The traditional principle of solving the problem of combining the gravitational and electromagnetic fields is associated with the movement of the transformation of parameters from the electromagnetic to the gravitational field on the basis of Maxwell and Lorentz equations. The proposed non-traditional principle
is associated with the movement of the transformation of parameters from the gravitational to the electromagnetic field, which simplifies the process. Nave principle solving this task by using special physical quantities found by M. Planck in 1900: - Planck’s length, time and mass), the uniqueness of which is that they are obtained on the basis of 3 fundamental physical constants: the velocity c of light in vacuum, the Planck’s constant h and the gravitational constant G, which reduces them to the fundamentals of the Universe. Strict physical regularities were obtained for the based on intercommunication of 3-th
fundamental physical constants c, h and G, that allow to single out wave characteristic νG from G which is identified with the frequency of gravitational field. On this base other wave and substance parameters were strictly defined and their numerical values obtained. It was proved that gravitational field with the given wave parameters can be unified only with electromagnetic field having the same wave parameters that’s why it is possible only on Plank’s level of world creation. The solution of given problems is substantiated by well-known physical laws and conformities and not contradiction to modern knowledge about of material world and the Universe on the whole. It is actual for development of physics and other branches of science and technique.
Elastic scattering reaction of on partial wave scattering matrix, differentia...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the elastic scattering reaction of helium-4 and boron-10 at laboratory energies of 5-15 MeV using an optical model. The optical model approximates the interaction between projectile and target nuclei as a complex optical potential. Six optical parameters describe this potential, including the depth, Coulomb radius, and diffuseness of the real and imaginary parts. Five of the parameters were varied to calculate the partial wave scattering matrix, differential cross section, and reaction cross section ratio to the Rutherford cross section. The results provide angular distributions of the reaction cross sections and differential cross sections from center-of-mass angles of 0-180 degrees for energies of 5, 7, 12, and 15 MeV.
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General RelativityIOSRJAP
The notion of gravitational radiation as a radiation of the same level as the electromagnetic radiation is based on theoretically proved and experimentally confirmed fact of existence of stationary states of an electron in its gravitational field characterized by the gravitational constant K = 1042G (G is the Newtonian gravitational constant) and unrecoverable space-time curvature Λ. If the numerical values of K 5.11031 Nm2 kg-2 and =4.41029 m -2 , there is a spectrum of stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field (0.511 MeV ... 0.681 MeV).Adjusting according to the known mechanisms of broadening does not disclose the broadening of the registered portion of the emission spectrum of the micropinch. It indicates the presence of an additional mechanism of broadening the registered portion of the spectrum of the characteristic radiation due to the contribution of the excited states of electrons in their own gravitational field. The energy spectrum of the electron in its own gravitational field and the energy spectra of multielectron atoms are such that there is a resonance of these spectra. As obvious, the consequence of such resonant interaction is appearance, including new lines, of electromagnetic transitions not associated with atomic transitions. The manuscript is the review of previously published papers cited in the references.
Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation technique used to model physical movements of atoms and molecules over time. MD simulations involve numerically solving classical equations of motion to simulate interactions between atoms at different scales, from molecular to human to planetary. While MD can provide detailed atomic-level insights, it has limitations such as potential issues with numerical integration accuracy at small time steps.
Equation of a particle in gravitational field of spherical bodyAlexander Decker
1. This academic article presents an analysis of the motion of particles in the gravitational field of a spherical body based on a new theory of classical mechanics proposed by the authors.
2. The authors derive equations of motion for particles in the equatorial plane of the spherical body that contain corrections for relativistic effects up to all orders of c-2, where c is the speed of light.
3. They show that their equation for radial motion, to first order in c-2, is identical to Einstein's equation from general relativity for planetary motion in the solar system, and correctly predicts the anomalous orbital precession observed astronomically.
1) The document discusses the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation confined within an isothermal enclosure and the discrepancies with experimental observations.
2) It analyzes the temperature dependence of the energy density and pressure of the radiation using thermodynamic considerations.
3) This leads to the derivation of the Stefan-Boltzmann law relating the emissive power of a black body to the fourth power of its temperature.
Physics, Astrophysics & Simulation of Gravitational Wave Source (Lecture 1)Christian Ott
Lecture on the physics, astrophysics, and simulation of gravitational wave sources delivered in March 2015 at the International School on Gravitational Wave Physics, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University
1) The document proposes a theory of statistical geometrodynamics derived from novel statistical postulates about fundamental constituents of spacetime called "geomets".
2) Key results include deriving the Einstein field equations as a first law of geometrodynamics, and relating the Ricci curvature tensor to the entropy of a holographic surface bounding spacetime via a second law.
3) A third law and zeroeth law of geometrodynamics are also proposed, relating the mean curvature of the holographic surface to bit saturation in the bulk and on the surface.
Elastic scattering reaction of on partial wave scattering matrix, differentia...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the elastic scattering reaction of helium-4 and boron-10 at laboratory energies of 5-15 MeV using an optical model. The optical model approximates the interaction between projectile and target nuclei as a complex optical potential. Six optical parameters describe this potential, including the depth, Coulomb radius, and diffuseness of the real and imaginary parts. Five of the parameters were varied to calculate the partial wave scattering matrix, differential cross section, and reaction cross section ratio to the Rutherford cross section. The results provide angular distributions of the reaction cross sections and differential cross sections from center-of-mass angles of 0-180 degrees for energies of 5, 7, 12, and 15 MeV.
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General RelativityIOSRJAP
The notion of gravitational radiation as a radiation of the same level as the electromagnetic radiation is based on theoretically proved and experimentally confirmed fact of existence of stationary states of an electron in its gravitational field characterized by the gravitational constant K = 1042G (G is the Newtonian gravitational constant) and unrecoverable space-time curvature Λ. If the numerical values of K 5.11031 Nm2 kg-2 and =4.41029 m -2 , there is a spectrum of stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field (0.511 MeV ... 0.681 MeV).Adjusting according to the known mechanisms of broadening does not disclose the broadening of the registered portion of the emission spectrum of the micropinch. It indicates the presence of an additional mechanism of broadening the registered portion of the spectrum of the characteristic radiation due to the contribution of the excited states of electrons in their own gravitational field. The energy spectrum of the electron in its own gravitational field and the energy spectra of multielectron atoms are such that there is a resonance of these spectra. As obvious, the consequence of such resonant interaction is appearance, including new lines, of electromagnetic transitions not associated with atomic transitions. The manuscript is the review of previously published papers cited in the references.
Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation technique used to model physical movements of atoms and molecules over time. MD simulations involve numerically solving classical equations of motion to simulate interactions between atoms at different scales, from molecular to human to planetary. While MD can provide detailed atomic-level insights, it has limitations such as potential issues with numerical integration accuracy at small time steps.
Equation of a particle in gravitational field of spherical bodyAlexander Decker
1. This academic article presents an analysis of the motion of particles in the gravitational field of a spherical body based on a new theory of classical mechanics proposed by the authors.
2. The authors derive equations of motion for particles in the equatorial plane of the spherical body that contain corrections for relativistic effects up to all orders of c-2, where c is the speed of light.
3. They show that their equation for radial motion, to first order in c-2, is identical to Einstein's equation from general relativity for planetary motion in the solar system, and correctly predicts the anomalous orbital precession observed astronomically.
