Nano TiO2, one of the most effective photocatalysts, has extensive usein fields such as air purification,
sweage treatment, water spitting, reduction of CO2, and solar cells. Nowadays, the most promising method to
recycle nano TiO2during the photocatalysis is to immobilize TiO2onto matrix, such as polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA). However, due to the slow water permeability of PVA after cross-linking, the pollutants could not
contact with nano TiO2photocatalyst in time. To overcome this problem, we dispersed calcium carbonate
particles into a PVA-TiO2 mixture and then filmed the glass. PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films were obtained by
drying. Through thermal treatment, we obtained the cross-linked PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films. Finally, the
calcium carbonate in the film was dissolved by hydrochloric acid, and the porous PVA-TiO2 composite
photocatalyst was obtained. The results show the addition of CaCO3 has no obvious effect on PVA
cross-linking and that a large number of cavities have been generated on the surface and inside of porous
PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film. The size of the holes is about 5-15μm, which is consistent with that of
CaCO3.The photocatalytic rate constant of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film is 2.49 times higher than
that of nonporous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film.
PREPARATION OF POROUS AND RECYCLABLE PVA-TIO2 HYBRID HYDROGELecij
Nano TiO2, one of the most effective photocatalysts, has extensive usein fields such as air purification, sweage treatment, water spitting, reduction of CO2, and solar cells. Nowadays, the most promising method to recycle nano TiO2during the photocatalysis is to immobilize TiO2onto matrix, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). However, due to the slow water permeability of PVA after cross-linking, the pollutants could not
contact with nano TiO2photocatalyst in time. To overcome this problem, we dispersed calcium carbonate particles into a PVA-TiO2 mixture and then filmed the glass. PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films were obtained by drying. Through thermal treatment, we obtained the cross-linked PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films. Finally, the
calcium carbonate in the film was dissolved by hydrochloric acid, and the porous PVA-TiO2 composite photocatalyst was obtained. The results show the addition of CaCO3 has no obvious effect on PVA cross-linking and that a large number of cavities have been generated on the surface and inside of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film. The size of the holes is about 5-15µm, which is consistent with that of CaCO3.The photocatalytic rate constant of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film is 2.49 times higher than that of nonporous PVA-TiO2
hybrid hydrogel film
Synthesis and characterization of nano tio2 via different methodshena78
Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles are the ultra fine particles Particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) have the diameters less than 100 nm. It is believed to be one of the three most produced nanomaterials , along with silicon dioxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles.
التحفيز الضوئي بواسطة أفلام التيتانيوم لتنقية المياه
محاضرة للدكتور حازم فلاح سكيك القاها في المؤتمر الدولي الثاني للعلوم الاساسية والتطبيقة بجامعة الأزهر تتحدث عن تحضير افلام مسامية سميكة من ثاني اكسيد التيتانيوم بطريقة السول جيل لعملية التحفيز الضوئي التي لها تأثير استخدام هام في عملية تنقية الهواء والمياه باستخدام طاقة الضوء ومادة ثاني اكسيد التيتانيوم كمحفز لمزيد من المعلومات
http://www.hazemsakeek.net/magazine/index.php/-1176192324/1494-2011-09-21-10-09-22
Preparation and photocatalytic activity of alkali titanateSoumya Ranjan Sahoo
Photocatalysts nano A2TinO2n+1 (A = Li, Na, K) were prepared successfully by novel hydrothermal synthesis process. The nano crystals of Li2TiO3 were self-assembled as snowflakes while that of Na2Ti3O7 and K2Ti8O17 were nanorods. The results indicated that alkali titanates as prepared have higher photocatalytic activities compared with P25TiO2 in the degradation of chloroform under UV light irradiation. A combination of K2Ti8O17 and NiO produces a photo catalyst effective for the degradation of chloroform in aqueous solution.
introduction to Tio2 nanostructures, properties of Tio2, current trends in biomedical application, general application of Tio2, synthesis of Tio2 nanoparticle by chemical route, characterization technique and objective.
PREPARATION OF POROUS AND RECYCLABLE PVA-TIO2 HYBRID HYDROGELecij
Nano TiO2, one of the most effective photocatalysts, has extensive usein fields such as air purification, sweage treatment, water spitting, reduction of CO2, and solar cells. Nowadays, the most promising method to recycle nano TiO2during the photocatalysis is to immobilize TiO2onto matrix, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). However, due to the slow water permeability of PVA after cross-linking, the pollutants could not
contact with nano TiO2photocatalyst in time. To overcome this problem, we dispersed calcium carbonate particles into a PVA-TiO2 mixture and then filmed the glass. PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films were obtained by drying. Through thermal treatment, we obtained the cross-linked PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films. Finally, the
calcium carbonate in the film was dissolved by hydrochloric acid, and the porous PVA-TiO2 composite photocatalyst was obtained. The results show the addition of CaCO3 has no obvious effect on PVA cross-linking and that a large number of cavities have been generated on the surface and inside of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film. The size of the holes is about 5-15µm, which is consistent with that of CaCO3.The photocatalytic rate constant of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film is 2.49 times higher than that of nonporous PVA-TiO2
hybrid hydrogel film
Synthesis and characterization of nano tio2 via different methodshena78
Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles are the ultra fine particles Particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) have the diameters less than 100 nm. It is believed to be one of the three most produced nanomaterials , along with silicon dioxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles.
