Percentage of households’ electricity demand in total energy demand of households is increasing day by day. However, households’ electricity consumption fails to provide the added value to Gross National Product unlike industry sector. Therefore, the factors that increase the energy consumption of households should be analyzed and in this respect, required energy saving policies should be generated. In this paper, the ordered logit models examined the variables affecting the electricity consumption of households in Turkey. According to goodness of fit indicators, Partial Proportional Odds Model was determined as the best model that fits into our dataset. The results obtained from model show that electrically powered items and their quantities, household size, income, housing type and properties are important factors that increase households’ electricity consumption.
Electricity consumption and household characteristics: Implications for censu...Ben Anderson
Presentation given at MRS Workshop "Can Big Data replace the Census? What does Big Data give us now?" , March 7, 2016, MRS, London (https://www.mrs.org.uk/event/conferences/can_big_data_replace_the_census/course/4088/id/10035)
Conceptual Framework of Modelling for Malaysian Household Electrical Energy C...IJECEIAES
The residential sector was one of the contributors to the increase in the world energy consumption and CO emission due to the increase population, economic development, and improved living standard. Developing a reliable model of electrical energy consumption based on techno-socio economic factors was challenging since many assumptions need to be considered. Over the past decade, bottom-up approaches such as multi-linear regression, artificial neural network (ANN), and conditional demand analysis were used for developing mathematical models to investigate interrelated characteristics among techno-socio economic factors. However, the existing models mostly were focused on countries that had different socio-economic level and cultures from the developing countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Similar studies in that tropical region were very scarce and only limited for linear modelling under the conditions of techno-socio economic factors. In this study, we proposed ANN for developing a model of electrical energy consumption based on techno-socio economic factors for a tropical region, Malaysia. In order to develop the model, quantitative measurement and qualitative assessment were required. The quantitative measurement was based on the monitoring of total electrical energy consumption with a oneminute interval. In contrast, the qualitative assessment utilized a questionnaire survey to assess household characteristics based on technosocio economic parameters. The objective of this paper was to propose a conceptual framework of the estimation model for household electrical energy consumption with the consideration of techno-socio economic factors using ANN.
Explaining the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this paper is to explore the energy consumption-economic growth nexus for four emerging countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China – the BRIC countries) over the period 1989-2014. By applying a set of recent panel data models, we show that increases in real per capita GDP have a positive and statistically significant effect on per capita energy consumption (and vice-versa). In the long term, a 1% increase in real per capita GDP raises the energy consumption per capita by about 0.56-0.67% while a 1% increase in per capita energy use increases the real per capita GDP by about 0,87-1.69%. Thus, the impact of real GDP on energy consumption is less important than vice versa.
Business Research Report for Electricity Conusmption behaviour research conducted in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar region of Gujarat with a sample size of 50.
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SWAZILANDpaperpublications3
Abstract: The issue of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth (GDP) has been a topic concerning energy economists’ for a number of years given that the results have important implications for policy makers. This interest has been stimulated by the persistent increase in the awareness of global warming and climate change. Furthermore, this issue is currently of fundamental importance given the very real threat of global warming and hence the need to cut electricity consumption to reduce emissions to help stem climate change. Renewable energy plays a vital role in economic growth. Energy consumption is, in Africa, one of the mostly consumed capital goods for economic growth realization, and it has nowadays become a need for the society to function properly.
Electricity consumption and household characteristics: Implications for censu...Ben Anderson
Presentation given at MRS Workshop "Can Big Data replace the Census? What does Big Data give us now?" , March 7, 2016, MRS, London (https://www.mrs.org.uk/event/conferences/can_big_data_replace_the_census/course/4088/id/10035)
Conceptual Framework of Modelling for Malaysian Household Electrical Energy C...IJECEIAES
The residential sector was one of the contributors to the increase in the world energy consumption and CO emission due to the increase population, economic development, and improved living standard. Developing a reliable model of electrical energy consumption based on techno-socio economic factors was challenging since many assumptions need to be considered. Over the past decade, bottom-up approaches such as multi-linear regression, artificial neural network (ANN), and conditional demand analysis were used for developing mathematical models to investigate interrelated characteristics among techno-socio economic factors. However, the existing models mostly were focused on countries that had different socio-economic level and cultures from the developing countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Similar studies in that tropical region were very scarce and only limited for linear modelling under the conditions of techno-socio economic factors. In this study, we proposed ANN for developing a model of electrical energy consumption based on techno-socio economic factors for a tropical region, Malaysia. In order to develop the model, quantitative measurement and qualitative assessment were required. The quantitative measurement was based on the monitoring of total electrical energy consumption with a oneminute interval. In contrast, the qualitative assessment utilized a questionnaire survey to assess household characteristics based on technosocio economic parameters. The objective of this paper was to propose a conceptual framework of the estimation model for household electrical energy consumption with the consideration of techno-socio economic factors using ANN.
Explaining the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this paper is to explore the energy consumption-economic growth nexus for four emerging countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China – the BRIC countries) over the period 1989-2014. By applying a set of recent panel data models, we show that increases in real per capita GDP have a positive and statistically significant effect on per capita energy consumption (and vice-versa). In the long term, a 1% increase in real per capita GDP raises the energy consumption per capita by about 0.56-0.67% while a 1% increase in per capita energy use increases the real per capita GDP by about 0,87-1.69%. Thus, the impact of real GDP on energy consumption is less important than vice versa.
Business Research Report for Electricity Conusmption behaviour research conducted in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar region of Gujarat with a sample size of 50.
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SWAZILANDpaperpublications3
Abstract: The issue of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth (GDP) has been a topic concerning energy economists’ for a number of years given that the results have important implications for policy makers. This interest has been stimulated by the persistent increase in the awareness of global warming and climate change. Furthermore, this issue is currently of fundamental importance given the very real threat of global warming and hence the need to cut electricity consumption to reduce emissions to help stem climate change. Renewable energy plays a vital role in economic growth. Energy consumption is, in Africa, one of the mostly consumed capital goods for economic growth realization, and it has nowadays become a need for the society to function properly.