1) The document discusses the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation confined within an isothermal enclosure and the discrepancies with experimental observations.
2) It analyzes the temperature dependence of the energy density and pressure of the radiation using thermodynamic considerations.
3) This leads to the derivation of the Stefan-Boltzmann law relating the emissive power of a black body to the fourth power of its temperature.
Physics, Astrophysics & Simulation of Gravitational Wave Source (Lecture 1)Christian Ott
Lecture on the physics, astrophysics, and simulation of gravitational wave sources delivered in March 2015 at the International School on Gravitational Wave Physics, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University
1) The document proposes a theory of statistical geometrodynamics derived from novel statistical postulates about fundamental constituents of spacetime called "geomets".
2) Key results include deriving the Einstein field equations as a first law of geometrodynamics, and relating the Ricci curvature tensor to the entropy of a holographic surface bounding spacetime via a second law.
3) A third law and zeroeth law of geometrodynamics are also proposed, relating the mean curvature of the holographic surface to bit saturation in the bulk and on the surface.
The electromagnetism and gravity are unified where, while the first originates from the electric charges in a
linear exposition, the second emerges in a quadratic manifestation of it, making the gravity always
attractive. This helps identify the inner structures of all the primary particles—quarks, leptons, and the
{Z,W} bosons as well as the 125 GeV state without the Higgs mechanism—to predict their masses by one
integer parameter formulas in close agreement with the observed values. This in turn enables
determination of the mechanism for building their ground and excited compound states. The consequences
are far-reaching and embracing, for examples, from identifying dark matter and energy that makes the
explanation of masses in the Universe 100 % inclusive, to solving the hackneyed yet equally elusive puzzle
of why the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass.
Physics, Astrophysics & Simulation of Gravitational Wave Source (Lecture 3)Christian Ott
Lecture on the physics, astrophysics, and simulation of gravitational wave sources delivered in March 2015 at the International School on Gravitational Wave Physics, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University
This document discusses the incompatibility between classical mechanics and electromagnetism. It shows that under a Galilean transformation, the wave equation governing electromagnetic waves takes on a different form in different reference frames, violating Galilean invariance. This means that the laws of electromagnetism depend on the choice of reference frame. As such, classical mechanics and electromagnetism cannot be unified without modifications to account for this issue.
The document summarizes a research proposal to simulate nuclear reactions relevant to novae nucleosynthesis using Geant4. Specifically, it aims to study the 30Si(d,n)31P reaction as a proxy for the difficult to study (p,γ) reaction. The researcher plans to define parameters like beam energy and detector setup in Geant4 to understand the capabilities and limitations of a proposed physical experiment. Running the simulation will provide information to optimize the experimental design before conducting it. Comparing simulation and experimental results will test the accuracy of the Geant4 model.
1) The document provides an overview of the contents of Part II of a slideshow on modern physics, which covers topics such as charge and current densities, electromagnetic induction, Maxwell's equations, special relativity, tensors, blackbody radiation, photons, electrons, scattering problems, and waves.
2) It aims to provide a brief yet modern review of foundational concepts in electromagnetism and set the stage for introducing special relativity, quantum mechanics, and matter waves for undergraduate students.
3) The overview highlights that succeeding chapters will develop tensor formulations of electromagnetism and special relativity from first principles before discussing applications like blackbody radiation and early quantum models.
A mildly relativistic wide-angle outflow in the neutron-star merger event GW1...Sérgio Sacani
GW170817 was the first gravitational wave detection of a binary
neutron-star merger1
. It was accompanied by radiation across the
electromagnetic spectrum and localized2
to the galaxy NGC 4993
at a distance of 40 megaparsecs. It has been proposed that the
observed γ-ray, X-ray and radio emission is due to an ultrarelativistic
jet launched during the merger, directed away from
our line of sight3–6. The presence of such a jet is predicted from
models that posit neutron-star mergers as the central engines
that drive short hard γ-ray bursts7,8
. Here we report that the radio
light curve of GW170817 has no direct signature of an off-axis
jet afterglow. Although we cannot rule out the existence of a jet
pointing elsewhere, the observed γ-rays could not have originated
from such a jet. Instead, the radio data require a mildly relativistic
wide-angle outflow moving towards us. This outflow could be the
high-velocity tail of the neutron-rich material dynamically ejected
during the merger or a cocoon of material that breaks out when a
jet transfers its energy to the dynamical ejecta. The cocoon model
explains the radio light curve of GW170817 as well as the γ-rays
and X-rays (possibly also ultraviolet and optical emission)9–15, and
is therefore the model most consistent with the observational data.
Cocoons may be a ubiquitous phenomenon produced in neutronstar
mergers, giving rise to a heretofore unidentified population of
radio, ultraviolet, X-ray and γ-ray transients in the local Universe
Physics, Astrophysics & Simulation of Gravitational Wave Source (Lecture 2)Christian Ott
Lecture on the physics, astrophysics, and simulation of gravitational wave sources delivered in March 2015 at the International School on Gravitational Wave Physics, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University
20140328 TNTL journal club axion electrodynamics, TI-FI interface (nomura, ...Dongwook Go
1. The document summarizes a journal club discussion on topological insulators and the properties of magnetic textures on the surface of topological insulators.
2. Key topics included the half-integer quantum Hall effect, topological magnetoelectric effect, localization of surface states by magnetic impurities, and electric charging of magnetic textures like domain walls and vortices on the surface.
3. Magnetic textures like domain walls and vortices were shown to behave like electrically charged objects on the surface of a topological insulator, allowing their motion to be induced by electric fields.
Nikola Tesla had extraordinary ideas about energy and space that were ahead of his time. He believed that space contained a medium that could be used as an energy source, and that longitudinal waves could be used to transmit energy wirelessly over long distances. Tesla experimented extensively with plasma and discovered effects that are only now being explained, such as invoking resonance to extract energy from the environment. His ideas about extracting energy from space, if realized, could revolutionize energy technologies and solve global energy problems. However, Tesla's work was misunderstood and his ideas require further research to be implemented.
Gravito-inertial Propulsion effect Predicted by the BSM - Supergravitation Un...Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev
Report at 27 Annual SSE meeting 2008.
The Basic Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG) is based on an alternative concept of the physical vacuum. The suggested model works well in different fields of Physics. More importantly it permit to understand the relation between the Quantum Mechanics, Relativity and Newtonian Physics leading to new understanding of the gravity and inertia. By proper modulation the parameters of the physical vacuum, the gravito-inertial mass of a specifically designed spacecraft would be reduced, so it could be accelerated with less energy. Technically the new space drive mechanism could be realized by electromagnetically activated neutral plasma surrounding the spacecraft. In such approach secondary effects, such as optical glow, hissing noise, light bending and disturbed propagation of EM waves and Earth magnetic field would take place in the surrounding zone. The predicted space drive will work not only in the earth atmosphere but also in a deep space, if the spacecraft is surrounded by EM activated plasma.
Video-record: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5ypGrw5q1w
1) The paper investigates whether quantum variations around geodesics could circumvent caustics that occur in certain space-times.
2) An action is developed that yields both the field equations and geodesic condition. Quantizing this action provides a way to determine the extent of the wave packet around the classical path.