التحفيز الضوئي بواسطة أفلام التيتانيوم لتنقية المياه
محاضرة للدكتور حازم فلاح سكيك القاها في المؤتمر الدولي الثاني للعلوم الاساسية والتطبيقة بجامعة الأزهر تتحدث عن تحضير افلام مسامية سميكة من ثاني اكسيد التيتانيوم بطريقة السول جيل لعملية التحفيز الضوئي التي لها تأثير استخدام هام في عملية تنقية الهواء والمياه باستخدام طاقة الضوء ومادة ثاني اكسيد التيتانيوم كمحفز لمزيد من المعلومات
http://www.hazemsakeek.net/magazine/index.php/-1176192324/1494-2011-09-21-10-09-22
Preparation and photocatalytic activity of alkali titanateSoumya Ranjan Sahoo
Photocatalysts nano A2TinO2n+1 (A = Li, Na, K) were prepared successfully by novel hydrothermal synthesis process. The nano crystals of Li2TiO3 were self-assembled as snowflakes while that of Na2Ti3O7 and K2Ti8O17 were nanorods. The results indicated that alkali titanates as prepared have higher photocatalytic activities compared with P25TiO2 in the degradation of chloroform under UV light irradiation. A combination of K2Ti8O17 and NiO produces a photo catalyst effective for the degradation of chloroform in aqueous solution.
introduction to Tio2 nanostructures, properties of Tio2, current trends in biomedical application, general application of Tio2, synthesis of Tio2 nanoparticle by chemical route, characterization technique and objective.
Synthesis and charecterization studies of nano ti o2 prepared via sol gel methodeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (NDSSCs) From Opuntia Prickly Pear Dye Usi...IJERA Editor
Natural dye-sensitized solar cells (NDSSCs) have gained considerable attention in the field of solar energy due to their simple fabrication, good efficiency, and low production cost. Natural dyes are environmentally and economically superior to ruthenium-based dyes because they are nontoxic and cheap. However, the conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells based on natural dyes is low. One way to improve the DSSC performance is to enhance the absorptivity of extracted natural dyes. We investigated the influence of various factors in the extraction process, such as utilization of different extraction approaches, the acidity of extraction solvent, and different compounds of solvents on the optical absorption spectra. It was found that we could considerably enhance the optical absorptivity of dye and consequently the performance of DSSC by choosing a proper mixture of ethanol, methanol and water. In this study, a photo electrode using ZnO doped TiO2 nanoparticles was prepared by sol-gel method. In this paper we investigate the optical absorption, functional group, surface morphology and elementary composition of pure TiO2, ZnO doped TiO2 nanoparticles and opuntia prickly pear dye extract by using UV-Visible, PL-Studies, FT-IR, FE-SEM and EDS analysis. Finally photocurrent-voltaic characterization of nanocrystaline natural dye solar cell using I-V studies. It was found that the levels of short-circuit current (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF) and overall conversion efficiency (η).
The present work demonstrates for the first time the facile fabrication of TiO2
nanotube arrays (TNTAs) by a fluoride-free
solid-state anodization process using LiClO4
containing solid polymeric electrolyte. The resulting nanotubes were tested
for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The elimination of liquid electrolytes in electrochemical anodization constitutes
a paradigm shift for the formation of nanoporous and nanotubular metal oxides. Our results open a new area of research
that uses the distinctive properties of solid polymer electrolytes to achieve targeted doping and nano-morphologies. Characterization
of the grown TNTAs indicated solid state anodized TNTAs to consist purely of the anatase phase of titania.
The solid-state anodization process provides several advantages over conventional liquid electrolytes such as easy handling
and processing, better charge transport, environmentally benign chemicals and methodology. Photoelectrochemical water
splitting experiments were performed which confirmed the viability of TNTAs grown by the new solid-state process for
photocatalytic applications.
Growth, structural, optical, electrical and SHG studies of N-N′ allylthiourea...IJERA Editor
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals are one of the most popular crystals used for Non-linear
Optical (NLO) applications. Pure KDP single crystals and KDP crystals doped with N-N′ allylthiourea were
grown by the method of slow evaporation from aqueous solutions. The grown pure and doped crystals were
confirmed by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction studies. The pure and doped crystals were
characterized by FTIR spectroscopy studies. Absorptions of these grown crystals were analyzed using UV–Vis–
NIR studies, and it was found that these crystals possess minimum absorption in the entire visible region.
Nonlinear optical studies of pure and doped crystals were carried out and it reveals that the dopants have
increased the efficiency of KDP crystals. Dielectric measurements were carried out along both the unique axis
and perpendicular directions at various temperatures ranging from 40 to 150 °C. The dielectric constant and the
dielectric loss values of N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals were lower than the pure KDP crystals. Also, it
indicates that 0.8 mole% N-N′ allylthiourea addition to KDP leads to low permittivity value dielectrics. The
results are discussed.
In this work, we synthesized and characterized mesoporous thin fims
of SiO 2 and NiTiO3 structured by a surfactant called Brij58. These fims
were fabricated by the method of dip coating and the best conditions for
well-structured thin fims were investigated as a function of surfactant
concentration and diffrent types of substrates. These fims have been
characterized by X-ray reflctivity which was calculated using the matrix
formalism. We demonstrated that the silicon substrate had a great effct
on the structure and porosity of the fabricated fims for both SiO2 and
NiTiO3. Furthermore, we found that mesoporosity has been increased
as a function of the surfactant concentration in the solution. This experimental procedure allows also to produce NiTiO3 powders which have
been characterized by X-ray diffaction. The XRD coupled to the crystallographic software “Maud”shows that the samples are constituted by 98,
2% NiTiO 3 powders.
