integrated distributed generators. An overview of different DG technologies has been presented. Different issues associated with DG integration have been discussed. The planning objectives of DG integration have been surveyed in detail and have been critically reviewed with respect to conventional and RES based DG technologies. Different techniques used for optimal placement of DGs have also been investigated and compared. The extensive literature survey revealed that researchers have mostly focused on DG integration planning using conventional DGs. RES based DGs have not been given due consideration. While integrating RES, their stochastic behaviour has not been appropriately accounted. Finally, visualizing the wide scope of research in the planning of grid integrated DGs an attempt has been made to identify future research avenues. Majid Hussain "Interfacing and Interconnection of Microgrid Systems: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31149.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31149/interfacing-and-interconnection-of-microgrid-systems-a-review/majid-hussain
Study on Implementation of LED Lights for Industrial Lighting to optimize pow...Rahmatul Alam Ivan
World requires optimization in every sectors of energy utilization to decrease natural resource consumption in an industrial sector and other end user sectors. For an efficient and optimized industrial power management system, optimized lighting power sector will be a key fact. This comprehensive and contemporary study shows a path towards optimization of lighting power utilizing LEDs and some optimized proposals for the industries. It will make an impact over traditional Lighting power consumption. It will help to compare the current lighting standards utilized in an industry.
Successful implementation of DR program is possible if the users participates into it willingly without compromising with their comfortable life style
DR program does not ensure same amount of benefit for all the participating players i.e, some may be incentivized whwre as some can receive penality.
The employment of DR relies on the reliable,robust and secure communication system.
Choice of efficient energy price structure is the main key factor to attract the users towards DR programs.
Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Ex...inventionjournals
Percentage of households’ electricity demand in total energy demand of households is increasing day by day. However, households’ electricity consumption fails to provide the added value to Gross National Product unlike industry sector. Therefore, the factors that increase the energy consumption of households should be analyzed and in this respect, required energy saving policies should be generated. In this paper, the ordered logit models examined the variables affecting the electricity consumption of households in Turkey. According to goodness of fit indicators, Partial Proportional Odds Model was determined as the best model that fits into our dataset. The results obtained from model show that electrically powered items and their quantities, household size, income, housing type and properties are important factors that increase households’ electricity consumption.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Innovative strategies for energy optimizationeSAT Journals
Abstract Optimization of energy production systems is a relevant issue that must be considered in order to follow the fossil fuels consumption reduction policies and the CO2 emission regulation. Increasing electricity production from renewable resources (e.g. photovoltaic systems and wind farms) is desirable but its unpredictability is a cause of problems for the main grid stability. The multi-energy system represents an efficient solution, by realizing an interface among renewable energy sources, energy storage systems and conventional power generators. Direct consequences of multi-energy systems are wider energy flexibility and benefits for the electric grid. In this study the performances of a multi-energy system in dynamic regime have been evaluated and a comparison with a conventional system has been performed. The results show how this innovative energetic approach can provide a cost reduction in power supply and energy fees of 40% and 25% respectively and CO2 emission decrease attained around 18%. Furthermore, the multi-energy system taken as case of study has been optimized through the utilization of three different type of energy storage (Pb-Ac batteries, Flywheels and Micro-Caes). Keywords: Multi-Energy System, Cost of Energy, Energy Storage
Energy Management Impact on Distributed Control Systems (DCS) in Industrial E...Schneider Electric
Today, the pressure is on enterprises to meet environmental targets. The prospect of losing business if sustainability objectives are not met is very real. This is leading to a future where top environmental performers will become market leaders. To remain competitive, companies need to produce goods in an energy efficient manner. This paper examines industrial efficiency improvement measures that focus on equipment, process, and people.
The buildings that aren’t “connected” are the same they were decades ago and have retained fundamentally the same purpose i.e. to provide shelter, temperature control, and safety at the same efficiency level. Globally the built environments account for significant energy use and equivalent production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon footprint. Growing concerns about safety, comfort, global warming, and climate change are leading to technological evolution, that will make the buildings smart, more comfortable, and nearly zero energy buildings. The building architectures are obviously smarter today than they were a few years ago and will continue to do so as the people become more energy aware and efficiency focused. Smart architectures and smart technologies are effective means to make buildings more comfortable, secure and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint. Smart metering, smart grid, energy storage, and smart energy management system are some of the technologies that find their use in smart architectures along with ubiquitous digital technologies. These evolving technologies being relatively new can indeed make the buildings smart, intelligent, energy efficient and environmentally sustainable which will attract higher rentals and more resale values in the near future. For commercial real estate, the savings can be impressive. A reduction in energy use is equivalent to an increase in building’s asset value and net operating income. This paper provides a contemporary look at the potential of smart architectures and evolving smart energy technologies to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint in built environments. The scope of this paper is limited to the brief overview of these technologies and their applications.