3) It is shown that replacing plane wave solutions with wave packets in the path integral still yields acceptable results. Determining if the distribution matches expectation values and variances is key to establishing geodesic completeness with quantum variations.
The Low Energy Physics Frontier of the Standard Model at the MAMI acceleratorConcettina Sfienti
This document summarizes a presentation on the low energy physics frontier at the Mainz Microtron (MAMI) facility. It discusses MAMI's upgrade which allows it to reach energies of 1.6 GeV with high intensity, resolution, polarization, and reliability. Several topics in nuclear physics are explored, including the structure of the proton and neutron as seen through measurements of their properties like mass, size, and stiffness. The importance of form factor measurements in understanding nucleon structure is highlighted. The relationship between nuclear physics and other fields like astrophysics is noted. The challenge of unraveling the different phases of nuclear matter from nuclei to neutron stars is discussed.
This document summarizes research determining the velocity vector of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) relative to the Milky Way using Hubble Space Telescope measurements of M31's proper motion. N-body models of M31 are used to correct for internal stellar motions within M31. The results imply M31 is on a radial orbit towards the Milky Way. The velocity vector is then used to estimate the mass of the Local Group, obtaining a value of (3.17 ± 0.57) × 1012 M☉. It is also implied M33 is likely bound to M31.
The electromagnetism and gravity are unified where, while the first originates from the electric charges in a
linear exposition, the second emerges in a quadratic manifestation of it, making the gravity always
attractive. This helps identify the inner structures of all the primary particles—quarks, leptons, and the
{Z,W} bosons as well as the 125 GeV state without the Higgs mechanism—to predict their masses by one
integer parameter formulas in close agreement with the observed values. This in turn enables
determination of the mechanism for building their ground and excited compound states. The consequences
are far-reaching and embracing, for examples, from identifying dark matter and energy that makes the
explanation of masses in the Universe 100 % inclusive, to solving the hackneyed yet equally elusive puzzle
of why the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass.
The electromagnetism and gravity are unified where, while the first originates from the electric charges in a
linear exposition, the second emerges in a quadratic manifestation of it, making the gravity always
attractive. This helps identify the inner structures of all the primary particles—quarks, leptons, and the
{Z,W} bosons as well as the 125 GeV state without the Higgs mechanism—to predict their masses by one
integer parameter formulas in close agreement with the observed values. This in turn enables
determination of the mechanism for building their ground and excited compound states. The consequences
are far-reaching and embracing, for examples, from identifying dark matter and energy that makes the
explanation of masses in the Universe 100 % inclusive, to solving the hackneyed yet equally elusive puzzle
of why the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass.
Quantization of photonic energy and photonic wave lengthEran Sinbar
The document proposes that if space is quantized at the Planck length, then photonic energy and wavelength must also be quantized. It suggests that future experiments could detect these quantization levels in cosmic radiation or particle collisions. It also puts forward a "grid dimensions" theory that proposes extra non-local dimensions between Planck length pieces of space that could explain quantum non-local effects like entanglement. Key equations presented quantify proposed quantized limits for momentum, mass, velocity of particles if space-time is quantized.
Stillwell_ Strongly coupled electronic, magnetic, and lattice degrees of free...Ryan Stillwell, Ph.D.
This document summarizes research on the ferromagnetic compound LaCo5 under high pressure. X-ray diffraction measurements show an anisotropic lattice collapse of the c axis near 10 GPa, consistent with theoretical predictions. High-pressure magnetotransport measurements reveal changes in the Hall effect signatures near 10 GPa, providing the first experimental evidence of changes in the electronic and magnetic properties associated with the predicted magnetoelastic collapse. The coupling of structural, electronic, and magnetic behaviors in LaCo5 under pressure substantiates the theoretical model of an electronic topological transition driving the magnetoelastic collapse.
This document discusses key concepts in quantum physics, including:
1. Planck's law resolved the ultraviolet catastrophe by quantizing electromagnetic radiation into discrete energy packets called photons. From fitting Planck's law to experimental data, Planck's constant h was derived.
2. Einstein's interpretation of the photoelectric effect explained experimental results by proposing light behaves as discrete photons with energy E=hf, rather than as a wave.
3. The Compton effect demonstrated light scattering off electrons, supported by photon momentum and verifying light has particle properties.
4. De Broglie's hypothesis established all matter has an associated wavelength, verifying particles exhibit wave-particle duality like light.
Computational electromagnetics in plasmonic nanostructuresAliakbarMonfared1
This document summarizes computational methods for simulating the optical response of plasmonic nanostructures, specifically focusing on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), finite element method (FEM), discrete dipole approximation (DDA), and boundary element method (BEM). It discusses these numerical approaches from both theoretical and practical perspectives. FDTD is described as explicitly calculating electric and magnetic fields on a grid over time to solve Maxwell's equations. Its applications include simulating optical properties and enhancing solar cell efficiency by tuning nanoparticle geometry. The document provides several examples of research using FDTD for these purposes.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Standard Model of particle physics. It describes how the Standard Model accounts for fundamental particles like quarks and leptons that interact via four fundamental forces - gravitation, electromagnetism, weak force, and strong force. These interactions are mediated by exchange of spin-1/2 bosons. The Standard Model has been very successful in explaining experimental observations, but questions remain like incorporating gravity and the origin of particle masses.
The electromagnetism and gravity are unified where, while the first originates from the electric charges in a
linear exposition, the second emerges in a quadratic manifestation of it, making the gravity always
attractive. This helps identify the inner structures of all the primary particles—quarks, leptons, and the
{Z,W} bosons as well as the 125 GeV state without the Higgs mechanism—to predict their masses by one
integer parameter formulas in close agreement with the observed values. This in turn enables
determination of the mechanism for building their ground and excited compound states. The consequences
are far-reaching and embracing, for examples, from identifying dark matter and energy that makes the
explanation of masses in the Universe 100 % inclusive, to solving the hackneyed yet equally elusive puzzle
of why the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass.
Physics, Astrophysics & Simulation of Gravitational Wave Source (Lecture 3)Christian Ott
Lecture on the physics, astrophysics, and simulation of gravitational wave sources delivered in March 2015 at the International School on Gravitational Wave Physics, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University
This document discusses the incompatibility between classical mechanics and electromagnetism. It shows that under a Galilean transformation, the wave equation governing electromagnetic waves takes on a different form in different reference frames, violating Galilean invariance. This means that the laws of electromagnetism depend on the choice of reference frame. As such, classical mechanics and electromagnetism cannot be unified without modifications to account for this issue.
The document summarizes a research proposal to simulate nuclear reactions relevant to novae nucleosynthesis using Geant4. Specifically, it aims to study the 30Si(d,n)31P reaction as a proxy for the difficult to study (p,γ) reaction. The researcher plans to define parameters like beam energy and detector setup in Geant4 to understand the capabilities and limitations of a proposed physical experiment. Running the simulation will provide information to optimize the experimental design before conducting it. Comparing simulation and experimental results will test the accuracy of the Geant4 model.
1) The document provides an overview of the contents of Part II of a slideshow on modern physics, which covers topics such as charge and current densities, electromagnetic induction, Maxwell's equations, special relativity, tensors, blackbody radiation, photons, electrons, scattering problems, and waves.