Nano porous membranes for water purification by shrinath ghadgeShrinath Ghadge
Continuous population growth and urbanization as well as rapid industrialization, causing huge contamination of potable water or underground water, has been a serious concern all over the world. Due to incompetency of conventional water purification technologies to deliver complete pollutants free water at an economical price, a high performance, cost-effective and environmentally acceptable separation system is an urgent need which should not only remove macro-, micro- and nano-pollutants but also desalinate water to a significant extent. In this milieu, nanotechnology based carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes have shown impressive breakthroughs towards water purification as compared to existing energy intensive water purification systems and thus, this technology has immense potential for large scale commercial water purification in a cost effective manner.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of UV Treatment on Degradation of Polylactic Acid- Poster for Genius O...Catherine Zhang
In this study, an alternative composting method for biodegradable PLA was proposed, capable of reducing the molecular weight by 80% in 90 minutes. The poster was presented at the GENIUS Olympiad, an international high school environmental conference, at SUNY Oswego.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
PREPARATION OF REUSABLE PVA-NANO TIO2 FOAM FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENTijac123
With increasing industrialization, rapid economic development, and an ever-growing population, the problem of water pollution and water scarcity is increasing at an alarming rate. It is estimated that more than 800,000 annual diarrheal deaths are attributed to unsafe water usage. Furthermore, traditional wastewater treatment technologies, such as adsorption, chlorination, and biochemical methods are difficult to utilize for treating wastewater at low concentration for they lead to high toxicity. However, Nano TiO2-based photocatalytic technology is a new highefficiency and energy-saving alternative because NanoTiO2 can degrade organic pollutants into non-toxic compounds such as CO2 and H2O under the sunlight. Nonetheless, separating and recycling Nano TiO2 from water remains to be a huge challenge. Therefore, we prepared PVA-Nano TiO2 foam at high speed stirring, film laying, drying, and thermal crosslinking to embed in PVA for reuse and recycle. The morphology, structure, and photocatalytic performance of PVA-Nano TiO2 foam were characterized in detail by SEM, TGA, FTIR, UV-Vis, and so on. The results show the cell size of the foam is about 0.2-0.5 mm, and the swelling degree of PVA-Nano TiO2 foam is about 600%. The TiO2 nanoparticles also have no effect on thermal crosslinking of PVA. Under sunlight, the PVA-Nano TiO2 foam possesses photocatalytic activity that is higher than that of non-porous PVANano TiO2 film due to the higher permeability of water and impurity with higher porosity. In addition, the PVANano TiO2 foam exhibits good reusability under multi-cycle use. Thus, this novel design of PVA-Nano TiO2 foam is simple, eco-friendly, and effective with potential practical application value.
Synthesis and charecterization studies of nano ti o2 prepared via sol gel methodeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (NDSSCs) From Opuntia Prickly Pear Dye Usi...IJERA Editor
Natural dye-sensitized solar cells (NDSSCs) have gained considerable attention in the field of solar energy due to their simple fabrication, good efficiency, and low production cost. Natural dyes are environmentally and economically superior to ruthenium-based dyes because they are nontoxic and cheap. However, the conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells based on natural dyes is low. One way to improve the DSSC performance is to enhance the absorptivity of extracted natural dyes. We investigated the influence of various factors in the extraction process, such as utilization of different extraction approaches, the acidity of extraction solvent, and different compounds of solvents on the optical absorption spectra. It was found that we could considerably enhance the optical absorptivity of dye and consequently the performance of DSSC by choosing a proper mixture of ethanol, methanol and water. In this study, a photo electrode using ZnO doped TiO2 nanoparticles was prepared by sol-gel method. In this paper we investigate the optical absorption, functional group, surface morphology and elementary composition of pure TiO2, ZnO doped TiO2 nanoparticles and opuntia prickly pear dye extract by using UV-Visible, PL-Studies, FT-IR, FE-SEM and EDS analysis. Finally photocurrent-voltaic characterization of nanocrystaline natural dye solar cell using I-V studies. It was found that the levels of short-circuit current (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF) and overall conversion efficiency (η).
The present work demonstrates for the first time the facile fabrication of TiO2
nanotube arrays (TNTAs) by a fluoride-free
solid-state anodization process using LiClO4
containing solid polymeric electrolyte. The resulting nanotubes were tested
for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The elimination of liquid electrolytes in electrochemical anodization constitutes
a paradigm shift for the formation of nanoporous and nanotubular metal oxides. Our results open a new area of research
that uses the distinctive properties of solid polymer electrolytes to achieve targeted doping and nano-morphologies. Characterization
of the grown TNTAs indicated solid state anodized TNTAs to consist purely of the anatase phase of titania.
The solid-state anodization process provides several advantages over conventional liquid electrolytes such as easy handling
and processing, better charge transport, environmentally benign chemicals and methodology. Photoelectrochemical water
splitting experiments were performed which confirmed the viability of TNTAs grown by the new solid-state process for
photocatalytic applications.
Growth, structural, optical, electrical and SHG studies of N-N′ allylthiourea...IJERA Editor
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals are one of the most popular crystals used for Non-linear
Optical (NLO) applications. Pure KDP single crystals and KDP crystals doped with N-N′ allylthiourea were
grown by the method of slow evaporation from aqueous solutions. The grown pure and doped crystals were
confirmed by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction studies. The pure and doped crystals were
characterized by FTIR spectroscopy studies. Absorptions of these grown crystals were analyzed using UV–Vis–
NIR studies, and it was found that these crystals possess minimum absorption in the entire visible region.
Nonlinear optical studies of pure and doped crystals were carried out and it reveals that the dopants have
increased the efficiency of KDP crystals. Dielectric measurements were carried out along both the unique axis
and perpendicular directions at various temperatures ranging from 40 to 150 °C. The dielectric constant and the
dielectric loss values of N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals were lower than the pure KDP crystals. Also, it
indicates that 0.8 mole% N-N′ allylthiourea addition to KDP leads to low permittivity value dielectrics. The
results are discussed.
In this work, we synthesized and characterized mesoporous thin fims
of SiO 2 and NiTiO3 structured by a surfactant called Brij58. These fims
were fabricated by the method of dip coating and the best conditions for
well-structured thin fims were investigated as a function of surfactant
concentration and diffrent types of substrates. These fims have been
characterized by X-ray reflctivity which was calculated using the matrix
formalism. We demonstrated that the silicon substrate had a great effct
on the structure and porosity of the fabricated fims for both SiO2 and
NiTiO3. Furthermore, we found that mesoporosity has been increased
as a function of the surfactant concentration in the solution. This experimental procedure allows also to produce NiTiO3 powders which have
been characterized by X-ray diffaction. The XRD coupled to the crystallographic software “Maud”shows that the samples are constituted by 98,
2% NiTiO 3 powders.