Global issue based power generation expansion planning for a power systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Small Area Estimation as a tool for thinking about temporal and spatial varia...Ben Anderson
Anderson, B (2014) Small Area Estimation as a tool for thinking about temporal and spatial variation in energy demand. Paper presented at AURIN/NATSEM Microsimulation Workshop, University of Melbourne, Thursday 4th December 2014
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions for residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability and demand of energy resources is the dynamic and seasonal changes. Human beings are unaware of the cost of energy consumed by various appliances and the energy resources available for the next generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in different seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30589.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30589/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
Cointegration relationship betweeCOINTEGRATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC ...aeijjournal
Energy dependent small developing island states are besieged to sustain potential rate of growth. This is
due to increase in energy prices and lack of evidence based policy on long term sustainable energy use.
This paper examines the long run relationship between economic growth, export and electricity
consumption in Fiji over the period 1981-2011. Employing Granger causality test it is found that there is
cointegrating relationship between economic growth, export and electricity consumption. The casual
relationship between the variables was investigated within the error correction model framework. We
found that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and export to economic growth.
Based on this empirical analysis some important policy implications are suggested.
Quantitative research in energy, availability, access and affordability, Papi...ESD UNU-IAS
This lecture is part of the 2016 ProSPER.Net Young Researchers’ School on sustainable energy for transforming lives: availability, accessibility, affordability
ADOPTING MEASURES TO REDUCE POWER OUTAGESelelijjournal
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting
from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses
should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these
power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction ,and convenience.
Knowledge Management Practices In (Comsat) Academic Library Networkinventionjournals
Our society today is immensely impacted by the progress in information and communication technologies (ICTs). Literature names this change and the rise of new environment as “period of rapid change”. There is hardly any professional or field which has not stirred by the ICTs. In this globally competitive environment, librarianship is also deeply affected by ICTs and acts as a web among all the educational institutions. Libraries of various educational institutions must go with the flow by transforming the information into knowledge and introduce productive and new services. Knowledge is indeed the root to stay firm in this economy-run society today. This research article attempts to analyze the KM tools, their usage, awareness, and advantages. This study will show how COMSAT University (CIIT) Library network around different campuses convert the intellectual assets of Library and there workers and staff members into higher productive services by using KM tools and techniques.
Effect of Organic and Inorganic Manurial Combinations on Turmeric (Curcuma Lo...inventionjournals
The present experiment was conducted during the year 2014-2015 at Farmers field under On Farm Trail by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandhamal (Odisha), India; to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic manurial combinations on turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). The different treatment combinations were- T0 : full dose of RDF with chemical fertilizers (60 : 50 : 120 kg NPK/ha), T1 : 75% N through urea + 25% N (Vermicompost), T2 : 75% N (urea) + 25% N (Poultry manure), T3 : 75% N (urea) + 25% N (Farmyard manure), T4 : 50% N (urea) + 50% N (Vermicompost), T5 : 50% N (urea) + 50% N (Poultry manure), T6 : 50% N (urea) + 50% N (Farmyard manure), T7 : 25% N (urea) + 25% N (Vermicompost), T8 : 25% N (urea) + 25% N (Poultry manure) and T9 : 25% N (urea) + 25% N (Farmyard manure). The results clearly indicate that the treatment T5 significantly increased plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, number of leaves/plant and number of tillers/clump followed by T4 over the control. The highest fresh rhizome yield (154.18 q/ha), dry rhizome yield (34.73 q/ha) and curcumin content (5.2%) were recorded in the treatmentT 5.
Determinants of New Molecular Entity Approval by United States Food & Drug Ad...inventionjournals
This paper analyzes the relationship between research-based pharmaceutical companies’ R&D productivity, patent, pivotal trial and drug development strategy with the number of NME approval by U.S. FDA. The model was estimated using annual data, gathered from ten large pharmaceutical companies in the world. The regression analysis used pooled regression with Estimated Generalized Least Squares (EGLS) method. The result showed that R&D productivity, patent, pivotal trial, and drug development strategy are statistically significant in increasing the number of NME approval in research-based pharmaceutical companies. The relative order of significance in influencing the number of NME approval was patent, development strategy, R&D productivity, and pivotal trial.
On the Contingency and Necessity of Social Career Choice from the Perspective...inventionjournals
This article discusses social career choice on the perspective of development of mathematical history. Although various causes contribute to the career choice, there exist its chance and inevitability. However, as long as you choose it, you should pay the effort to get a good result. This paper provides college students with good employment guidance.
The Outsider and the Mediator: Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis as a Diasporic Me...inventionjournals
Persepolis is a graphic memoir which details the life and experiences of Marjane Satrapi, a young girl who grew up in the midst of the Iranian revolution and war. Satrapi is a diasporic writer who looks into her past, to regenerate the civil and social strife, violence and fanaticism that interpolate her childhood memories. Her graphic novel is one of the many Iranian diasporic memoirs which reveals a struggle for a reconnaissance and assimilation of the identity of the Iranian individual. Marji, the narrator persona, engages the reader by recounting her first hand experiences through the memoir. Satrapi narrates the story, and often stands in place of Marji, to discuss the social and political realities of her time. She imagines a reader who is an outsider to the politico-social and economic conditions of Iran. Her identity as an expatriate, however, impedes her from assuming the identity of the ordinary Iranian woman. She thus is relegated to the role of a mediator.
Global issue based power generation expansion planning for a power systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Small Area Estimation as a tool for thinking about temporal and spatial varia...Ben Anderson
Anderson, B (2014) Small Area Estimation as a tool for thinking about temporal and spatial variation in energy demand. Paper presented at AURIN/NATSEM Microsimulation Workshop, University of Melbourne, Thursday 4th December 2014
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions for residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability and demand of energy resources is the dynamic and seasonal changes. Human beings are unaware of the cost of energy consumed by various appliances and the energy resources available for the next generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in different seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30589.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30589/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
Cointegration relationship betweeCOINTEGRATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC ...aeijjournal
Energy dependent small developing island states are besieged to sustain potential rate of growth. This is
due to increase in energy prices and lack of evidence based policy on long term sustainable energy use.