2) It aims to provide a brief yet modern review of foundational concepts in electromagnetism and set the stage for introducing special relativity, quantum mechanics, and matter waves for undergraduate students.
3) The overview highlights that succeeding chapters will develop tensor formulations of electromagnetism and special relativity from first principles before discussing applications like blackbody radiation and early quantum models.
A mildly relativistic wide-angle outflow in the neutron-star merger event GW1...Sérgio Sacani
GW170817 was the first gravitational wave detection of a binary
neutron-star merger1
. It was accompanied by radiation across the
electromagnetic spectrum and localized2
to the galaxy NGC 4993
at a distance of 40 megaparsecs. It has been proposed that the
observed γ-ray, X-ray and radio emission is due to an ultrarelativistic
jet launched during the merger, directed away from
our line of sight3–6. The presence of such a jet is predicted from
models that posit neutron-star mergers as the central engines
that drive short hard γ-ray bursts7,8
. Here we report that the radio
light curve of GW170817 has no direct signature of an off-axis
jet afterglow. Although we cannot rule out the existence of a jet
pointing elsewhere, the observed γ-rays could not have originated
from such a jet. Instead, the radio data require a mildly relativistic
wide-angle outflow moving towards us. This outflow could be the
high-velocity tail of the neutron-rich material dynamically ejected
during the merger or a cocoon of material that breaks out when a
jet transfers its energy to the dynamical ejecta. The cocoon model
explains the radio light curve of GW170817 as well as the γ-rays
and X-rays (possibly also ultraviolet and optical emission)9–15, and
is therefore the model most consistent with the observational data.
Cocoons may be a ubiquitous phenomenon produced in neutronstar
mergers, giving rise to a heretofore unidentified population of
radio, ultraviolet, X-ray and γ-ray transients in the local Universe
Physics, Astrophysics & Simulation of Gravitational Wave Source (Lecture 2)Christian Ott
Lecture on the physics, astrophysics, and simulation of gravitational wave sources delivered in March 2015 at the International School on Gravitational Wave Physics, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University
20140328 TNTL journal club axion electrodynamics, TI-FI interface (nomura, ...Dongwook Go
1. The document summarizes a journal club discussion on topological insulators and the properties of magnetic textures on the surface of topological insulators.
2. Key topics included the half-integer quantum Hall effect, topological magnetoelectric effect, localization of surface states by magnetic impurities, and electric charging of magnetic textures like domain walls and vortices on the surface.
3. Magnetic textures like domain walls and vortices were shown to behave like electrically charged objects on the surface of a topological insulator, allowing their motion to be induced by electric fields.
Nikola Tesla had extraordinary ideas about energy and space that were ahead of his time. He believed that space contained a medium that could be used as an energy source, and that longitudinal waves could be used to transmit energy wirelessly over long distances. Tesla experimented extensively with plasma and discovered effects that are only now being explained, such as invoking resonance to extract energy from the environment. His ideas about extracting energy from space, if realized, could revolutionize energy technologies and solve global energy problems. However, Tesla's work was misunderstood and his ideas require further research to be implemented.
Gravito-inertial Propulsion effect Predicted by the BSM - Supergravitation Un...Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev
Report at 27 Annual SSE meeting 2008.
The Basic Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG) is based on an alternative concept of the physical vacuum. The suggested model works well in different fields of Physics. More importantly it permit to understand the relation between the Quantum Mechanics, Relativity and Newtonian Physics leading to new understanding of the gravity and inertia. By proper modulation the parameters of the physical vacuum, the gravito-inertial mass of a specifically designed spacecraft would be reduced, so it could be accelerated with less energy. Technically the new space drive mechanism could be realized by electromagnetically activated neutral plasma surrounding the spacecraft. In such approach secondary effects, such as optical glow, hissing noise, light bending and disturbed propagation of EM waves and Earth magnetic field would take place in the surrounding zone. The predicted space drive will work not only in the earth atmosphere but also in a deep space, if the spacecraft is surrounded by EM activated plasma.
Video-record: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5ypGrw5q1w
1) The paper investigates whether quantum variations around geodesics could circumvent caustics that occur in certain space-times.
2) An action is developed that yields both the field equations and geodesic condition. Quantizing this action provides a way to determine the extent of the wave packet around the classical path.
3) It is shown that replacing plane wave solutions with wave packets in the path integral still yields acceptable results. Determining if the distribution matches expectation values and variances is key to establishing geodesic completeness with quantum variations.
The Low Energy Physics Frontier of the Standard Model at the MAMI acceleratorConcettina Sfienti
This document summarizes a presentation on the low energy physics frontier at the Mainz Microtron (MAMI) facility. It discusses MAMI's upgrade which allows it to reach energies of 1.6 GeV with high intensity, resolution, polarization, and reliability. Several topics in nuclear physics are explored, including the structure of the proton and neutron as seen through measurements of their properties like mass, size, and stiffness. The importance of form factor measurements in understanding nucleon structure is highlighted. The relationship between nuclear physics and other fields like astrophysics is noted. The challenge of unraveling the different phases of nuclear matter from nuclei to neutron stars is discussed.
This document summarizes research determining the velocity vector of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) relative to the Milky Way using Hubble Space Telescope measurements of M31's proper motion. N-body models of M31 are used to correct for internal stellar motions within M31. The results imply M31 is on a radial orbit towards the Milky Way. The velocity vector is then used to estimate the mass of the Local Group, obtaining a value of (3.17 ± 0.57) × 1012 M☉. It is also implied M33 is likely bound to M31.
The electromagnetism and gravity are unified where, while the first originates from the electric charges in a
linear exposition, the second emerges in a quadratic manifestation of it, making the gravity always
attractive. This helps identify the inner structures of all the primary particles—quarks, leptons, and the
{Z,W} bosons as well as the 125 GeV state without the Higgs mechanism—to predict their masses by one
integer parameter formulas in close agreement with the observed values. This in turn enables
determination of the mechanism for building their ground and excited compound states. The consequences
are far-reaching and embracing, for examples, from identifying dark matter and energy that makes the
explanation of masses in the Universe 100 % inclusive, to solving the hackneyed yet equally elusive puzzle
of why the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass.
The electromagnetism and gravity are unified where, while the first originates from the electric charges in a
linear exposition, the second emerges in a quadratic manifestation of it, making the gravity always
attractive. This helps identify the inner structures of all the primary particles—quarks, leptons, and the
{Z,W} bosons as well as the 125 GeV state without the Higgs mechanism—to predict their masses by one
integer parameter formulas in close agreement with the observed values. This in turn enables
determination of the mechanism for building their ground and excited compound states. The consequences
are far-reaching and embracing, for examples, from identifying dark matter and energy that makes the
explanation of masses in the Universe 100 % inclusive, to solving the hackneyed yet equally elusive puzzle
of why the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass.
Quantization of photonic energy and photonic wave lengthEran Sinbar
The document proposes that if space is quantized at the Planck length, then photonic energy and wavelength must also be quantized. It suggests that future experiments could detect these quantization levels in cosmic radiation or particle collisions. It also puts forward a "grid dimensions" theory that proposes extra non-local dimensions between Planck length pieces of space that could explain quantum non-local effects like entanglement. Key equations presented quantify proposed quantized limits for momentum, mass, velocity of particles if space-time is quantized.