Energy-intensive industries – energy efficiency policies and evaluationsLeonardo ENERGY
The webinar will review results from academic evaluations of energy efficiency and climate mitigation policies that have targeted energy-intensive industry on EU and Member State level. The EU emissions trading system, by some portrayed as Europe´s flagship policy to tackle climate change, has had little effect in triggering innovative low-carbon solutions. Other policy approaches taken by Member States have centred on site-level energy management practices linked with national incentives and obligations that stimulates industrial energy efficiency as a strategy aiming at multiple objectives. Remarks are also made about policy design and the role of evaluation to foster policy improvements.
Suggested reading: Stenqvist, C. (2013). Industrial energy efficiency improvement - the role of policy and evaluation. Doctoral dissertation. Lund: Lund University.
Speakers for this webinar: Christian Stenqvist
Interfacing and Interconnection of Microgrid Systems A Reviewijtsrd
This paper put forwards a comprehensive review on planning of grid integrated distributed generators. An overview of different DG technologies has been presented. Different issues associated with DG integration have been discussed. The planning objectives of DG integration have been surveyed in detail and have been critically reviewed with respect to conventional and RES based DG technologies. Different techniques used for optimal placement of DGs have also been investigated and compared. The extensive literature survey revealed that researchers have mostly focused on DG integration planning using conventional DGs. RES based DGs have not been given due consideration. While integrating RES, their stochastic behaviour has not been appropriately accounted. Finally, visualizing the wide scope of research in the planning of grid integrated DGs an attempt has been made to identify future research avenues. Majid Hussain "Interfacing and Interconnection of Microgrid Systems: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31149.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31149/interfacing-and-interconnection-of-microgrid-systems-a-review/majid-hussain
Study on Implementation of LED Lights for Industrial Lighting to optimize pow...Rahmatul Alam Ivan
World requires optimization in every sectors of energy utilization to decrease natural resource consumption in an industrial sector and other end user sectors. For an efficient and optimized industrial power management system, optimized lighting power sector will be a key fact. This comprehensive and contemporary study shows a path towards optimization of lighting power utilizing LEDs and some optimized proposals for the industries. It will make an impact over traditional Lighting power consumption. It will help to compare the current lighting standards utilized in an industry.
Successful implementation of DR program is possible if the users participates into it willingly without compromising with their comfortable life style
DR program does not ensure same amount of benefit for all the participating players i.e, some may be incentivized whwre as some can receive penality.
The employment of DR relies on the reliable,robust and secure communication system.
Choice of efficient energy price structure is the main key factor to attract the users towards DR programs.
Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Ex...inventionjournals
Percentage of households’ electricity demand in total energy demand of households is increasing day by day. However, households’ electricity consumption fails to provide the added value to Gross National Product unlike industry sector. Therefore, the factors that increase the energy consumption of households should be analyzed and in this respect, required energy saving policies should be generated. In this paper, the ordered logit models examined the variables affecting the electricity consumption of households in Turkey. According to goodness of fit indicators, Partial Proportional Odds Model was determined as the best model that fits into our dataset. The results obtained from model show that electrically powered items and their quantities, household size, income, housing type and properties are important factors that increase households’ electricity consumption.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Innovative strategies for energy optimizationeSAT Journals
Abstract Optimization of energy production systems is a relevant issue that must be considered in order to follow the fossil fuels consumption reduction policies and the CO2 emission regulation. Increasing electricity production from renewable resources (e.g. photovoltaic systems and wind farms) is desirable but its unpredictability is a cause of problems for the main grid stability. The multi-energy system represents an efficient solution, by realizing an interface among renewable energy sources, energy storage systems and conventional power generators. Direct consequences of multi-energy systems are wider energy flexibility and benefits for the electric grid. In this study the performances of a multi-energy system in dynamic regime have been evaluated and a comparison with a conventional system has been performed. The results show how this innovative energetic approach can provide a cost reduction in power supply and energy fees of 40% and 25% respectively and CO2 emission decrease attained around 18%. Furthermore, the multi-energy system taken as case of study has been optimized through the utilization of three different type of energy storage (Pb-Ac batteries, Flywheels and Micro-Caes). Keywords: Multi-Energy System, Cost of Energy, Energy Storage
Energy Management Impact on Distributed Control Systems (DCS) in Industrial E...Schneider Electric
Today, the pressure is on enterprises to meet environmental targets. The prospect of losing business if sustainability objectives are not met is very real. This is leading to a future where top environmental performers will become market leaders. To remain competitive, companies need to produce goods in an energy efficient manner. This paper examines industrial efficiency improvement measures that focus on equipment, process, and people.