This paper examines the long run relationship between economic growth, export and electricity
consumption in Fiji over the period 1981-2011. Employing Granger causality test it is found that there is
cointegrating relationship between economic growth, export and electricity consumption. The casual
relationship between the variables was investigated within the error correction model framework. We
found that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and export to economic growth.
Based on this empirical analysis some important policy implications are suggested.
Quantitative research in energy, availability, access and affordability, Papi...ESD UNU-IAS
This lecture is part of the 2016 ProSPER.Net Young Researchers’ School on sustainable energy for transforming lives: availability, accessibility, affordability
ADOPTING MEASURES TO REDUCE POWER OUTAGESelelijjournal
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting
from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses
should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these
power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction ,and convenience.
Knowledge Management Practices In (Comsat) Academic Library Networkinventionjournals
Our society today is immensely impacted by the progress in information and communication technologies (ICTs). Literature names this change and the rise of new environment as “period of rapid change”. There is hardly any professional or field which has not stirred by the ICTs. In this globally competitive environment, librarianship is also deeply affected by ICTs and acts as a web among all the educational institutions. Libraries of various educational institutions must go with the flow by transforming the information into knowledge and introduce productive and new services. Knowledge is indeed the root to stay firm in this economy-run society today. This research article attempts to analyze the KM tools, their usage, awareness, and advantages. This study will show how COMSAT University (CIIT) Library network around different campuses convert the intellectual assets of Library and there workers and staff members into higher productive services by using KM tools and techniques.
Effect of Organic and Inorganic Manurial Combinations on Turmeric (Curcuma Lo...inventionjournals
The present experiment was conducted during the year 2014-2015 at Farmers field under On Farm Trail by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandhamal (Odisha), India; to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic manurial combinations on turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). The different treatment combinations were- T0 : full dose of RDF with chemical fertilizers (60 : 50 : 120 kg NPK/ha), T1 : 75% N through urea + 25% N (Vermicompost), T2 : 75% N (urea) + 25% N (Poultry manure), T3 : 75% N (urea) + 25% N (Farmyard manure), T4 : 50% N (urea) + 50% N (Vermicompost), T5 : 50% N (urea) + 50% N (Poultry manure), T6 : 50% N (urea) + 50% N (Farmyard manure), T7 : 25% N (urea) + 25% N (Vermicompost), T8 : 25% N (urea) + 25% N (Poultry manure) and T9 : 25% N (urea) + 25% N (Farmyard manure). The results clearly indicate that the treatment T5 significantly increased plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, number of leaves/plant and number of tillers/clump followed by T4 over the control. The highest fresh rhizome yield (154.18 q/ha), dry rhizome yield (34.73 q/ha) and curcumin content (5.2%) were recorded in the treatmentT 5.
Determinants of New Molecular Entity Approval by United States Food & Drug Ad...inventionjournals
This paper analyzes the relationship between research-based pharmaceutical companies’ R&D productivity, patent, pivotal trial and drug development strategy with the number of NME approval by U.S. FDA. The model was estimated using annual data, gathered from ten large pharmaceutical companies in the world. The regression analysis used pooled regression with Estimated Generalized Least Squares (EGLS) method. The result showed that R&D productivity, patent, pivotal trial, and drug development strategy are statistically significant in increasing the number of NME approval in research-based pharmaceutical companies. The relative order of significance in influencing the number of NME approval was patent, development strategy, R&D productivity, and pivotal trial.
On the Contingency and Necessity of Social Career Choice from the Perspective...inventionjournals
This article discusses social career choice on the perspective of development of mathematical history. Although various causes contribute to the career choice, there exist its chance and inevitability. However, as long as you choose it, you should pay the effort to get a good result. This paper provides college students with good employment guidance.
The Outsider and the Mediator: Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis as a Diasporic Me...inventionjournals
Persepolis is a graphic memoir which details the life and experiences of Marjane Satrapi, a young girl who grew up in the midst of the Iranian revolution and war. Satrapi is a diasporic writer who looks into her past, to regenerate the civil and social strife, violence and fanaticism that interpolate her childhood memories. Her graphic novel is one of the many Iranian diasporic memoirs which reveals a struggle for a reconnaissance and assimilation of the identity of the Iranian individual. Marji, the narrator persona, engages the reader by recounting her first hand experiences through the memoir. Satrapi narrates the story, and often stands in place of Marji, to discuss the social and political realities of her time. She imagines a reader who is an outsider to the politico-social and economic conditions of Iran. Her identity as an expatriate, however, impedes her from assuming the identity of the ordinary Iranian woman. She thus is relegated to the role of a mediator.
The aim of this study is to develop a mixed school safety scale by reviewing the approaches in the literature. The literature review has resulted in a 44-item pool for the scale. This initial scale has been evaluated by ten faculty members of Faculty of Education in terms of content validity and language. Pilot scheme has been applied to 257 primary school teachers in Uşak provincial center. Following item analysis, 28 items with low factor load have been dismissed, leaving 16 items in the scale. The scale is a 4- point Likert scale and all items consist of positive judgement. The scale has then been reapplied to 400 teachers in Uşak provincial center, while 320 of them have been evaluated. The reliability of the scale has been provided by item analysis, Cronbach’s Alpha internal validity coefficient and split half test reliability. The structural validity of the scale has been tested by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses respectively. Following exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, two more items have been dismissed and the scale has been finalized with 14 items. Final scale has been seen to have an acceptable level of goodness of fit value. The scale items consist of two dimensions as police model and school climate, covering the safety models present in the literature.
One of the important routes providing the transportation between the Hellespont and the Kapıdağ Peninsula in the Byzantine period followed the Scamander and Aisepos Valleys. These valleys constitute one of the areas we study to determine the military geography and defensive structures of the Hellespont and its vicinity in the Byzantine period. In this manuscript, it was aimed to evaluate the archaeological data we detected at Asarkale on the upper Aisepos Valley. It was predicted that the data to be obtained with this evaluation would first of all contribute to the settlement of the problems of dating the structure. Asartepe is approximately 310 m in length in the north-east - south-west direction. The highest altitude of the hill is measured as around 798 m. First of all, a plan of the castle was drawn up by following the walls of the castle in our study. The castle displays a long and narrow plan in the north-east - south-west direction, in agreement with the topography of the hill. The defensive wall covering the north-west of the hill approximately extends from the altitude of 783 m to the altitude of 795 m in the north-east - south-west direction.