Stillwell_ Strongly coupled electronic, magnetic, and lattice degrees of free...Ryan Stillwell, Ph.D.
This document summarizes research on the ferromagnetic compound LaCo5 under high pressure. X-ray diffraction measurements show an anisotropic lattice collapse of the c axis near 10 GPa, consistent with theoretical predictions. High-pressure magnetotransport measurements reveal changes in the Hall effect signatures near 10 GPa, providing the first experimental evidence of changes in the electronic and magnetic properties associated with the predicted magnetoelastic collapse. The coupling of structural, electronic, and magnetic behaviors in LaCo5 under pressure substantiates the theoretical model of an electronic topological transition driving the magnetoelastic collapse.
This document discusses key concepts in quantum physics, including:
1. Planck's law resolved the ultraviolet catastrophe by quantizing electromagnetic radiation into discrete energy packets called photons. From fitting Planck's law to experimental data, Planck's constant h was derived.
2. Einstein's interpretation of the photoelectric effect explained experimental results by proposing light behaves as discrete photons with energy E=hf, rather than as a wave.
3. The Compton effect demonstrated light scattering off electrons, supported by photon momentum and verifying light has particle properties.
4. De Broglie's hypothesis established all matter has an associated wavelength, verifying particles exhibit wave-particle duality like light.
Computational electromagnetics in plasmonic nanostructuresAliakbarMonfared1
This document summarizes computational methods for simulating the optical response of plasmonic nanostructures, specifically focusing on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), finite element method (FEM), discrete dipole approximation (DDA), and boundary element method (BEM). It discusses these numerical approaches from both theoretical and practical perspectives. FDTD is described as explicitly calculating electric and magnetic fields on a grid over time to solve Maxwell's equations. Its applications include simulating optical properties and enhancing solar cell efficiency by tuning nanoparticle geometry. The document provides several examples of research using FDTD for these purposes.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Standard Model of particle physics. It describes how the Standard Model accounts for fundamental particles like quarks and leptons that interact via four fundamental forces - gravitation, electromagnetism, weak force, and strong force. These interactions are mediated by exchange of spin-1/2 bosons. The Standard Model has been very successful in explaining experimental observations, but questions remain like incorporating gravity and the origin of particle masses.
The Effect of RF Power on ion current and sheath current by electrical circui...irjes
Plasma is very important in the development of technology as it is applied in many electronic devices
such as global positioning system (GPS). In addition, fusion and process of plasma requires important elements,
namely, the electron energy distribution. However, plasma glow is a relatively new research field in physics.
There has not been found any previous study on the electric plasma modeling. Thus, this study was aimed to
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Chapter 2
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UNION OF GRAVITATIONAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE BASIS OF NONTRADITIONAL PRINCIPLES
1. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.6, No.3/4, December 2017
DOI : 10.14810/ecij.2017.6402 19
UNION OF GRAVITATIONAL AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
ON THE BASIS OF NONTRADITIONAL
PRINCIPLES
Nastasenko V.А,Kherson
State Maritime Academy, Ukraine
ABSTRACT
The traditional principle of solving the problem of combining the gravitational and electromagnetic fields
is associated with the movement of the transformation of parameters from the electromagnetic to the
gravitational field on the basis of Maxwell and Lorentz equations. The proposed non-traditional principle
is associated with the movement of the transformation of parameters from the gravitational to the
electromagnetic field, which simplifies the process. Nave principle solving this task by using special
physical quantities found by M. Planck in 1900: - Planck’s length, time and mass), the uniqueness of which
is that they are obtained on the basis of 3 fundamental physical constants: the velocity c of light in vacuum,
the Planck’s constant h and the gravitational constant G, which reduces them to the fundamentals of the
Universe. Strict physical regularities were obtained for the based on intercommunication of 3-th
fundamental physical constants c, h and G, that allow to single out wave characteristic νG from G which is
identified with the frequency of gravitational field. On this base other wave and substance parameters were
strictly defined and their numerical values obtained. It was proved that gravitational field with the given
wave parameters can be unified only with electromagnetic field having the same wave parameters that’s
why it is possible only on Plank’s level of world creation. The solution of given problems is substantiated
by well-known physical laws and conformities and not contradiction to modern knowledge about of
material world and the Universe on the whole. It is actual for development of physics and other branches
of science and technique.
KEYWORDS
fundamental physical constants, wave parameters gravitation and electromagnetic fields.
1. INTRODUCTION-CONNECTION OF THE PROBLEM WITH MAIN
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTIONS
The work belongs to the sphere of quantum physics, physics of waves and physical fields, in
particular - to the gravitational and electromagnetic fields, and the possibilities of their uniting, as
well as to the Universe as a whole and its foundations. Many leading scientific schools and
scientists of the world are engaged in the search for ways of solving these problems, since they
are connected with the global problems of natural science, which have great theoretical and
applied significance for the knowledge of the foundations of the material world and the Universe.
They are relevant for the development of physics, other natural and technical sciences, in the
conditions of a constant need to deepen knowledge about the material world and the Universe as
a whole, physical fields and substances that make up them.
2. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.6, No.3/4, December 2017
20
2. PROBLEM STATE ANALYSIS AND TASK STATEMENT
Until now, physical parameters of the gravitational field have been understudied, since its only
really determinable characteristics is the force FG of the gravitational interaction of physical
bodies (1), which follows from Newton's law of gravitation [1, 2]:
( )1 2
2
.G
m m
F G N
r
= (1)
where m1, m2 – masses (kg) of two point objects situated at the r (m) – distant between them;
G – gravitational constant [3]:
3
11
2
6.67408(30) 10 .
m
G
kg s
−
= ⋅
⋅
(2)
All other characteristics of the gravitational field are Nat strictly defined but by analogy with the
parameters of electromagnetic field in terms of empiric analogy of the law of Universal
gravitation (1) and the Cullen law (3) for the electrostatic interaction of two point bodies [1, 2]:
( )1 2
2
0
1
| | ,
4
Q
Q Q
F N
r
= ⋅
πε
(3)
where ε0 – electric constant:
2 4
12
0 3
8,854187817... 10
A s
kg m
−
ε = ⋅
⋅
,
Q1, Q2 - electric charges of two interacting points, A⋅s,
r – distance between interacting points, m.
In this case, the empirical analogy with other laws also implies the wave structure of the
gravitational field, but it does not give grounds for a rigorous determination of its wave and other
real-field characteristics that actually follow from the structure of the given field, and also for the
determination of the strict numerical values of these characteristics.
The solution of the problem of uniting gravitational and electromagnetic fields on the basis of
superstring theory has a generalized character and also does not contain specific wave
parameters.
The main way to solve the problem of uniting gravitational and electromagnetic fields was
developed by A. Einstein [4] and other scientists based on traditional principles. Further, it
developed within the framework of the general structural scheme of uniting forces and
interactions shown in Fig. 1.
Transformation of the parameters of the electromagnetic field and the transition to a deeper level
of the material world is associated with the movement of the transformation of parameters from
the electromagnetic to the gravitational field on the basis of Maxwell and Lorentz equations.