Nano porous membranes for water purification by shrinath ghadgeShrinath Ghadge
Continuous population growth and urbanization as well as rapid industrialization, causing huge contamination of potable water or underground water, has been a serious concern all over the world. Due to incompetency of conventional water purification technologies to deliver complete pollutants free water at an economical price, a high performance, cost-effective and environmentally acceptable separation system is an urgent need which should not only remove macro-, micro- and nano-pollutants but also desalinate water to a significant extent. In this milieu, nanotechnology based carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes have shown impressive breakthroughs towards water purification as compared to existing energy intensive water purification systems and thus, this technology has immense potential for large scale commercial water purification in a cost effective manner.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of UV Treatment on Degradation of Polylactic Acid- Poster for Genius O...Catherine Zhang
In this study, an alternative composting method for biodegradable PLA was proposed, capable of reducing the molecular weight by 80% in 90 minutes. The poster was presented at the GENIUS Olympiad, an international high school environmental conference, at SUNY Oswego.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
PREPARATION OF REUSABLE PVA-NANO TIO2 FOAM FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENTijac123
With increasing industrialization, rapid economic development, and an ever-growing population, the problem of water pollution and water scarcity is increasing at an alarming rate. It is estimated that more than 800,000 annual diarrheal deaths are attributed to unsafe water usage. Furthermore, traditional wastewater treatment technologies, such as adsorption, chlorination, and biochemical methods are difficult to utilize for treating wastewater at low concentration for they lead to high toxicity. However, Nano TiO2-based photocatalytic technology is a new highefficiency and energy-saving alternative because NanoTiO2 can degrade organic pollutants into non-toxic compounds such as CO2 and H2O under the sunlight. Nonetheless, separating and recycling Nano TiO2 from water remains to be a huge challenge. Therefore, we prepared PVA-Nano TiO2 foam at high speed stirring, film laying, drying, and thermal crosslinking to embed in PVA for reuse and recycle. The morphology, structure, and photocatalytic performance of PVA-Nano TiO2 foam were characterized in detail by SEM, TGA, FTIR, UV-Vis, and so on. The results show the cell size of the foam is about 0.2-0.5 mm, and the swelling degree of PVA-Nano TiO2 foam is about 600%. The TiO2 nanoparticles also have no effect on thermal crosslinking of PVA. Under sunlight, the PVA-Nano TiO2 foam possesses photocatalytic activity that is higher than that of non-porous PVANano TiO2 film due to the higher permeability of water and impurity with higher porosity. In addition, the PVANano TiO2 foam exhibits good reusability under multi-cycle use. Thus, this novel design of PVA-Nano TiO2 foam is simple, eco-friendly, and effective with potential practical application value.
P25 titanium dioxide coated magnetic particles: Preparation,characterization ...Roghi Kalan
The photocatalytic properties of magnetic iron(II,III) oxide particles coated with different wt% of commer-cially available P25 TiO2(P25) using a simple wet impregnation method were measured. The producedmaterials were characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, EDX, FTIR, ICP, Magnetic Property MeasurementSystem (MPMS) and BET (N2). After calcination at 500◦C of the magnetic particles that was loaded onlywith P25, the P25 was strongly bound through a redox reaction with the magnetic particles. It was foundthat the P25 surface coverage was almost complete (>95%) at a 1:1 mass loading ratio; at higher P25 massratios, a thicker coating was obtained. However, the photocatalytic degradation rates of terephthalic acid(TPA) and phenol for these particles at all P25 loadings was lower than those obtained for pure P25 on aper TiO2mass basis. Precoating the magnetic particles with a SiO2sol-gel layer prevented the electronhole migration and oxidation of magnetite to hematite, but also led to a weakly bound P25 layer that wasremoved by rinsing. This was overcome by adding a second TiO2sol-gel on top of the SiO2coated mag-netic particles coating for anchoring the P25 particles to the surface. While magnetic particles consistingof a silica undercoat followed by a TiO2sol-gel coating as the photocatalytic layer have been reported,our approach is to use the TiO2sol-gel coating as an adhesion layer to anchor P25 particles. The P25adhered strongly to this underlying TiO2sol-gel layer without significant loss of surface area. In both P25and our produced photocatalyst, during the photocatalytic reaction P25 is in direct contact with waterand the process occurs on the P25 and water interface. As a result, the photocatalytic degradation ratesof TPA and phenol by the P2- coated magnetic particles were found to be equivalent to those of P25.The pseudo-first order rate constants in the P25 mass basis for photocatalytic degradation of TPA were0.0152 ± 0.003 min−1and 0.0144 ± 0.007 min−1using pure P25 and SiO2sol-gel/TiO2sol-gel/P25 coatedmagnetic particles, respectively. The rate constant for phenol photocatalytic degradation was reported0.09 ± 0.02 min−1for pure P25 and 0.10 ± 0.04 min−1for SiO2sol-gel/TiO2sol-gel/P25 coated magneticparticles. The similar specific surface area of the P25 powder and the P25 anchored to the surface in SiO2sol-gel/TiO2sol-gel/P25 coated magnetic particles is the reason for these similarity for rate constants.
Photo-electrocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotubes prepared with two-step anod...Iranian Chemical Society
To improve the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid, we reported the fabrication of ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays by a simple and effective two-step anodization method and then these TiO2 nanotubes treated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation. The TiO2 nanotubes prepared in the two-step anodization process showed better photo-catalytic activity than TiO2 nanotubes prepared in one-step anodization process. Also, compared with TiO2 nanotubes without the UV pretreatment, the TiO2 nanotubes pretreated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation exhibited significant enhancements in both photocurrent and activity. The treated TiO2 nanotubes exhibited a 5-fold enhancement in photocurrent and a 2.5-fold increase in the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid. Also the effect of addition of persulfate and periodate on the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid were investigated. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of salicylic acid increased with increasing persulfate and periodate concentrations. These treated TiO2 nanotubes are promising candidates for practical photochemical reactors.