Analyzing of the Geopolitical Energy Confrontation in the Caucasus: Role of I...inventionjournals
This article examines one of the main issues which may influence all of the Caucasus region on political and economic grounds. A geopolitical energy rivalry has taken a significant place among regional and global actors particularly in the Caucasus region. In this regard, the research purposed suggest analyzing the distribution of the energy power and geopolitical interests of Russia, European Union, Iran and Turkey which correlate with utilizing the significant position of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia in terms of the supplying and transferring energy resources. Lifting economic and political sanction by the West in Iran will bring new economic opportunities in the energy sector because of it being a strong player in terms of the supplying of energy resources that its influence will provide in the transforming of the international energy market. Decreasing oil and gas prices in the world marketplace has negatively affected Russia's economy. Taking regional states position on the geopolitical ground into account, one of the Russian purposes is pressuring countries like (Georgia, Azerbaijan etc.) in order to increase the importation of energy resources from Moscow while utilizing their position as a primary supplier of energy to other countries. In this case, coming from an Iranian influence on the region may escalate increasing new geopolitical energy confrontation particularly between main regional actors Iran and Russia. Geopolitically transforming the region brings advantages and disadvantages on the energy sector and this illustrates the characteristics of this region which are quite fragile and sensitive. Analyzing the energy relations between those countries will enable the use by policy makers for political stability and regional cooperation in the region
The Moral Questions on the Religious Basis for Terrorisminventionjournals
Terrorism has been informed and propelled by many factors such as tribal, political, religious and many other factors but experience has shown that religious factor has been a key factor for terrorism; sometimes, it is used to champion other courses which may be political or tribal. Religious terrorism is the justifiability of terror acts on the ground that such an act is sanctioned by a deity; thus, adherents are called to even kill in order to defend their faith. Religious motivated terrorism (e. g., Joshua conquest of the Canaanites in the Old Testament, ISIS terrorist attacks, Al Qaeda, Hezbollah in Lebanon, Boko-Haram in Nigeria etc.) is said to be the deadliest of all other kinds of terrorism. Looking at the religious basis for terrorism, one is poised to raise some moral questions such as: are there ethical justifications for religious terrorism? Is religion the bedrock for morality or vice versa? Since God has reason for all His actions, can He ever sanction the killing of His creatures for His delight? What is the moral undertone of martyrdom? Etc. This research considers these questions and more thereby unveiling a possible moral condemnation of religious basis for terrorism.
Society and Environment in Ancient India (Study of Hydrology)inventionjournals
This paper attempts an analysis of the science and technology evolved in ancient India in relation to water .On the other side it focuses on the dominating role of water in the development of different civilizations as it attached a great importance to their life. The aim of the paper is to highlight the usefulness of those ancient hydraulic techniques of different regions of country at different times in terms of water conservation etc. Thus an effort is made to prove that the hydraulic techniques introduced, not only by the Government but also by the indigenous people which were highly advanced techniques of that period and these specific indigenous water-harvesting and collection methods were developed / evolved in direct response to local geo-physical conditions which has brought prosperity to the state and now the efforts are made by the recent governments and NGOs for the revival of those techniques for the betterment of the people .
An Analogical Study of the Narrative Techniques Used In the Film Paradesi (20...inventionjournals
Narrations in films have always taken the primary place. Understanding the narrative culture of a medium becomes the prime motive of the narrator while working on adaptations. There is a strong connection between the verbal and visual representation is sequence, since literary and filmic signs are apprehended consecutively through time. The success and acceptability of a film is based on the narration style and techniques. This is very much true in Tamil cinema narrative patterns. While trying to adapt the story from a medium the director of the film Bala, has focused on trying to maintain the narrative syntax of the original, but has also closely followed the semantics of visual design. The Tamil film Paradesi is an adaptation of the Tamil translation Yerium Panikkadu of the novel ‘Red Tea’, which was has been an inspiration for the director.
Search of Identity: A study of Manju Kapur’s novel “Difficult Daughters”inventionjournals
This paper presents the woman as an individual who fights against suppression and oppression of the patriarchy. The novel Difficult Daughters sensibly shows the position of women and her longing struggle to establish an identity. Manju Kapur has come out as serious social thinker in her novels because there is a purpose behind her writing. All her novels have been written with a definite purpose because the novelist tries to analyze issues related to the middle class or upper middle class women. Manju Kapur is much interested to present the questions and problems related to women in a larger perspective. In her novels, the women’s questions have emerged essentially in the context of the identity of the new educated middle class. Manju Kapur’s female protagonists are mostly educated. They are strong individuals but imprisoned within the boundary of conservative society. Their education leads them to independent thinking for which their family and society become intolerable to them, in their individual struggle with family and society through which they plunged into a dedicated effort to search an identity for them as qualified women with faultless background. The novelist has portrayed her protagonists as women caught in the conflict between the passions of the flesh and yearning to be a part of the political and intellectual society of today
The Public Perception and Media Campaign Against Yoga Practitioners in Romani...inventionjournals
This case study aims to estimate the effects of the continuous defamation of the yoga practitioners in Romanian mass-media. The paper is based on the results of a quantitative research focused on the public perception about Romanian yoga practitioners, compared to their description in the media. The research also analyzed the opinion of persons belonging to the yoga movement, regarding the defamation media campaign and their testimonials about discrimination incidents. During the communism, in Romania the yoga practitioners were persecuted by the secret political police. After the communist period, Romanian yogis continue to face difficulties like media campaigns of defamation and hate speech. Our results prove that the negative media campaigns are important factors that caused the marginalization of the yoga practitioners as a social group and favored their discrimination in the Romanian society. For more than 25 years, the media constantly depicted the yoga practitioners in depreciative words. Our study proves that the perception upon yogis is very different for the people who know directly the yoga movement and its students and for the people who know the movement and the yogis only from media. The huge difference of the direct and mediated knowledge, and the fact that the words used by respondents to describe the yogis are similar to those used by press, suggest the assimilation of the mediated message by the public. There is strong evidence that this message is not true, since it is so different than the direct knowledge of people who came in contact with the movement.