The buildings that aren’t “connected” are the same they were decades ago and have retained fundamentally the same purpose i.e. to provide shelter, temperature control, and safety at the same efficiency level. Globally the built environments account for significant energy use and equivalent production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon footprint. Growing concerns about safety, comfort, global warming, and climate change are leading to technological evolution, that will make the buildings smart, more comfortable, and nearly zero energy buildings. The building architectures are obviously smarter today than they were a few years ago and will continue to do so as the people become more energy aware and efficiency focused. Smart architectures and smart technologies are effective means to make buildings more comfortable, secure and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint. Smart metering, smart grid, energy storage, and smart energy management system are some of the technologies that find their use in smart architectures along with ubiquitous digital technologies. These evolving technologies being relatively new can indeed make the buildings smart, intelligent, energy efficient and environmentally sustainable which will attract higher rentals and more resale values in the near future. For commercial real estate, the savings can be impressive. A reduction in energy use is equivalent to an increase in building’s asset value and net operating income. This paper provides a contemporary look at the potential of smart architectures and evolving smart energy technologies to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint in built environments. The scope of this paper is limited to the brief overview of these technologies and their applications.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions for residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability and demand of energy resources is the dynamic and seasonal changes. Human beings are unaware of the cost of energy consumed by various appliances and the energy resources available for the next generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in different seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30589.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30589/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
Optimization of the Building Energy Performance through Dynamic Modeling, Sys...IJERA Editor
The annual energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors, in India is rising consistently at about 8% and the overall energy consumption in buildings has seen an increase from a low of 14% in the 1970s to nearly 33% in 2004/05. The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 254.049 GW as of end of September 2014. The research paper will deal with the modeling and optimization of the building energy performance by means of the application of the dynamic building simulation, the optimization of the energy systems and the verification of the energy consumptions and comfort conditions. An integrated tool is at an early stage of development to optimize the building energy performance to be expressed in terms of total energy use. The goal of the research paper is to optimize the building energy performance through the potential of the passive building technologies and the increase of efficiency of the building system.
TOO4TO Module 4 / Sustainable Energy Solutions: Part 2TOO4TO
This presentation is part of the Sustainable Management: Tools for Tomorrow (TOO4TO) learning materials. It covers the following topic: Sustainable Energy Solutions (Module 4). The material consists of 3 parts. This presentation covers Part 2.
You can find all TOO4TO Modules and their presentations here: https://too4to.eu/e-learning-course/
TOO4TO was a 35-month EU-funded Erasmus+ project, running until August 2023 in co-operation with European strategic partner institutions of the Gdańsk University of Technology (Poland), the Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania), Turku University of Applied Sciences (Finland) and Global Impact Grid (Germany).
TOO4TO aims to increase the skills, competencies and awareness of future managers and employees with available tools and methods that can provide sustainable management and, as a result, support sustainable development in the EU and beyond.
Read more about the project here: https://too4to.eu/
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. Its whole content reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. PROJECT NUMBER 2020-1-PL01-KA203-082076
ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY “INTERNET OF THINGSIAEME Publication
This paper goals at studying the place and possible contribution of “Internet of Things” (IoT) in the context of the EU’s ambitious climate and energy targets for 2020.
Using qualitative procedure, we are mainly concentrating on Demand Side Management (DSM) as an effective method in balancing the load of Electrical Distribution Networks.
The role of IoT in DSM is to enable and enhance electrical energy peak demand reduction and its maximum uniform time-distribution achieved through society’s eco- education.
Using computational tools such as Data Mining and Recommender System we can achieve results at the level of electrical energy distribution network reflected in peak reduction and its uniform time distribution
ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY “INTERNET OF THINGS” IAEME Publication
This paper goals at studying the place and possible contribution of “Internet of Things” (IoT) in the context of the EU’s ambitious climate and energy targets for 2020.
Using qualitative procedure, we are mainly concentrating on Demand Side Management (DSM) as an effective method in balancing the load of Electrical Distribution Networks.
The role of IoT in DSM is to enable and enhance electrical energy peak demand reduction and its maximum uniform time-distribution achieved through society’s eco- education.