The traditional way of solving this problem is connected with the transformation of the
parameters of the material world in the direction of the movement from the electromagnetic field
3. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.6, No.3/4, December 2017
21
to the gravitational one on the basis of the Maxwell and Lorentz equations, which significantly
complicates the process and does not give exact information about the final wave parameters. The
general principle of deepening the levels of the material world was used.
Figure 1. General structural scheme of uniting physical forces and interactions
At first, for electroweak uniting, the atomic level was used with the dimensions of material
objects and wave parameters ≈ 10-9
m (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1981). For the Big unification, the
level of the atomic nucleus was used with the dimensions of material objects and wave
parameters ≈ 10-15
m. The next level is the transition to elementary particles, among the large
number and variety of which quarks are the least recognized. Therefore, uniting the
electromagnetic and gravitational fields is assumed at the level of quarks. Since their parameters
have not been strictly determined so far, therefore, uniting conditions were assigned to a quantum
level with an approximate size and wave parameters of ≈10-35
m. At the same time, they were not
clearly reduced to special physical values discovered by M. Planck in 1900: Planck’s length ,o
pl
time ,o
pt and mass o
pm [1, 2], obtained on the basis of strict physical regularities consisting of 3
initial fundamental physical constants: the velocity of light in vacuum c, the gravitational
constant G and the circular Planck’s constant ћ, which ensures their specific parameters. This is
explained by the fact that before 2000 Planck's values were considered abstract [5, 6].
In the developed theory of gravitational waves, marked by the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017 [7],
there are also no specific wave parameters of the gravitational field and strict conditions for its
uniting with the electromagnetic field. However, they were found in as early as 2014 in [8, 9],
while using a non-traditional approach associated with the movement of the transformation of the
parameters of the material world from the gravitational field to the electromagnetic field.
The deepening of the principles of the non-traditional approach to uniting the electromagnetic and
gravitational fields is the main goal of the work performed.
The scientific novelty of the work being done is:
4. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.6, No.3/4, December 2017
22
1) substantiation of a new strict theoretical base for defining wave and substance
parameters of gravitational field;
2) finding on this basis the calculated dependencies for determining the wave and real
parameters of the gravitational field and finding their numerical values;
3) a strict unification based on the found wave and real parameters of the gravitational and
electromagnetic fields.
4) proof of the reliability of the scientific provisions and the results obtained.
3. THE STARTING POINTS FOR ACHIEVING THE GOALS SET
Six scientific discoveries make the basis for solving the problem of union gravitational and
electromagnetic fields.
In the framework of traditional knowledge about the material world [1, 2], the application of the
values ,o
pl ,o
pt o
pm (5)…(9) found by M. Planck in scientific research is limited to the super dense
(singular) period of the Universe birth in the Big Bang [10], which results in its materialization
and the formation in it of the original physical fields and substance with parameters associated
with fundamental physical constants G, c, ћ.
( )
2 3
34 11
2
35
3 3
9
1.0545718 10 6.67408 10
1.61623 10 ,
0.299792458 10
o
p
kg m m
s kg sG
l m
c m
s
− −
−
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ = = = ⋅
⋅
h
(4)
( )
2 3
34 11
2
44
5 5
9
1.0545718 10 6.67408 10
5.39116 10 ,
0.299792458 10
o
p
kg m m
s kg sG
t s
c m
s
− −
−
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ = = = ⋅
⋅
h
(5)
( )
2
34 9
8
3
11
2
1.0545718 10 0.299792458 10
2.17647 10 .
6.67408 10
o
p
kg m m
s sc
m kg
G m
kg s
−
−
−
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
= = = ⋅
⋅
⋅
h
(6)
2
34
2
34
6.626070040 10
1.054571800 10 ,
2 2 3.14159256
kg m
sh kg m
s
−
−
⋅
⋅
⋅ = = = ⋅
⋅
h
π
(7)
9
0.299792458(exactly) 10 ;
m
c
s
= ⋅ (8)
5. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.6, No.3/4, December 2017
23
However, it is not clear what real objects of the material world Planck's values o
pl , o
pt , o
pm can be
related to, therefore, they are generally considered to be abstract values. For example, comparing
them with the dimensions and mass characteristics of an electron gives mutually opposite
discrepancies: in size – Planck's length
o
pl = 1,61623⋅10-35
m, they are 1020
times smaller classical
electron radius re = 2,8179409⋅10-15
m; Planck's mass o
pm = 2,17647⋅10-8
kg – they are 1023
times
bigger electron rest mass me = 9,1093897⋅10-31
kg.
The first scientific discovery used in this paper is the substantiation in [5, 6] of the reality of the
Planck’s values of length o
pl , time o
pt and mass o
pm due to their connection with spherical
Planck’s thickness layers encompassing the parameters of the observable Universe, which
makes it possible to distribute the mass o
pm over the entire spherical layer.
Since within the observable Universe of the age of TU = 10...12 billion years [10], the number of
quanta of space in the first such layer can be ≈ 10122
[5, 6], the Planck’s mass distribution
8
2,17650 10o
pm −
= ⋅ kg in such a large number of quanta eliminates the disharmony of their
masses and sizes. Planck’s mass and length ratios are well coordinated with dimensional RU and
mass MU characteristics of the observable Universe at any age of TU (9) [5…9], which follow
from the law of Universal gravity [1], and are confirmed by the relation between the velocity c of
light in vacuum and the value of the gravitational constant G in the framework of the dependence
(10):
TU = (10...12)⋅109
(years)⋅365.24(days)⋅86400(s) = (3.16...3.79)⋅1017
(s). (9)
( )
( )
2
9
82
27
35 3
11
2
0.299792458 10
2.17650 10
1.34664 10 .
1.61621 10
6.67408 10
о
p UU
о
U p U
m
m T kg sM c kg
R l T G m mm
kg s
−
−
−
⋅ ⋅ = = = = = ⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
(10)
The relationship between MU and RU is not a strict physical and mathematical dependence, but it
is confirmed by the observed age and size-mass characteristics of the Universe within the
framework of the really valid law of Universal gravity [1, 5 – 9]. On the basis of the obtained
proof of the reality of Planck’s values, the possibility of their application in scientific studies was
substantiated [5, 6].
Since the signs of a scientific discovery are the establishment of the laws, phenomena and effects
of nature previously unknown in the material world, that lead to fundamental changes in the level
of scientific knowledge [11], the found connection between Planck’s parameters and the spherical
layer of the Universe meets these criteria and can be recognized as a scientific discovery.
The second scientific discovery used in this paper is the justification of the parameters of the
minimum quantum of the Universe lp, tp, mp.
In [12] it was shown that the values ,o
pl ,o
pt o
pm found by M. Planck can be attributed to the
internal parameters of the minimum quantum of space in the Universe – its gravitational radius,
which does not provide the possibility of their quantization with other parameters of the material
world. Therefore, new Planck’s parameters (11)...(13) were found in research worker [12], the
6. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.6, No.3/4, December 2017
24
particularity of which is the determination of them on the basis of Planck’s constant (14) and their
real connection with the minimal quantum of space of the Universe is substantiated:
Planck’s length lp:
( )
2 3
34 11
2
35
33
9
6.62607004 10 6.67408 10
4.05128 10 ,
0.299792458 10
p
kg m m
s kg shG
l m
c m
s
− −
−
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ = = = ⋅
⋅
(11)
Planck’s time tp:
( )
2 3
34 11
2
44
55
9
6.62607004 10 6.67408 10
13.5136 10 ,
0.299792458 10
p
kg m m
s kg shG
t s
c m
s
− −
−
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ = = = ⋅
⋅
(12)
Planck’s mass mp:
( )
2
34 9
8
3
11
2
6.626070040 10 0.299792458 10
5.45560 10 .