We'd like to understand how you use our websites in order to improve them. Re...Pawan Kumar
The present work demonstrates for the first time the facile fabrication of TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) by a fluoride-free solid-state anodization process using LiClO4 containing solid polymeric electrolyte. The resulting nanotubes were tested for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The elimination of liquid electrolytes in electrochemical anodization constitutes a paradigm shift for the formation of nanoporous and nanotubular metal oxides. Our results open a new area of research that uses the distinctive properties of solid polymer electrolytes to achieve targeted doping and nano-morphologies. Characterization of the grown TNTAs indicated solid state anodized TNTAs to consist purely of the anatase phase of titania. The solid-state anodization process provides several advantages over conventional liquid electrolytes such as easy handling and processing, better charge transport, environmentally benign …
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The effect of band engineering of semiconductors on photocatalyic water split...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The direct conversion of solar energy using a photocatalyst in a water splitting reaction is a source of a sustainable and clean hydrogen supply. In general, photocatalysts are semiconductors that possess valence and conduction bands. These energy bands permit the absorption of photon energy to excite electrons in the outer orbitals of the photocatalysts. Photoexcited electron and hole pairs can subsequently induce a watersplitting reaction to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Photocatalytic water splitting is affected by the band level and crystallinity of the photocatalyst. Therefore, band engineering using chemical modifications such as cationic and anionic modification could createa photocatalyst suitable for the large-scale production of hydrogen. In this paper, cationic and anionic modifications of photocatalysts and the effects of these modifications onphotocatalytic water splitting are reviewed. Keywords: Water splitting; Photocatalysis; Hydrogen
Enhancing the photocatalytic activity of commercial P25 퐓퐢퐎 powder by combin...IJECEIAES
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glass slides. The performance of DSSCs containing ZnO NPs was significantly affected. The photovoltaic (PV)
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conversion efficiency (η) of 0.0064 %. The cell exhibits ~ 2.13 improvement over the performance (0.0030 %) of
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Graphenic semiconductors such as carbon nitride are attracting increasing attention as photocatalysts due to their chemical stability, visible light absorption and excellent electronic properties. The photocatalytic activity of nanostructured TiO2 catalysts is constrained by the wide bandgap and concomitant low visible light responsivity of TiO2. In this context we present the formation of new fluorine doped carbon nitride quantum dots (CNFQDs) by solid state reaction and the subsequent examination of their heterojunctions with TiO2 for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Arrays of rutile phase TiO2 nanorods embedded with CNFQDs were synthesized by a simple in situ hydrothermal approach and the resulting nanomaterials were found to exhibit strong visible light absorption. The energetics at the heterojunction were favorable for efficient electron transfer from CNFQDs to TiO2 under visible light irradiation and …
Arrays of TiO2 nanorods embedded with fluorine doped carbon nitride quantum d...Pawan Kumar
Graphenic semiconductors such as carbon nitride are attracting increasing attention as photocatalysts due to their chemical stability, visible light absorption and excellent electronic properties. The photocatalytic activity of nanostructured TiO2 catalysts is constrained by the wide bandgap and concomitant low visible light responsivity of TiO2. In this context we present the formation of new fluorine doped carbon nitride quantum dots (CNFQDs) by solid state reaction and the subsequent examination of their heterojunctions with TiO2 for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Arrays of rutile phase TiO2 nanorods embedded with CNFQDs were synthesized by a simple in situ hydrothermal approach and the resulting nanomaterials were found to exhibit strong visible light absorption. The energetics at the heterojunction were favorable for efficient electron transfer from CNFQDs to TiO2 under visible light irradiation and transfer of holes to the aqueous electrolyte. CNFQD-sensitized TiO2 nanorods exhibited a strong photoelectrochemical response up to 500 nm. Reuse experiments confirmed robustness and long term stability of the sample without exhausting the catalytic performance. The present work demonstrates a new pathway to sensitize TiO2 to visible photons by the in situ formation of embedded heterojunctions with fluorine doped carbon nitride quantum dots
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PREPARATION OF POROUS AND RECYCLABLE PVA-TIO2HYBRID HYDROGEL
1. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.3, September 2018
DOI: 10.14810/ecij.2018.7301 1
PREPARATION OF POROUS AND RECYCLABLE
PVA-TIO2HYBRID HYDROGEL
Mingxin Shi and Gen Li PhD.
The Baldwin School, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
ABSTRACT
Nano TiO2, one of the most effective photocatalysts, has extensive usein fields such as air purification,
sweage treatment, water spitting, reduction of CO2, and solar cells. Nowadays, the most promising method to
recycle nano TiO2during the photocatalysis is to immobilize TiO2onto matrix, such as polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA). However, due to the slow water permeability of PVA after cross-linking, the pollutants could not
contact with nano TiO2photocatalyst in time. To overcome this problem, we dispersed calcium carbonate
particles into a PVA-TiO2 mixture and then filmed the glass. PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films were obtained by
drying. Through thermal treatment, we obtained the cross-linked PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films. Finally, the
calcium carbonate in the film was dissolved by hydrochloric acid, and the porous PVA-TiO2 composite
photocatalyst was obtained. The results show the addition of CaCO3 has no obvious effect on PVA
cross-linking and that a large number of cavities have been generated on the surface and inside of porous
PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film. The size of the holes is about 5-15μm, which is consistent with that of
CaCO3.The photocatalytic rate constant of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film is 2.49 times higher than
that of nonporous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film.
KEYWORDS
Hybrid Hydrogel, Photocatalysis, TiO2, PVA
1. INTRODUCTION
Titanium dioxide, TiO2, one of the white pigments, is widely used in paints, plastics, and cosmetics.