Study of Family’s Role in Their Children’s Training From the Perspective of t...inventionjournals
Humanization and reaching to the ultimate perfection is all thanks to proper upbringing. Different genetic and environmental factors effect on child training meanwhile, the family is the most fundamental institution for raising children. Family environment both in terms of priority (time and location) and priority (the quality of effect) is the most important environments that can provide a suitable ground for the child's physical and spiritual talent. However, one of the elements that can be very effective in educating children by family is the prospective of holy Quran for children’s education. So in this study, the family’s role in their children’s training from the perspective of the holy Quran has been studied. The research method is library and documentary. The results of the research showed that from the prospective of Quran, family institution while being a social institution it is an ethical, moral and juridical institution that law and Ethics are intertwined in its field and kindness and love govern on its relationship. According to the holy Quran verses, in studying the family institution, it’s all aspects must be studied and avoid from studying it from only one dimension. In the current situation, all who care about communities are trying to find basic strategies for maintaining families ‘health and base solidity and control the present crisis situation by presenting these strategies to community and decrease tension and crises in community and in this context it is necessary to return to the true culture of Islam in our society, a religion that has the most respect to the family and its sublimity and know this sacred institution as a training center and a love and mercy institution.
The Role of Social Science Learning in Building Social Attitude in Primary Sc...inventionjournals
The impact of globalization in addition to aspects of life also in good culprit that children, adolescents, and adults. The more advanced the technology and of the fast influence of foreign culture that developed in Indonesia at this time through a variety of sources must be very influential. We are as parents and primary school teachers have an important role to guide, assist and supervise our children. In the learning process we have to use the means, methods, the right strategy in order to support the development of social attitudes in order to focus and get a good social attitudes at home, school and community. The research objective was to describe the role of Social Learning in Developing Children's Social Attitudes in elementary school. This research was conducted in the library, articles, laws, and curriculum so that the method used is qualitative method that can be interpreted as a research method that is based on the philosophy postpositivisme and qualitative research, results further emphasize the significance rather than generalization. In addition, because conducted qualitative data analysis used is descriptive analytic. From the discussion it can be seen that the learning of social science has a role in the formation of social attitudes effort basis in children. Learning is done with the strategies, methods used by teachers cultivated able to learn children in terms of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor among others: cooperation in groups, discuss together, work together in picket schedule. Learning and habituation are done in school as one of the factors that play a role in building the social attitudes of children
Occupational health problems of knowledge workers in BPO and KPO industries i...inventionjournals
The explore this study focus on India is a developing country is playing a distinctive role in the service sector. With the onslaught of globalization India has become a preferred destination for IT-BPO and KPO industries. The growth of science and technology and well established educational and research institutes Bangalore has been considered as the hotspot global outsourcing industries. The large populations of welleducated and trained women have taken to the jobs in this new knowledge economy. The objective of the study is to explore and find out the problems of these young people knowledge workers especially the work environment and work pressure on their mental, physical and social health. The study’s findings illustrate that there are sever health hazards that need immediate attention from individuals as well as government to not only identify the problems but to come out with good health education and policy
Examination of Total Precipitable Water using MODIS measurements and Comparis...inventionjournals
In this research, precipitable water vapor, as the most effective character in the production of biomass is estimated using remote sensing techniques. Total Precipitable Water (TPW) was estimated using measurements in the Near Infrared bands of the MODIS. To examine the level of confidence in TPW deriving, a simultaneous in situ measurement by Radiosonde and ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) was carried out. The TPW as results in Radiosonde and GPS was accomplished using the relevant physical equations and base on wet delay troposphere, respectively. Results showed a high correlation among the values of TPW derived from MODIS banding ratio, Radiosonde and GPS data at the Mehrabad station. Also, Using the ratio of the apparent reflectance in the water vapor absorption band to reflectance in non-absorbing band, the atmospheric water vapor transparency was mapped, that the maps showed a high correlation between apparent reflectance and TPW MODIS as their statistical results showed an inverse negative relationship(R²= -0.97).
The Interaction of Space and Violence in J. G. Ballard’s HighRiseinventionjournals
The purpose of the present paper is to explore the relation between architectural space and violence in J. G. Ballard’s High-Rise. It uses Henri Lefebvre’s (1991) spatial theories and argues how the principles used in designing and developing urban spaces and societies are in conflict with lived spaces resulting in confusion, violence, animosity, and division. This paper elaborates on the concept of spatial violence and argues that space and spatial interactions are both necessary to develop a space whether stable or not. It is taken for granted that social relations are substantial parts of any given space and their role in establishing and developing a spatial structure is apparent. It explores Lefebvre’s ideas on the relation of violence and spatial development in Ballard’s High-Rise as an instance of a planned space. It examines how violence reconstructs a social space, while at the same time it is the production of it. The paper concludes that the relationship between social and spatial elements formulates the development or decadence of a spatial construction.
Mental Health Status and Drug Use Pattern among Pensioners in Ekiti State Nig...inventionjournals
Retirement is a major phase in the life of an individual affecting the social and economic aspect, and if not well managed may have implication on the mental health of the individuals involved.The study examined the mental health status of pensioners and their pattern of drug use in relation to the mode of retirement. 262 pensioners consisting of159 males and 103 females drawn from Ekiti State participated in the study. General health questionnaire and Drug use Scale were employed to collect data. One Way ANOVA and Independent t-test were used to test the three hypotheses stated. Result showed that, retirement type has a significant influence on somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction, but not on depression. Results showed thatalcohol consumption has a significant influence on somatic symptoms, anxiety and depression, but not on social dysfunction. Results also showed how the pensionersvary in their mental health status relating to somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression and social dysfunction. A significant sex difference was also reported in drug and alcohol use but not in their mental health.