6.67408 10
p
kg m m
s shc
m kg
G m
kg s
−
−
−
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
= = = ⋅
⋅
⋅
(13)
Planck's constant h [3]:
2
34 34
6.626070040(81) 10 6.26070040(81) 10 .
kg m
h J s
s
− − ⋅
= ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ (14)
Herewith, the dependences (9), (10) remain reliable, since the parameters MU, RU, TU, o
pm and
o
pl
are adequately increased by 2π value/
4. STRICTLY DEFINITION OF WAVE PARAMETERS THE
GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
The third scientific discovery used in this paper is the possibility of obtaining the fundamental
physical constants c, G, h within their dimensionality on the basis of the Planck’s parameters lp,
tp, mp [13]. For example, the gravitational constant G can be expressed by the dependence (15):
( )
( ) ( )
33533 3
11
22 2 28 43
4.05128 10
6.67409 10 .
5.45560 10 1.35136 10
p
p p
mlm m
G
kg s m t kg skg s
−
−
− −
⋅ = = = ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
(15)
The fourth scientific discovery used in this work is the justification of the real value of the
oscillation wave of the gravitational field.
7. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.6, No.3/4, December 2017
25
On the basis of rigorous physicals dependences (15) and (12) a new rigorous dependence (16)
was obtained in [14] for determining the gravitational constant value:
5
244 9
2 2 3
11
22
34
13.5136 10 ( ) 0.299792458 10
6.67405 10 .
6.626070040 10
p p
m
s
t c s m
G
h kg skg m
s
−
−
−
⋅ ⋅ = = = ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
(16)
The peculiarity of the dependence (16) is the transition to 2 constants: Planck’s constant h (14)
and the velocity of light in vacuum c (8), using Planck’s time tp, which can be replaced by a strict
wave characteristics – Planck’s frequency νp, as an inverse value of time tp. This reduces the
dependence (16) to the strict dependence (17), in which the frequency νp, being the part of the
gravitational constant G, is its wave characteristics. Thus, on a strict physical basis, its relation to
the oscillation frequency of the waves of the gravitational field νG = νp is confirmed, since
constant G is a component of the gravitational forces FG included into the law of gravitation (1):
2 5 5 5
2 2
.
p
p G
t c c c
G
h h hν ν
= = = (17)
Herewith, from the physical dependence (17), the oscillation frequency of the waves of the
gravitational field νG can be obtained on a strict basis, within the framework of the dependence
(18):
( )
5
9
5
42 1
3 2
11 34
2
0.299792458 10
7.39994 10 .
6.67408 10 6.626070040 10
G p
m
sc
s
Gh m kg m
kg s s
−
− −
⋅
= = = = ⋅
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅
ν ν (18)
Strictly definition of oscillation νG of gravitational field by dependence (18) has been obtained for
the first time [8] and brings radical changes into the idea about its parameters and, finally, into the
level of scientific cognition that conforms to all signs of scientific discovery [11].
The fifth scientific discovery, used in this paper, is a strict definition of the parameters of the
gravitational field that follow from its oscillation νG.
On the basis of the found value of the oscillation νG = νp (20), it is possible to determine all other
wave parameters of the gravitational field, including the following basic ones:
1. Period TG oscillation of wave the gravitational field:
43 43
42 1 5
1 1
1.35136 10 ( ) 1.35136 10 ( ).
7.39995 10 ( )
G p
G
hG
T s t s
s c
− −
−
= = = ⋅ = = = ⋅
⋅ν
(19)
2. The wavelength of the oscillation λG, gravitational field:
( )
9
35 35
342 1
0.29979245810
4.05126 10 ( ) 4.05126 10 ( ).
7.39996 10
G p
G
m
с hGs
m l m
cs
− −
−
⋅
= = = ⋅ = = = ⋅
⋅
λ
ν
(20)
8. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.6, No.3/4, December 2017
26
3. The amplitude of the oscillations AG, of wave the gravitational field, which within the
limits of the restriction of all interactions to the velocity of light c at the oscillation period TG,
actually coincides with the wavelength λG:
35 35
3
4.05126 10 ( ) 4.05126 10 ( ).G G p
hG
A m l m
c
− −
= = ⋅ = = = ⋅λ (21)
4. Wave energy of the gravitational field EG:
34 42 1 9
6.626070040 10 ( ) 7.39996 10 ( ) 4.90326 10 ( )G GE h J s s J− −
= = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ =ν
9
3
4.90326 10 ( ).p
hG
E J
c
= = ⋅ (22)
5. Mass equivalent mG of the wave energy of the gravitational field EG, or its energy mass,
which in the framework of Einstein's law E = mc2
on the connection of total energy and mass [1],
amounts to:
34 42 1
8
22 2
9
6.626070040 10 ( ) 7.39996 10 ( )
5.4556110 ( )
0.299792458 10
G G
G
E h J s s
m kg
c c m
s
− −
−⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
= = = = ⋅ =
⋅
ν
( )8
5.45561 10 .p
hc
m kg
G
−
= = = ⋅ (23)
The connection found between the mass (23) and the wave parameters of the gravitational field is
an additional proof of the correctness of all the scientific propositions advanced above, since
without the presence of mass, the gravitational field does not exist. In this case, the values of the
energy (22) and the mass equivalent (23) refer to the entire front of the spherical wave of the
gravitational field, which is confirmed by the first scientific discovery made in [5, 6].
Reliability of scientific statements put forward above field (18)…(22) and substance (23)
parameters of gravitational field obtained on their basic is confirmed by:
1) size-mass parameters of gravitational field by the low of Heisenberg’s law of in definability of
imputes (25) [1, 2] for velocity υG wave gravitational field (24), which within the accuracy of the
values included in it tends to the velocity of light c (9):
35
9 9
44
4.05128 10 ( )
0.2997928 10 0.299792458 10 ,
13.5136 10 ( )
p
G p
p
l m m m
c
t s s s
−
−
⋅
= = = = ⋅ → = ⋅
⋅
υ υ (24)
( )
34
8 9
35
6.62607004 10 ( )
5.45560 10 0.299792458 10
4.05128 10 ( )
G G
G
h m J s
m kg
s m
−
−
−
⋅ ⋅
= = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = =
⋅
υ
λ
16.35549 .
kg m
s
⋅
=
(25)
2) oscillation-mass parameters of gravitational field by de Broil [1, 2] wave (26) if Plank’s energy
of gravitational field radiation (21) connected with full Plank’s energy EG = hνp and by Einstein’s
9. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.6, No.3/4, December 2017
27
law EG = mGc2
[1, 2] of mass its component substance obtained of the connection of mass and
energy:
( )
2
8 9
2
42 1
34
5.45560 10 0.299792458 10
7.39995 10 ( ) ( ).