Using computational tools such as Data Mining and Recommender System we can achieve results at the level of electrical energy distribution network reflected in peak reduction and its uniform time distribution.
Utility ownership of combined heat and power an economic model based approacheSAT Journals
Abstract This paper proposes, and reviews, an Excel based model to evaluate the cost effectiveness for utility ownership of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants. CHP plants provide highly efficient use of fuel for production of electric power and useful heat. This efficient use of fuel can lead to lower energy bills for a company, or group of companies, utilizing a CHP plant, though at a large upfront cost. In order to provide the needed capital, cash reserves or debt can be used. This large capital experiments leads to longer payback periods, which may make CHP plant unattractive investments for end users, but fits perfectly into Electric power utilities investment strategy. This model was developed as a tool for an electric utility to determine if an investment into a CHP plant and selling the waste heat to an end user, would be an attractive investment worthy of further engineering investigation. For this paper, simulations where ran at seven different power hubs in five different power markets in the United States. Overall, the model showed that CHP plant would be an attractive investment in the New York City region and Boston regions, but not in Midwest. These differences are driven by lower power and lower capacity prices in the Midwest compared to the North East. Key Words: combined heat and power, economic approach, energy, modelling, simulation, Waste Heat
Building Energy Efficiency Into Energy EquationIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The increasing demand of energy in the world has causes the pollution and devastation of environment and also depletion of the resources. It imminent that cannot be avoided, however, There is agitation and confrontation from country to country which later realised that only energy efficiency practices is the means of minimizing the impact to the environment, but developing countries like Nigeria centered only on end users.These studies see how energy efficiency will be built into energy generation processes and the benefit to the environment, economic growth and development of a country.
OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CARBON FOOT PRINTI...ijiert bestjournal
A review is done on the different methods to reduce the carbon emission ultimately the carbon footprint in the different sectors in the perceptive of the renewable sources. In method for the Regional energy targeting along with the supply chain synthesis different algorithms are proposed such as Regional Energy Clustering (REC) for the biomass supply chains. Some method as are based on the scheduling the manufacturing processes in process industries so as to reduce the carbon footprint and energy consumption. Here in this paper methods are proposed to reduce the carbon footprint in architecture firms are also discussed which the sources of CO2 emission are also . Last,role of re newable sources to reduce the carbon footprint and comparison is done among them by 2020.
Similar to Global issue based power generation expansion planning for a power system (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Global issue based power generation expansion planning for a power system
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 01 Issue: 01 | Sep-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 7
GLOBAL ISSUE BASED POWER GENERATION EXPANSION
PLANNING FOR A POWER SYSTEM
G.Srinivasulu1
, Y.V.NiranjanKumar2
, K.V.Kishore3
, P. Udai Kumar4
1
Associate Professor, Dept of EEE, Narayana Engineering College: Nellore. India, gs_meghana@rediffmail.com
2, 3, 4
Assistant Professor Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Narayana Engineering College: Nellore, India.
2
y.v.niranjankumar@gmail.com, 3
k.v.kishore288@gmail.com, 4
pennuballi.udaikumarreddy@gmail.com
Abstract
In This Project an global issue based power generation expansion planning model has been developed for optimization that considers
the growth of fuel prices and its fluctuation, benefits of carbon-trading in generation expansion decision, power risks . The Developed
model is applied to An Electric Power System for the future. In an electric power system, the electric demand has been running ahead
of supply. In addition, of the growth of fuel price can affect the country economy. To minimize these problems, a multi-objective model
preceded by electric demand forecasting is developed by considering the unit of power generation and investment cost, imported fuels
and benefits of carbon trading, environmental impacts. A model has been developed in the MATLAB and is simulated to get the output
of each power plant at a very nominal cost for building the power plants, production and fuel.
Keywords: electrical power generation, expansion, planning, Load forecasting, Optimizing, linear model
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy plays a vital role in every aspect, among the different
types of energies available electrical energy is considered to be
superior, as it is convenient ,easy to control, cleanness ,greater
flexibility ,can be effectively be transformed and it is very
essential for better quality of the life.
It is being one of the important sectors in the economy. One of
The study estimates that the output lost, due to a one-day power
cut, is to be between 10% to 15% of that day’s GDP. Potential
losses from power disruption will increase in the future as the
economy grows and the relative contributions of the industry
and service sectors increase in the economy.
Power supply has special characteristics which make the
service unique as compared to other types of industry. The end
product has to be delivered instantaneously and automatically
upon the consumer's need (Demand).Therefore, to meet
electricity requirements for customers, planning of the electric
sector is of great importance since the decisions to be taken
involving the commitment of large resources, with potentially
serious economic risks for the electrical utility and the economy
as a whole.