The state of agricultural productivity and food security in Zimbabwe’s Post 2...inventionjournals
The paper explores the outcomes of the post 2000 land reform programme implemented in the communal area of Umguza district. This involved the triangulation of qualitative data collection methods to gather data from the respondents. A total of 45 famers were sampled for unstructured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings of the study revealed that there are numerous factors that contributed to the decline in agricultural production that included limited skills from the farmers, lack of investment on land because of tenure insecurities, sabotage from former white commercial famers and the rise of climate change. Among the recommendations made was thatthe state should consider training new farmers upon allocating land to them as this will ensure that farmers know what to do once they are in the farms.
A Field Survey Based Study of Household Energy Use Patterns in Tertiary Insti...ijtsrd
The availability of energy sources, particularly electricity, is a basic requirement for living standards. The efficiency with which households use energy is critical not just for improving individual living conditions, but also for a countrys economic growth. There is a considerable imbalance between electricity demand and generation in Nigeria. The purpose of this survey is to investigate the energy related perceptions and awareness of household consumers in Ihiagwa and Nekede communities, and, to determine the level of alignment of this awareness with their actual preferences and behavior to derive insights for environmental and energy policy planning and management. We have collected the data in the form of questionnaires related, to personal profiles, behavior, and attitudes in the use of energy and electricity in 676 households in Nekede and Iheagwa. By analyzing the data, it was found that the Households 82.0 prefer electricity to other forms of energy. A large percentage of people 67.1 believed that their electric bill was causing them financial difficulties, and 80.2 had made efforts to reduce their electricity bill. Furthermore, the results suggest an attitude behavior gap in terms of energy sources and purpose of usage. Commercial energy is used and petroleum sources come as a stand in alternative source. The household features and average energy cost was correlated. The results show that ownership of the building factor had a statistically insignificant coefficient, a p value of 0.5586, income relationship with energy cost was a significant factor p value of 0.0009, and the number of family members and energy cost had a p value of 0.0004 respectively. The findings of this survey should be useful for future planning of household energy management in Imo State and Nigeria by extension. These would aid in the development of the national energy strategy plan, as well as in understanding current energy use and availability conditions. Obasi Ibe B. | Opabisi Adeyinka K | Agbakwuru Bruno C. "A Field Survey-Based Study of Household Energy-Use Patterns in Tertiary Institutions Communities in Imo State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57479.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/57479/a-field-surveybased-study-of-household-energyuse-patterns-in-tertiary-institutions-communities-in-imo-state/obasi-ibe-b
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Time series data measurement on electricity consumption for selected domestic...journalBEEI
This paper describes the pattern of electricity consumption from total and selected domestic appliances at a typical terrace house in Malaysia. The measured appliances can be classified into four groups on the basis of pattern of use which are ‘standby’ (TV), ‘active’ (massage chair, charger of hand phone, laptop and power bank, washing machine, air-conditioners, iron, standing fan, shower heaters, rice cooker, toaster, microwave), ‘cold’ (refrigerator) and ‘cold and hot’ (water dispenser). The major contribution of monthly electricity consumption comes from ‘cold’ appliances that consume 118.8 kWh/month followed by ‘active’ appliances that consume 87.8 kWh/month and ‘cold and hot’ appliance with 52.5 kWh/month. ‘Standby’ appliances shown a small contribution to the total electricity with 0.9 kWh/month. The amount of energy consumed depends on time-of-use, power characteristics of particular appliances as well as occupancy period.
Before we kick-off a new line-up of insightful studies and conversations on energy this 2021, we take a snapshot of the previous working papers which were featured last year.
These studies were produced under the Access to Sustainable Energy Programme-Clean Energy Living Laboratories (ASEP-CELLs) project implemented by the Ateneo School of Government (ASOG), and funded by the European Union.
To receive updates on our latest events and publications, please subscribe to our mailing list through this link: http://bit.ly/ASEPCELLsMailingList
Investigating the residential electricity consumption-income nexus in Morocc...IJECEIAES
In a comprehensive LMDI-STIRPAT-ARDL framework, this research investigates the residential electricity consumption (REC)-income nexus in Morocco for the period 1990 to 2018. The logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) results show that economic activity and electricity intensity are the leading drivers of Morocco’s REC, followed by population and residential structure. And then, the LMDI analysis was combined with stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) analysis and the bounds testing approach to search for a long-run equilibrium relationship. The empirical results show that REC, economic growth, urbanization, and electricity intensity are cointegrated. The results further show that there exists a U-shaped relationship between per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and REC: an increase in per capita GDP reduces REC initially; but, after reaching a turning point (the GDPPC level of 17,145.22 Dh), further increases in per capita GDP increase REC. Regarding urbanization, the results reveal that it has no significant impact on Morocco’s REC. The stability parameters of the short and long-term coefficients of residential electricity demand function are tested. The results of these tests showed a stable pattern. Finally, based on the findings mentioned above, policy implications for guiding the country's development and electricity planning under energy and environmental constraints are given.
Promoting Massive Renewable Energy (RE) Projects
towards achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Taiwo Benjamin
Carleton University, Canada
Presented at #naee2015
Sustainable Infrastructural Development in Africa: The Build Operate and Tran...AJHSSR Journal
The build, operate and transfer (BOT) investment model can be advantageously adopted in Nigeria in
ensuring the rehabilitation of the decaying and obsolete electricity infrastructure in the country as low electricity
generation and consumption has serious negative implications on both the households and economic activities in
the economy. Thus, the objective of the paper is to interrogate the existing electricity infrastructure in Nigeria
and advocate for a form of private investment model. Using qualitative method and documentary evidence
predicted on the public-private partnership model, the study found that electricity infrastructure in Nigeria is
obsolete and inadequate. Power generation in Nigeria compared to other leading economies in Africa is
abysmally low due to lack of adequate investment in the sector. The BOT investment model has been used
successfully to build and maintain cost-intensive infrastructures like the power plants, highways, railways,
airports, etc in both developed and developing countries of the world; as seen in China, India, Pakistan,
Philippine, South Africa, Ghana, etc. Thus, the paper submits that the BOT alternative should be adopted to
address the power sector menace in the country.