6.626070040 10 ( )
G G
G
m
kg
sE m c
s Hz
h h J s
−
−
−
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
= = = ⋅ =
⋅ ⋅
ν (26)
Values (24)...(26) obtained on the basis of repeatedly approved reliably physical laws allow to
maintain that field structure with Planck’s mass (23) and wave parameters (18)...(22) of minimum
possible in the Universe [5, 13] length of the wave λG and maximum possible wave oscillation νG
is gravitational field, quant of space composing it having sizes (11) being domains of the
environment of gravitational field which because of their very small size-mass parameters can be
named graviton, by analogy with neutrino, its help talking this parameters.
5. UNIFICATION OF GRAVITATIONAL FIELD WITH ELECTRO-
MAGNETIC FIELD
The complexity of unifying gravitational and electromagnetic fields being so difficult problem to
solve can explained by the fact that till now their wave parameters were not Known, that’s why it
was not clear what and how can unified. The wave parameters of the gravitational field (18) ...
(22) found in this paper create such an opportunity, which provides in this paper the principle of
solving the problem of uniting fields on the basis of the transformed this parameters movement
from the gravitational field to electromagnetic one.
The 6th scientific discovery used in this work is the justification of uniting the gravitational and
electromagnetic fields according to their parameters.
Analysis of the dependence (18) showed that it simultaneously includes 3 types of fundamental
physical constants related to 1) the total energy of substance (c), 2) the thermal radiation (h), 3)
the gravitational interaction (G), which allows us to refer the frequency νG to other physical
fields, including the frequency of the United Field of the Universe.
Taking into account the obtained wave characteristics (18)....(22) it can be strictly maintained that
gravitational field can only by unified with electromagnetic field having the same wave
characteristics. Thus, It can be summed up that unification of given fields is possible only on
Plank’s level material world. This conclusion is confirmed:
indirectly by numerical equality of the values of wave (22), of Plank’s dynamic (27) and potential
(28) energies of substance gravitation field within the framed of the laws known [1, 2] for their
definition:
( )
2
2 8 9 9
5.45560 10 0.299792458 10 4.90326 10 ( ),p p
m
E m c kg J
s
−
= = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅
(27)
( )8 51 35 9
2
=5.45560 10 2.21846419 10 4.05128 10 ( ) 4.90326 10 ( ),p p p p
m
E m g l kg m J
s
− −
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅
(28)
where gp – Plank’s acceleration of free fall (29):
35
51
22 244
4.05128 10 ( )
2,21845 10 .
13.5136 10 ( )
p
p
p
l m m
g
t ss
−
−
⋅
= = = ⋅
⋅
(29)
10. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.6, No.3/4, December 2017
28
strictly by common for all these energies functional dependency (30) obtained by substituting in
dependences (22), (27), (28) for dependences (18), (13), (11), (12) for Plank’s parameters νp = νG,
mp = mG, lp = λG, tp = TG which make them up.
:
5 3
2 2
2 3
5
G p p p p p p
hG
c hc hc hGcE E h m c m g l h c
hG G G chG
c
ν= = = = = = ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ =
5
34 9
5
9
3
11
2
6.626070040 10 ( ) 0.299792458 10
4.90326 10 ( ).
6.67408 10
m
J s
shc
J
G m
kg s
−
−
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
= = = ⋅
⋅
⋅
(30)
strictly – by a general theoretical test of the results based on the dependencies:
p
pp
h
m
λ
υ = , или
p
p h
c
E
λ
= , или
p
p h
c
h
λ
ν
= , (31)
Finally transforming the third dependence in the expression (31), we obtain the relationship of the
new wave parameters with the velocity of light c, as confirmation of its reliability:
( )42 1 35 9 9
7,39995 10 4,05126 10 ( ) 0,2997912 10 0,299792458 10 .G G p p
м м
c м c
с с
ν λ ν λ − −
= = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ → = ⋅
(32)
In this case, the found wave parameters of the gravitational field (14) - (18) can also be regarded
as the wave parameters of a constant electric current and a constant magnetic field, since their
“constancy” is apparent and is due only to the sensitivity of measurements of modern measuring
instruments.
Within the frames of the analogies of gravitational and electromagnetic fields basing on the
obtained wave parameters (18)…(22) it can be possible to define all other wave characteristics of
gravitational field and to evaluate the possibility of interactions with other objects and fields of
material world that allows to deepen and widen the knowledge of the Universe.
Experimental proof of gravitational and electromagnetic fields unification is the hovering of ring
superconductor (figure 2) where direct current. Is induced resulting in the appearance of the a
genetic field with oscillation and amplitude of oscillation the same in size but opposite in phase
of oscillation and amplitude of gravitational field oscillation (other wave there wouldn’t be the
effect of hovering).
Figure 2 – Diagram of the sticking of a ring superconductor 2, cooled by means of the container 1
with liquid helium, when a constant electric current is excited in it, and the wave structure of the
physical fields formed herewith.
11. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.6, No.3/4, December 2017
29
Since dependence (18) implies that for the gravitational field νG = const, then for all other wave
parameters, except for Planck's λG, uniting the gravitational and electromagnetic fields is
impossible (Fig. 2).
Thus, the possibility of uniting the electromagnetic and gravitational fields on the basis of the
principle of transformations from the parameters gravitational field is strictly confirmed.
The main results of this scientific work were presented and recommended for publication on 2-th
International Conference on Quantum Physics and Quantum Technology, Berlin, Germany, [15]
and 3-th International Conference on Theoretical and Condensed Matter Physics in New York,
USA [16],
6. CONCLUSION
A fundamentally new method for determining the wave and real parameters of the gravitational
and the Unified fields is proposed on the basis of the fundamental physical constants G, c, h. New
physical dependencies, laws and regularities strictly follow from earlier known physical laws and
regularities and do not contradict them.Strictly obtained frequencies νG gravitational field from
dependency (18) was obtained for the first time, and wave parameters connected with it were
obtained for the first time in the paper [5, 8], which bring radical changes into the notion about its
parameters and in the end into the general level of scientific cognition that’s why it meets all the
requirements of scientific discovery [11].A rigorous determination of the frequency νG of the
gravitational field by the dependence (18) showed that it is a fundamental physical constant that
is even more significant for the Universe than the fundamental physical constants G, c, h, since in
different measurement systems they take different values, and their aggregate compensates for
mutual changes in their dimensionality, making the final value of νG a constant value for the
entire Universe. Strictly substantiation of gravitational and electromagnetic fields unification was
obtained for the first time in the paper [8] and more precise definition was given by the
dependencies (26)…(30) which bring radical changes into the general level of scientific cognition
that it also meets all requirements of scientific discovery [11]. Strictly constancy of the oscillation
of the waves of gravitational field νG = const (18), excludes the possibility of the unification of
gravitational and electromagnetic fields on other levels except Plank’s ones with wave length λp =
λG and oscillation νp = νG, which is confirmed by the found regularity (30)
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AUTHORS
Valentyn Alexeevich Nastasenko – Professor of department of transport
technologies of Kherson State Maritime Academy, Kherson, Ukraine. Candidate of
Technical Sciences (Ph. D. )The scope of scientific interests includes quantum
physics, gravitation theory, and the foundations of the material world and the birth of
the Universe – the author of more than 50 scientific papers in these fields.