Different from silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, clay, and other materials, TiO2 has its unique
photocatalytic function. The photocatalytic principle of TiO2 is shown in Fig.1 [1]. When TiO2 is
exposed to sunlight, especially ultraviolet rays, its valance electrons moved to the conduction band,
resulting in free electron-hole pair. The free electron-hole pair has strong oxidation-reduction
capability and can react with oxygen and water in the air to produce reactive oxygen and hydroxyl
radicals. When benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, bacteria, viruses and other pollutants adsorb on the
surface of TiO2, they are going to combine with free electrons or holes, have an oxidation reduction
reaction, and be decomposed into carbon dioxide, water, etc. Therefore, TiO2 is one of the
photocatalysts with huge potentials and has been widely appliedto air purification, sweage
treatment, water spitting, reduction of CO2 andsolar cells [2-5]
With the continuous decrease of TiO2 particle size, the specific surface area of TiO2 increases
continuously, and its photocatalytic activity also increases accordingly [6]. Therefore, all TiO2 used
for photocatalysis is nano TiO2. However, it is difficult to separate and recycle nanometer TiO2 in
the process of application. If not recycled, the loss of nano TiO2 particles to the environment will be
threatening to the ecosystem and human health. To separate P25 from the water, researchers usually
have to use centrifuge (10000r/min, 5min) or filter (0.22um ultrafiltration membrane, 3MPa). The
This work was supported in part by the Baldwin School and Institude of Chemistry Chinese Institute of Sciences. The paper is named
“Preparation of porous and recyclable PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel.”
Mingxin Shi is with the Baldwin School, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010 USA (e-mail: angelinashiwx@hotmail.com).
2. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.3, September 2018
2
process is complicated and expensive. In order to overcome this application bottleneck of nano
TiO2, the most effective method is to load nano TiO2 particles in large-size solid carriers to prepare
nano TiO2 photocatalyst. The carriers can be categorised into inorganic carriers and organic
carriers. The former mainly includes glass beads, ceramics, clay and aluminium foil [7], while the
latter mainly includes polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, cellulose and activated carbon
[8]. Shang et al. [9] coated the TiO2 sol on the surface of stainless steel wire mesh and obtained the
high specific surface area and high catalytic activity loaded TiO2 by calcining. The results showed
that the loaded TiO2 had good photocatalytic effect on formaldehyde. Shiva et al. [10] used alkali
and surfactant to treat polyester fabrics to make the polyester fiber surface have some holes and
hydrophilic groups, then immersed the fabric into the dispersion liquid of nanometer TiO2, took it
out after ultrasonic treatment, and carried out high temperature treatment. The results demonstrated
that the fabric has good catalytic effect on methylene blue.
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a kind of water-soluble polymer material that contains a lots of
hydroxyl groups. Due to its excellent film-forming, water-soluble, mechanical properties and
biodegradability, it has been widely applied in the fiber, film, emulsifying agent, binder, and other
fields. Pure PVA film has no obvious absorption of UV and visible light and is very suitable for
support nanometer TiO2 photocatalyst [11]. However, due to the slow water permeability of PVA
after cross-linking, the pollutants could not contact with nano TiO2 photocatalyst in time.
Therefore, the rate of photocatalysis of nanometer TiO2 photocatalyst will decrease when loaded
into the PVA film. To solve this problem, Song et al. [12] coated the PVA/TiO2 composite
photocatalyst on the glass plate and tried to prepare thinner composite film. Zhang et al. [13]
Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of the catalytic degradation of pollutants by TiO2 under UV radiation
coated the PVA/TiO2 composite photocatalyst on the honeycomb ceramics in an attempt to prepare
a more active photocatalyst. Nguyen et al. [14] prepared a porous PVA/TiO2 composite
photocatalyst by freeze-drying and improved the photocatalytic activity of the catalyst.Lee et al.
[15] prepared nano PVA/TiO2 composite fiber membranes by electrostatic spinning, and found that
the photocatalytic activity of the composite catalyst was inversely proportional to the diameter of
the fiber.However, there are still many challenges in developing a cheap and environmentally
friendly method for the preparation of efficient and recyclable TiO2 composite photocatalyst.
As far as we know, no one has prepared a porous PVA-TiO2 composite photocatalyst by etching
calcium carbonate from hydrochloric acid. Here, we dispersed calcium carbonate particles into a
PVA-TiO2 mixture and then filmed the glass. PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films were obtained by drying.
3. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.3, September 2018
3
Through thermal treatment, we obtained the cross-linked PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films. Finally, the
calcium carbonate in the film was dissolved by hydrochloric acid, and the porous PVA-TiO2
composite photocatalyst was obtained. The morphology, structure, and photocatalytic performance
of the composite catalyst were also characterised.
2. EXPERIMENT
2.1 MATERIALS
PVA (average degree of polymerisation 1750±50): Beijing Yili chemical co. LTD. Calcium
carbonate (AR): Sinopharm chemical reagent co. LTD. Hydrochloric acid (AR): Beijing Chemical
Plant. P25 (about 20% rutile and 80% anatase with an average particle size of 21nm): Germany
Evonik Company. Methyl Orange (model pollutant): Zhejiang Yongjia Chemical co.
2.2 PROCEDURE
Preparation of PVA Solution: add 15g PVA to a 250ml beaker, and then add 185ml of deionised
water. Agitate mechanically (300r/min). After swelling up for an hour, raise the temperature to
95℃. Dissolve for three hours and get a transparent and homogeneous PVA solution with a
solubility of 7.5%.
Add 300mg TiO2 to a 150ml beaker, add 15ml deionised water, disperse by ultrasonic for 2min,
then add 40g PVA solution (7.5% solubility), and stir for 15 min to get PVA-TiO2 solution. Add
1.5g CaCO3 and 5ml deionised water to a 10ml centrifuge tube. After ultrasonic dispersion for
2min, the solution was added to PVA-TiO2 solution, and the PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 solution was
obtained after keeping stirring for half an hour. Pour the dispersing liquid onto the glass plate and
use the film laying machine to lay a 1mm thick film. The thickness of the film after natural drying
was about 45μm. Cover the dried film with two pieces of A4 paper to prevent curling and place
inside a 140℃ oven. Take it out after cross linking for 2 hours in the vacuum state, and get the cross
linked PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film. Cut a certain amount of cross linked film and put in 300ml 1% HCl
solution. Lots of bubbles were produced on the surface. After soaking for half an hour, clean the
film with deionised water for 6 times and get a porous PVA-TiO2 hydrogel film.