Household Perspectives and value of Low-Carbon off-grid Energy Technologies i...AI Publications
Kenya is constrained by low rural clean energy access, particularly among communities in remote settings. The objective of this study is to evaluate the social value and preferences of low-carbon off-grid technologies by households in Kenyan rangelands as an alternative to the national grid for powering isolated low-income communities. To this end a household survey was conducted on a settlement in Laikipia North using interview schedules to assess demographic characteristics, energy consumption patterns and average expenditure on traditional fuels, clean energy awareness, preferences and willingness to pay. Key findings revealed that residential off-grid clean energy options studied were largely found to be socially viable, as rural households are willing to switch from high-carbon fuels, but affordability is a key concern. The most acceptable off-grid low-carbon lighting technologies for remote low-income homesteads are Pico solar lamps and solar panels, while portable Liquid petroleum gas stoves and clean cook-stoves were found to be the most acceptable technology for low-carbon cooking at household level due to the relatively low cost, and portability factors which are favorable for pastoralist communities. It was also found that despite the Kenyan Government commitment towards a green economy, a change in policy direction would be necessary to ensure that there is inclusive access to clean energy through awareness programs and targeted financial interventions in support of low-income energy-deprived communities.
Measurement of energy poverty in the Colombian Caribbean region: a comparativ...IJECEIAES
This research work is directed to analyze the level of energy poverty and its consequences on the quality of life of the population of the Colombian Caribbean region, by doing a comparison of the results obtained in that area with data regarding the population of Bogotá, capital of Colombia, and of the rest of the country. The method of meeting absolute energy needs was used to determine the energy poverty index at households (EPH). Results obtained indicate that EPH exceeds 60% in urban areas, and 96% in rural zones, where it was also evidenced a clear link between energy poverty and school dropout.
Global issue based power generation expansion planning for a power systemeSAT Journals
Abstract In This Project an global issue based power generation expansion planning model has been developed for optimization that considers the growth of fuel prices and its fluctuation, benefits of carbon-trading in generation expansion decision, power risks . The Developed model is applied to An Electric Power System for the future. In an electric power system, the electric demand has been running ahead of supply. In addition, of the growth of fuel price can affect the country economy. To minimize these problems, a multi-objective model preceded by electric demand forecasting is developed by considering the unit of power generation and investment cost, imported fuels and benefits of carbon trading, environmental impacts. A model has been developed in the MATLAB and is simulated to get the output of each power plant at a very nominal cost for building the power plants, production and fuel. Keywords: electrical power generation, expansion, planning, Load forecasting, Optimizing, linear model
Similar to Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Example of Turkey (20)
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Fundamentals of Electric Drives and its applications.pptx
Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Example of Turkey
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 6 ||June. 2016 || PP.73-84
www.ijhssi.org 73 | P a g e
Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered
Logit Models: Example of Turkey
Erkan Ari1
Noyan Aydin2*
Semih Karacan3
Sinan Saracli4
1,2,3
Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Econometrics,
Center Campus, 43100, Turkey
4
Afyon Kocatepe University, Science and Literature Faculty, Department of Statistics, Ahmet Necdet Sezer
Campus, 03200, Turkey
ABSTRACT: Percentage of households’ electricity demand in total energy demand of households is
increasing day by day. However, households’ electricity consumption fails to provide the added value to Gross
National Product unlike industry sector. Therefore, the factors that increase the energy consumption of
households should be analyzed and in this respect, required energy saving policies should be generated. In this
paper, the ordered logit models examined the variables affecting the electricity consumption of households in
Turkey. According to goodness of fit indicators, Partial Proportional Odds Model was determined as the best
model that fits into our dataset. The results obtained from model show that electrically powered items and their
quantities, household size, income, housing type and properties are important factors that increase households’
electricity consumption.
Keywords: Household Electricity Consumption, Ordered Logit Models, Assumption of Parallel Lines, Partial
Proportional Odds Model.
JEL Classification: C35, C46, Q43, Q47, R22
I. Introduction
Energy is an indispensable reality of industrial and daily life, and its place and importance in the socio-
economic structure of countries is increasing day by day, due to developments in technology and changes in
living standards. Because technological advances and increased welfare changes both production structures of
industries and households’ consumption habits as end-users. Increasing energy demand is shifting toward more
environmentally friendly energy sources that are easier to obtain and use, such as solar and electricity.
Turkey is a country with the highest energy demand growth in the OECD countries for the last decade and
energy demand is expected to rise to 2 times for the next decade (MENR, 2015). On the other hand, demand for
primary energy sources which are non-renewable and rapidly depleted resources such as wood, coal and crude
oil, give place to greener secondary energy sources such as electricity and hydrogen which are transformed from
renewable primary energy sources such as water, wind and solar in many sectors. 45% of planned 37.4 trillion $
energy investment in OECD countries until 2035 was reserved only to obtain electrical energy, and this planning
approach confirms this situation. Population growth, industrialization, urbanization, technological development,
increase in greenhouse gas emissions, and increasing diversity in consumer behavior play an important role in
increasing share of electricity consumption in total energy consumption. In addition, this situation leads to an
increase in electricity demand in all sectors. Demand forecasts made by MENR for next ten years indicate that
electricity demand in Turkey will increase by 7.5% (TETC, 2015). In particular, due to technological advances
and increased welfare, individuals and families prefer to use electricity, which is clean, continuous, and easily
accessible source of energy, for needs such as communication, transportation, nutrition, shelter, heating, lighting
and entertainment.
In the figure 1, households' percentages in total electricity consumption for the period 1970-2013 in Turkey are
given. In 2013, share of households’ electricity consumption in total electricity consumption in Turkey is 22.7%
and comes in second place after the industry sector (47.1). Besides, it can be seen that the share of households’
electricity consumption in total electricity consumption has an upward trend.
Demand dynamics should be investigated in detail and demand forecasts should be made to meet the increasing
electricity demand, to reduce dependence on foreign and to increase security of supply. In this way,
identification of factors affecting the electricity consumption and calculating the impact on electricity demand
levels of these factors are becoming very important for all sectors, especially household. Analyses to be made,
especially for the household sector, which has a lower added value than industry sector for economy, are
becoming more important to determine the causes of the increase in the electricity consumption and to produce
the savings-oriented policy.