Planning is part and parcel of the development planning, the
main objective of this is to have a reduced cost scenario for the
future (in long term) expansion of generation, transmission, and
distribution to meet the energy demands for a fixed tenure with
in the constrained limits (like technical, economical, energy
policies, and environmental effect).
We are mainly concentrated to power generation expansion
planning because it is clear fact that the cost incurred in the
expansion of transmission line or distribution feeders are less
when compared to that of the generation.
The generation expansion planning problem is defined as the
problem of determining WHAT, WHEN, and HOW MUCH
new generation units should be installed over a long-range
planning horizon, to satisfy expected energy demand. This
problem is a strategic planning problem for any country.
Generation expansion planning has historically addressed the
problem of identifying ideal technology, expansion size, sitting,
and timing of construction of new plant capacity in an
economic fashion and in a manner that ensures installed
capacity adequately meets projected demand growth. However,
deregulation and current issues alter traditional generation
expansion planning assumptions, models, and methods.
Now a day, the issue of global warming has great importance
for the decision of power generation planning. Every nation is
taking their own measures to minimize the global warming, like
sharing the ultimate objective of the convention to stabilize
atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases at a level that
will prevent dangerous interference with the climate system.
Under these measures we have Kyoto mechanism, Other
mechanism is Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).In early
application of solutions, several methods have been proposed to
solve the problem of generation expansion planning. The
approaches have been focusing to minimize cost. This thesis is
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 01 Issue: 01 | Sep-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 8
granted to profit maximization and cost minimization to be
treated simultaneously for the optimization of power generation
expansion planning with the incorporation of global issue.
2. IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM
According to International Energy Agency (IEA) reports, fossil
fuels remain the dominant sources of primary energy
worldwide accounting for more than three-quarters of the
overall increase in energy use between 2010 and 2030. This
results high amounts of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and
contributing adverse greenhouse effect.
To reduce the non-renewable energy generation plants, the
rapid change to renewable energy sources is being unlikely
implemented due to their high investment cost, availability,
energy market, policy and regulatory frameworks established at
national and international levels.
Therefore, non-renewable energy resources plants will continue
to provide a large proportion of world’s commercial energy,
and making the world to think about carbon dioxide capture
and storage to control CO2 emissions.In the recent IEA report,
in the broad scientific view they have stated that with the
increase in global average temperature above pre-industrial
levels ought not to exceed 2°C by 2020. For this, several
governments have committed to provide funding support for
demonstration and implementing projects to be responsible for
reduction of CO2 emissions. To reduce global emissions, the
engagement of developing countries through capacity building
and mapping of carbon storage potential, is vital.
Nevertheless, the energy sector in our country is composed of
three main sub-sectors: biomass, petroleum and Electricity.
About 80% of the energy demand in our country comprises of
wood as fuel. As a result of which the availability of the wood
in the stocks are declined drastically year by year. This results
in environmental degradation and global warming.
Some of the developing nations are losing benefits from carbon
trading. The dung consumed for energy demand satisfaction is
also significant amount; the estimations suggest that the
reduction in agricultural productivity, another relevant issue is
uncertainty in fuel price and its growth trend. This is significant
to affect the country economic development.
The energy demand is expected to be grown much more for the
next five and above years due to population growth, social and
economical developments. Thus, following the previous trends
of generation expansion planning will not satisfy the electricity
demand.
To consider all the aspects mentioned above is the desire of any
decision maker in generation expansion planning, and that is
the motivation for the work presented in this thesis.
FIG-1 REPORT FROM IEA ON THE ENERGY USE FOR 2010-30
3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
In this paper a feasible model is developed which is used to
solve the problem of electric power generation expansion and
planning for an electric power system for a tenure of 10 years
in the mere future, it has the following special
For the analysis of demand forecasting of the nation for
about 10 years in the future.
Optimization of selected objectives and constraints
those are considered in the power generation expansion
and planning.
Developing of mathematical model and formulating for
the chosen object and constraints in the electric power
system.
For the developed model, solution technique has to be
identified and implemented.
Simulating of proposed model by MATLAB and judge
the performance of the model.
4. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING
Multiple, conflicting and disproportionate objectives are the be
involved in the power generation expansion and planning.
Modelling is more realistic by considering distinct and different
objectives rather than considering a single objective function
and the planning must consider the restrictions and must
develop concepts and structures which are technically and
economically sound.