2.3 EXPERIMENTAL INSTRUMENTS
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM, SU8020) was used to observe the morphology of the sample,
and the acceleration voltage was 15KV.
The sample’s Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis used Thermal Fisher
company’s Nicolet Avatar 6700 reflection accessory of FTIR Nicolet Smart Orbit Accessory
(Thermo Fisher Scientific). The wave number rage was 4000-650cm-1
. The resolution was 4cm-1
and scanned 32 times.
UV-Vis Diffuse reflection spectrum (UV-Vis DRS) was measured by Shimadzu Company’s
UV-2600 ultraviolet spectrophotometer, equipped with integral ball attachments. The test
resolution was set to 1nm, using Barium Sulfate for baseline correction, and the scanning rage was
200-800nm.
The Thermo-gravimetric analysis under air(TGA-air) used Perkin-Elmer TGA-7 series thermal
analysis system. The temperature range was 100℃ to 700℃. The heating rate was 20℃/min, and
the air velocity was 20ml/min.
4. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.3, September 2018
4
2.4 PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION
Methyl Orange (MO) was selected as the target pollutant to evaluate the photocatalytic
performance of the new UV light catalyst. The initial concentration of methyl orange was 15mg/L.
The UV light catalytic experiment was carried out in the photochemical reactor produced by
Beijing Zhongjiao Jinyuan Company. The light source was a 500W xenon lamp, and the ultraviolet
light of 365±15nm was obtained by the addition of the filter. Before illumination, measured a
sample containing 20mg TiO2 nanoparticles and put into a beaker containing 40ml methyl orange
solution. Avoid light and absorb for 2 hours to achieve the adsorption-desorption equilibrium. After
illumination, the absorbance of 5ml filtrate was measured at regular intervals of every half an hour.
The photocatalytic mechanism of Methyl Orange by TiO2 is shown in the figure below[16]. The
absorbance of MO solution at the maximum absorption wavelength of 465 nm was measured by the
ultraviolet visible absorption spectrometer (Lovibond, ET99731). Measurement was repeated three
times. The mean value was calculated. Ct/C0 (=At/A0) was used to describe the degradation degree
of MO, and the Ct/C0-t curve was drawn.
Fig.2. Possible degradation pathway for MO during photocatalysis
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 PICTURES
Fig.3. is the pictures of pure PVA, PVA-TiO2, and PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films. Picture Ashows that the
pure PVA film is transparent, so it is very suitable for TiO2 loading. After adding TiO2, the film
turns out to be white with a slightly reflective surface. PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film is also white, but the
surface reflect light significantly diminishes, showing that its diffuse reflection is serious, and its
surface is rough comparing to that of PVA-TiO2.
3.2 FTIR GRAPH ANALYSIS OF CACO3, PVA, PVA-TIO2, AND PVA-TIO2-CACO3FILMS
Fig. 4. is the FTIR curves of CaCO3, PVA, PVA-TiO2, and PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 thin films. In Fig.4.,
the infrared spectrum of CaCO3 mainly has two absorption peaks, 1377cm-1
and 864cm-1
,
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5
respectively, corresponding to the symmetric stretching vibration of C-O and the deformation
vibration peak of external CO surface. Pure PVA in 3276cm-1
, 2920cm-1
, 1655cm-1
, 1427cm-1
, and
1080cm-1
has obvious absorption peaks. Those absorption peaks correspond to the OH stretching
vibration, CH2 stretching vibration, OH bending vibration, CH2 bending vibration and C-O
stretching vibration, respectively. The infrared absorption peak of PVA-TiO2 after cross-linking is
consistent with that of pure PVA, indicating that the addition of TiO2 has no obvious effect on the
cross linking of PVA. It is worth noting that PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film has a wide absorption peak in
the 1400cm-1
, and the absorption peak becomes sharp in 874cm-1
, which is mainly caused by the
addition of CaCO3. After comparing the infrared spectroscopy of PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 and PVA, it
can be shown that the addition of CaCO3 has no effect on PVA cross-linking. This report does not
include the analysis on the intensity change of different data because under FTIR’s reflection mode,
the intensity of peaks is related to the sample pressure. Additionally, combining the result of TGA
curves, the initial degradation temperature of PVA is higher than 250℃, indicating that the thermal
treatment at 140℃ by P25 and CaCO3 has no effect on PVA.
Fig. 3. Pictures of pure PVA, PVA-TiO2, and PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films
Fig. 4. FTIR graph of CaCO3, PVA, PVA-TiO2, and PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films
3.3 TGACURVE ANALYSIS OF PURE PVA, PVA-TIO2, AND PVA-TIO2-CACO3FILMS
Fig. 5. is the TGA curves of pure PVA, PVA-TiO2, and PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films. The figure shows
that the pure PVA film has good heat resistance, with only about 0.7% of weight loss before 250℃,
which is due to PVA intermolecular cross linking dehydration. PVA thermal degradation is mainly
consisted of three stages. The first phase is between 250-350℃. The process is mainly the hydroxyl
removal and the chain break of part of the PVA molecular chain. The second phase is 350-450℃.
A B C
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The process is mainly the oxidisation degradation of PVA molecular chain and carbide of the
molecular chain. The third phase is 450-570℃. The process is the oxidation and degradation of
PVA carbide products. After adding TiO2, the initial pyrolysis temperature of PVA was slightly
advanced, which may be caused by the thermal catalysis of TiO2. PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film’s initial
thermal decomposition temperature also moves in advance compared to that of pure PVA, but
based on the curve of the process of degradation, TiO2 and CaCO3 only slightly reduced the heat
resistance of PVA, but have not effect on the degradation of PVA. In addition, pure PVA’s thermal
weight loss above 600℃ is 100%, proving that it can decompose completely, so the residual
weights of PVA-TiO2 and PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films under 600℃ are the contents of inorganic
matters, about 10% and 40% respectively, demonstrating that PVA-TiO2 film contains 10% of TiO2
and PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film contains 10% TiO2 and 30% CaCO3.