The mathematical modelling is described by considering the
decision variables, constraints and objective functions.In the
power generation expansion planning several factors like
Economics, socio-cultures, institutional policies, environmental
impacts, technology and space are factors to be taken into
consideration while modeling
Among them, focusing is done on economics (investment and
generation cost), environmental impacts, carbon trading and
energy imported.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 01 Issue: 01 | Sep-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 9
A) OBJECTIVE FUNCTION:-
1) Investment and Generation Cost:-
Investment cost is due to total cost for building the power
plants. It is approximately proportional to MW
generated.Generation cost is the total annual cost incurred in
power generation. It has three parts consisting fixed cost, semi-
fixed and running cost.Investment and generation cost can be
formulated by adding the investment cost of new generating
units and generating cost of existing and new units.
M
p
gngeG
M
p
gnIf ppppP
1
)(
1
)(1 -- ( 01)
2)Environmental Impacts:-
This issue contains the emissions of greenhouse gases, social
impacts, and impact on wild life, air pollution, aesthetic, and
land management. In this paper we are considering only the
emission. Of the all emissions like CO2, NXO, SO2, We are
more concern about carbon dioxide emission.
M
p
gngeEf ppp
1
][2 ---( 02)
3) Cost of Imported Fuel:-
It can be determined multiplying unit cost of imported fuel by
amount of imported fuel (taking corresponding unit). The fuel
can be coal, oil or natural gas.
F
k
uVf kk
1
)(3 --- (03)
4) Carbon Trading:-
If the nation can capture carbon dioxide emission released by
any other country to the atmosphere then it is the benefit for the
nation, this is achieved by planting trees .An amount of the
revenue can be determined by evaluating the plants which can
be equivalent to the MWh electrical energy produced by
generating units, and by finding out the estimated hectare
coverage or ton of plants which are corresponding to energy
supply. The amount obtained in US-DOLLOR is given by
)]/(/[)]/($[)/($ TONMWhEETONTTMWhRP
---- (04)
Replacing the woody fuel consumption by electricity gives
revenu from the one MWh electric energy generated from
power plants to be newly constructed.
Mp
pp gnRf )(44 --- ( 05)
The maximization function f can be converted to minimization
function multiplying by -1. So, equation (05) is written as
Mp
pp gnRff )(444 -- (06)
These four objective functions need a way for solving the
problem easily. On this base, the first, third and fourth objective
problems are expressing the cost.
F
K
M
P
ppkk
M
p
M
P
ppppp gnRuVgngeGgnIf
ffff
1 11 1
)(134
431134
)()()(
---- (07)
Here equation (02) is not the cost based function so we need to
convert it into cost function then the total function becomes a
single objective model , For that we need the multiply the
equation with Emission cost then the equation becomes,
][
1
2 pp
M
p
p gngeCEf
--- ( 08 )
The objective functions can be combined to single objective
function.
43211234 fffff -- (09)
By rearranging we get the equation as ( 10 ) which is developed
for the scenario -1
F
k
kk
M
mpn
ppppp
m
pe
ppp uVgnRCEGIgeCEGf
111
)())(())((
---- (10A)
For the scenario-2 the equation would be of
F
k
kk
M
mpn
pppp
m
pe
ppp uVgnCEGIgeCEGf
111
)())(())((
---- ( 10B )
B) CONSTRAINTS:-
1) Power Balance Equation:-
The total power generation from the plants is equal to sum of
power consumed and lost.
M
p
pp Dgnge
1
][ --- ( 11)
2) Generation Capacity of Each Unit type P:-
Operating Limits are imposed by the generation units
MpGNgn
GEge
pp
Pp
;
--- ( 12 A) & ( 12 B)
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3) Fuel Demand forEach Fuel Type K:-
Fuel used will be either from imported or if necessary from
local markets.
M
p
kppP FkukUgngeW
1
;)( ---- (13)
4) Non Negativity:-
No negative variables are permitted for the decisionvariables.
kpugnge kpp ,,0,, ---- ( 14 )
C) General Model:-
Let f(x) be objective function then
x=(gp,gn,u) ---- ( 15 )
where x belongs to X , which is a feasible space. The general
model has |M|+|F| variables and 3+|F| constraints.
D) LOAD FORCASTING:-
Forecasting is one the major work in power generation
expansion planning. This is done on the basis of economic and
demographic status of the country. An energy demand forecast
is a measurement and estimate of historic, current and projected
patterns of energy demand for the place of interest.
There are different methods of forecasting load /energy demand
which include trend analysis, end-use analysis and econometric
analysis. Mainly econometric and trend analyses are used. End-
use analysis (where suitable) is also used in this thesis work.
In this thesis we are considering only the Domestic Demand
Forecasting in this forecasting again there are two scenarios.
a) Stretched Forecasting (scenario -1):-
It is used by carbon trade consideration, in this the forecasting
is based on the last trends of electric consumption, but the trend
varies mainly because of the following reasons.
The government future plan and the last trends of growth
of GDP.
Increased Domestic Residencies
Urban House Hold areas are increased simultaneously
There energy usage is also increased.
b) Target Forecasting (scenario-2) :-
In this scenario, the forecasting is determined on the basis of
the growth trend of number of customers and economic
analysis.
mplesnumberofsan
yeariti
yeartumersatinumberofcusi
n
tb
n
cus
b
ttttn
custcustn
b
tartumersatyenumberofcus
where
tbbcus
th
th
ii
iiii
iiii
t
t
cos
*
)(*)()*(*
)(*)()*(*
''cos
,
*
1
0
1
10
--- ( 16)
The electric demand of the sector is obtained by the below
equation.
tcc cusavecondemt * --- ( 17)
Where ,
demtc= total demand by costumer category at year t.
aveconc= average consumption in costumer category
5. SOLUTION TECHNIQUE
By using some optimized techniques the set of designed
parameters x={x1,x2,.x3,…..,xn} are to be found , it is so called
as optimal. This is nothing but the objective function f(x) to be
minimized or maximized, that might be subjected to constraints,
in the form of
Equality constraints Gi(x)=0(where I =1..,me);
Inequality constraints Gi(x) 0 (where i=me+1….m);
Parameters bounds xi, xu
Where x= vector of length ‘n’desgin parameter
F(x) = objective function which returns a scalar,
G(x) = returns a vector of length ‘m’ (includes equality
And inequality constrained evaluation of x).
Optimization is nothing but allocating of scarce resources to the
best possible effect.These type of optimization process is
utilized in resource allocation, scheduling, planning and
decision making.etc.,
METHODS OF OPTIMZATION:-
A) CLASSICAL METHODB) NUMERICAL
METHOD
In this paper we are proceeding with numerical method and this
method again comprises of two different models
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1) Linear Programming:-
In this the objective function ’f‘ which is to be minimized or
maximized is linear. The design variable space is specified
using only linear equalities and inequalities.
2) Non-linear Programming:-
It is similar to that of linear programming but the relationship
has a non-linear form i.e. objective function, constraints are
having non-linear parts.
In this paper we are developing the mathematical models in
linear form, so the solution technique is obtained by linear
programming method.
6. ALGORITHM
In this paper we are implementing medium-scale simplex
algorithm because it is efficient to get the solution to have the
minimum value.
Before applying the algorithm to get the solution we are
making our objective function in the form of
f(x)=C1x1+ C2x2+…….+ Cnxn-- ( 18 )
Which can be written in matrix form as f(x) =CT
x -- (19)
In this medium – scale linear programming simplex algorithm
we have two phases. A) phase-1(start-up) B) phase-2(iterate).
The algorithm applies in the phase-2, starting at the initial point
from phase-1 to solve the original problem. At each iteration
the algorithm checks for the optimal condition and stop if the
current solution is optimal.
If the solution is not optimal the algorithm then
A) Chooses one variable (entering or leaving variable)
B) Update the current solution and the current objective value.
To implement this algorithm the call function of the solver is
given as
[x f exit flag output]=linprog(f,
A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,x0,options)( 20)
That returns the value of objective function f at the solution x,
value of exit flag that describes the exit condition, a structure
output that contains information about the optimization.
The right hand side of the solver is the input arguments that to
be fed by the programmer and the left hand side of the solver is
nothing but the output arguments we get whether the solution is
optimized or not, if it is not optimized the reason why the
program is terminated is displayed in terms of numerical
values.
Linprog returns empty output arguments for the decision
variable x and value of objective function ‘f’ if it detects
infeasibility or unboundness. When the problem is
unbounded ,linprogreturns ‘x’ and ‘f’ in the unbounded
directions.
In this linprogto maximize the objective function gives rise to a
related problem, called the dual problem, where we seek to
minimize the objective function. The two problems interact in
an interesting way: every feasible solution to one problem gives
rise to a bound on the optimal solution in the other problem.i.e.