3.4 SEM ANALYSIS OF PURE TIO2
Fig. 6. is the SEM photos of pure TiO2. The figure shows that the pure TiO2 has some agglomerates,
with size of around 5-15μm. Based on the high power photos, the aggregates are composed of nano
TiO2 particles with even smaller size. The primary size of TiO2 particles is less than 50nm and is
uniform, proving that nanoscale TiO2 is used.
Fig. 5.TGA curves of pure PVA, PVA-TiO2, and PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films (air, 20℃/min)
Fig. 6. SEM photos of pure TiO2
3.5SEMANALYSIS OF CACO3, PVA-TIO2, AND PVA-TIO2-CACO3 FILMS
Fig.7. shows the SEM photos of CaCO3, PVA-TiO2, and PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films. As can be seen
from Picture A, CaCO3 particles are mainly micron particles with uneven size. Most of them are
5-15μm irregular particles, and a large number of CaCO3 particles with a size of 1-5μm also exist in
the system. Based on Picture B, the surface of PVA-TiO2 film surface is smooth without holes,
100 um
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7
which is not conducive to the entry and exit of pollutant solution. In addition, a large number of
white areas can be seen on the surface of PVA-TiO2 film, which may be the aggregates of TiO2. The
size of these white areas is about 10μm, indicating that TiO2 has agglomeration in PVA. As shown
inPicture C, after etching, PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film surface appears to have a large number of cavity.
The size of the holes is about 5-20μm, which is consistent with that of CaCO3, showing that
CaCO3in the film is dissolved and a porous PVA film is successfully obtained. Moreover, it can be
seen from Picture D that the thickness of PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film is about 45μm. There are also a
large number of holes in in the inner part of PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film, proving that the method of
etching CaCO3 can successfully prepare porous PVA hydrogels. Till this point, the SEM pictures
prove that there are large number of cavities, which sizes are the same as those of CaCO3, as shown
in Picture A and C. We plan to carry out AFM test and water permeability test in the next step.
3.6 ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGE OF METHYL ORANGE CONCENTRATION
Methyl Orange is used as model pollutant to characterise the catalytic activity of nonporous and
porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogels under UV lights. Prior to the experiment, pure methyl orange
solution was placed under UV light for two hours, and its concentration remains unchanged. As
shown in Fig. 7, the concentration of methyl orange continues to decrease under the light,
indicating that both nonporous and porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogels can catalyse the
degradation of methyl orange. Nonporous PVA-TiO2 hybrid film degrades about 54% of methyl
orange under UV light for 2 hours, while porous PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film degrades about 86% of
methyl orange, showing that the porosity of the film allows pollutants to contact with the film at a
faster rate and increases the contact of TiO2 and pollutants, and then improves the photocatalytic
performance of the film.
Fig. 7. SEM photos of CaCO3, PVA-TiO2, and PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films
A
C D
100 um 100 um100 um100 um
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Fig. 8. The change curves of Methyl orange concentration catalysed by UV light
Fig. 9. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange reaction rate fitting curve
The rate of degradation process of methyl orange catalysed by PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film decreases
slightly as the the concentration of methyl orange decreases, indicating that the photocatalytic
reaction accords with first-order reaction. In Fig. 8, to draw ultraviolet illumination time t based on
ln(Ct/C0) and perform linear fitting, the slope of the linear fitting is the photocatalytic reaction rate
constant. PVA-TiO2 and PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film photocatalytic rate constants are 0.39h-1
and
0.97h-1
, respectively. The higher the rate constant, the higher the photocatalytic efficiency,
indicating that the photocatalytic rate of porous PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film is 2.49 times than that of
nonporous PVA-TiO2 film.
3.7 ANALYSISOF THE RECYCLABILITY OF POROUS PVA-TIO2-CACO3 FILM
In Fig. 10, it shows that the degradation curve of methyl orange photo-catalysed byporous
PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film fits the first-order kinetics, so the photocatalytic effect of
PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 film is pretty stable. However, figure 10 also demonstrates that the hybrid film’s
photocatalytic activity slightly decreases after testing for five times. It was probably because the
degradation products of methyl orange stay in the hybrid film or get absorbed on the surface of
TiO2. Moreover, under UV light irradiation, TiO2 could probably catalyse the matrix of PVA,
leading to the slight decrease of TiO2’s photocatalytic activity. In conclusion, after repeating the
cycle of photocatalysis for 5 times, the hybrid film still has photocatalytic activity, with only slight
decrease. In later experiment, we will try to prepare more stable film.
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Fig. 10. Cycle photocatalytic performance test of PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 under UV light irradiation
4. CONCLUSION
Porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film was successfully prepared by etching CaCO3 with
hydrochloric acid. This method is safe, green, simple, and easy to be prepared in large quantities.
TGA shows that the addition of CaCO3 volume is about 30%. FTIR shows the addition of CaCO3
has no obvious effect on PVA cross-linking. SEM shows that a large number of holes has been
generated on the surface and inside of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film. The size of the holes
is about 5-15μm, which is consistent with that of CaCO3.
Porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film has significantly high photocatalytic efficiency than that of
nonporous hybrid hydrogel film. The photocatalytic rate constant of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid
hydrogel film is 2.49 times higher than that of nonporous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film since the
porosity increases the contact area and rate of TiO2 and pollutants. The film is recyclable and its
photocatalytic rate does not decrease when repeating the experiment.
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AUTHOR
Mingxin Shi comes from Bryn Mawr, PA, and was born on October 31, 1999. Shi is
currently a senior at the Baldwin School, a high school in Bryn Mawr, PA. Shi’s major
field of study is Chemistry, especially about the photocatalysis of the semiconductor.
She internedat Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences in the summer of
2018. Under the help of Dr. Gen Li and Dr. Mingshu Yang, she conduct experiments
about how to maintain the photocatalytic rate of TiO2while making it
recyclable.“Preparation of Porous and Recyclable PVA-TiO2 Hybrid Hydrogel” Ms.
Shi.