Min CT
x Max bT
y--( 21)
A.x≤ b A.y ≤ c
{ n, variables, m constraints} { mvariables,n constraints}
Finally every Linear Programming falls into one of the three
categories,
i) Infeasible ii) Unbounded iii) Has an Optimal Solution.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
For the designed model which is in the linear model,linear
programming has been used to obtain the result. In this paper
solver of LP Simplex Algorithm built in MATLAB is used.
f01 and f02 stand for coefficients of objective functions for
model-1 and model-2 respectively. A, Aeq,b, beq,lb and ub
represent the matrix of inequality constraints, equality
constraints, the vector of the right hand side of inequality
constraints, the vector of equality constraints (annual demand),
lower bunds of decision variables( zero matrix) and upper
bounds of decision variables (maximum generation capacity of
the power plants) respectively.
Result for model -1;-
fopt1= 3.7103e+009
exitflag= 1 output = iterations:9
algorithm: 'mediumscale: simplex'
message: 'Optimizationterminated.'
Result for model-2:-
fopt2=3.1198e+009
exitflag= 1 output = iterations:4
algorithm: 'mediumscale: simplex'
message: 'Optimizationterminated.'
Y Z X
WHERE,
X-no. Of decision variables
Y- Generation by model -1
Z- Generation by model-2
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 01 Issue: 01 | Sep-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 12
DOT(.) Generation output for model-1
Green colour Generation output for model-2.
SUGGESTIONS AND FUTURE WORK:-
SUGGESTIONS:-
Demand forecasting shall be made on the basis of updated
information and the methods end-use and econometric
analyses should be implemented.
Energy generation of the country shall need suitable
composition so as to fix the energy balance by minimizing
deforestation for energy consumption.
Incorporation of carbon trading in the decision of
generation planning shall be better.
FUTURE WORK:-
The model can be modified by including transmission
network system.
Evaluation of the economic and technical characteristics
of the existing system of generating units.
The method of the combination of end-use and
econometric analyses will be included in demand
forecasting. This also adds more accuracy of the result to
the model.
CONCLUSIONS
As we know that the current day situation is like demand is
more than generation. The forecasted demand is increased
because of urbanization, growth and transformation plan,
economic and social developments.
The forecasted electrical energy demand done is increased
averagely by 34.78% in scenario-1 and by 31.98% in scenario-2
yearly for the next 10 years. Comparing the forecasted demands
by scenario-1 and scenario-2 with that of plan arecomparing the
forecasted demands by scenario-1 and scenario-2 with that
previous plan are averagely differed by 32% and 27%
respectively yearly.
The investment and generation cost expended is an average of
0.0112 USD to produce a kWh electric energy in case of extra
generation produced if carbon trade is included in generation
expansion planning. It is very low compared to the cost of an
average of 0.111 USD to produce a kWh electric energy by
regular approach like model-2.
From the results of the models, the power generating plants
having least unit cost ($/MWh) is considered first for the
decision of generation expansion. It has been shown that
model-1 looks as if to be requiring higher cost. But, the
investment unit cost for the extra generation in model-1 is
highly reduced. And, model-1 needs lower levelized cost than
in model-2.
To satisfy the electricity requirement, to maximize the
benefits from the environmental preservation and to
minimize the fuel to be imported for power plants, the right
generation planning has been done by this thesis. Model-1 is
the better model for optimal power generationexpansion
planning
The above graphs shows The comparison of annual
generation between model-1 and model-2; and The
optimized total annual cost comparison between model-1 and
model-2 in the period of time.
REFERENCES
[1] Angela S. Chuang, Felix Wu and PravinVaraiya: A Game-
Theoretic Model for Generation Expansion Planning: Problem
Formulation and Numerical Comparisons, IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, Vol. 16, NO. 4, November 2001.
[2]Andras Ramos, Ignacio, J. PCrcz-Arriaga, and Juan
Bogas: A Nonlinear Programming Approach to Optimal
Static Generation Expansion Planning, IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, Vol. 4, No. 3, August 1989.
[3] E. Yu. Ivanova, N.I. Voropai, A. Orths, Z.A. Styczynski,
Electric Power System Expansion Planning in Market
Environment: Game Theoretical Approach, June 2002,
http://www.pscc-
central.org/uploads/tx_ethpublications/s43p03.pdf
[4] Javier Contreras,FelixF.Wu: Coalition Formation In
Transmission Expansion Planning.IEEE Transaction On Power
System,Vol,14,No-3,August-1999
[5] Nikki Newham,University Of Canterbury,Power System
Investment Planning Using Stochastic Dual Dynamic
Programming ,April-2008.
[6] GirmawTeshager, Optimal Power generation Expansion for
EEPCO-JULY-2011