*
Corresponding Author
2. Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Example of Turkey
www.ijhssi.org 74 | P a g e
Figure 1: Household electricity consumption in total electricity consumption in Turkey
Source: TSI, Distribution of net electricity consumption by sector (http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo
.do?istab_id=1579 )
Various studies have been made to examine the factors affecting the energy preferences and the electricity
consumption of households in countries. Özcan et al. (2013) analyzed factors that affect the choice of energy
consumption in households for Turkey using TSI Household Budget Survey (2006) with multinomial logit. The
findings showed that household income, age of household head, employment status and education of household
head, being in urban or rural, household type and number of rooms affected the choice of household energy.
In the study of Güloğlu (2014), partial proportional odds model, which is a special kind of generalized ordered
logit model, was used to determine the factors affecting the household electricity consumption in Turkey via TSI
Household Budget Survey (2008). The results of the study showed that households vary according to housing
type, housing size, the structure, and the real income of households, and the availability of electrical household
appliances such as air conditioning, freezer, microwave, and washing machine.
Rahut et al. (2014) used multinomial logit model to analyze factors that determine the choice of energy use for
heating, enlightenment and cooking of households using Bhutan Living Standards Survey (2007). According to
the findings in this study, when disposable income level, education level, age and level of ease in access to
electricity increase, households prefer greener energy sources such as natural gas and electricity. Besides, this
preference is more preferable for households living in urban areas, women, and families with small populations.
Tewathia (2014) used multivariate regression model to determine the variables affecting monthly and seasonal
average electricity consumption for households living in the city of Delhi, India. The results of the study show
that there is a relationship between the average electricity consumption of households with monthly incomes of
households, number of people in household, the number of electrical appliances and areal size of the household
used in the same direction, but, with educational level of the household head in the opposite direction.
Fan et al. (2015) studied multivariate regression model to estimate monthly electricity consumption values for
Chinese households and various sectors. In addition, significant relationship was found between monthly
electricity consumption values and the real price of electricity, climatic conditions, and holidays.
In this paper, ordered logit models using TSI micro data set (2012) will analyze factors affecting the household
electricity consumption for Turkey. Because the data set collected by TSI is very comprehensive, a large
number of variables that may affect the electricity consumption were included.
II. Methodology And Data
Ordered logit models are used in cases where the dependent variable has three categories at least and an ordered
(sequential) structure. Although ordered logit models are similar to Multinomial logit model, it differs from that
due to the parallel lines assumption. Multinomial logit models are used as enlarged version of binary logit model
in cases where the dependent variable has more than two categories, where categories are nominal, and where
categories have not ordered structure (Lemeshow, 2000).
In this paper, factors affecting the electricity consumption of households in Turkey will be analyzed using
STATA software package and Turkey Statistical Institute (TSI)’s Household Budget Survey (2012) dataset by
ordered logit models. This survey was applied to the 8683 households by TSI. At first, 22 variables thought to
affect the consumption of electricity were tested by Chi-square test of independence, and then the variables,
which are unrelated to electricity consumption, were removed from the data set and the remaining 19
independent variables were included to multicollinearity analysis. Variance inflation factor (VIF) was used in
determining of multicollinearity and all independent variables were included in the logit analysis because VIF
values of 19 dependent variables is smaller than 10. In the next step, different ordered logit models were
established for household electricity consumption variable that has ordered categorical structure in order to
determine what the most appropriate model for the data set. Then, maximum likelihood estimators obtained the
odds ratios for studied models. Finally, the validity of the models was tested by likelihood ratio test, and
Pseudo 𝑅2
, deviation measure, AIC and BIC information criteria as goodness of fit indicators were used to
15,9
16,3
16,1
14,8
15,2
17,5
17,5
17,7
18,9
20,1
21,5
20,9
20,9
21
19,8
19
19
18,9
20
19,6
19,6
22
21,3
21,2
21,9
21,5
22,1
22,6
22,8
24,8
24,3
24,3
22,9
22,5
22,8
23,7
24,1
23,5
24,4
25
24,1
23,8
23,3
22,7
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
3. Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Example of Turkey
www.ijhssi.org 75 | P a g e
compare alternative logit models. In this way, most appropriate ordered logit model for the data set could be
determined by obtained values of goodness of fit.
Table 1: Levels of Independent Variables
In this paper, ordered categorical dependent variable is household electricity consumption level. The levels of
electricity consumption per household have an ordered structure in the form of (1: 0-10 KWh, 2: 40-60 KWh, 3:
60-100 KWh, 4: 60 KWh+). The variables, which are thought to affect the level of household electricity
consumption, are real income, housing size, heating system, cable or satellite TV, computer, LCD TV,
refrigerator, deep freeze, dishwasher, microwave oven, washing machine, dryer, air conditioning, property
ownership, household size, housing type, natural gas, hot water, rural or urban life. All independent variables
are categorical and are determined in different levels as shown in Table 1.
Different models are used for category comparisons of dependent variable in ordered logistic regression model.
In these models, models that can be applied and interpreted easily are ordered logit models that are based on
cumulated probability. These models are proportional odds model, non-proportional odds model, partial
proportional odds model and constrained / unconstrained partial proportional odds models.
2.1 Proportional Odds Model
Proportional odds model (POM) is an ordered logistic regression model, which is based on the estimate of the
cumulative probabilities and used commonly in studies, when dependent variable is categorical and parallel
lines assumption is met between categories (Brant, 1990; Bender and Grouven, 1998; Fullerton, 2009).
McCullagh and Nelder (1989) put this model forward based on using the logit link function.
POM is established using cumulated probabilities as in the following equation 1 (Kleinbaum and Ananth, 1997):
𝑃𝑟(𝑌 ≤ 𝑦𝑗|𝑥) = [
𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝛼 𝑗−𝑥′ 𝛽)
1+𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝛼 𝑗−𝑥′ 𝛽)
] 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝐽 − 1 (1)
This equation can be written as follows by taking the natural logarithm of the odds ratio of models:
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑡 [
𝜋 𝑗
1−𝜋 𝑗
] (2)
𝑙𝑜𝑔 [
𝑃𝑟(𝑌≤𝑦 𝑗|𝑥)
𝑃𝑟(𝑌>𝑦 𝑗|𝑥)
] = 𝛼𝑗 − 𝑥′
𝛽 (3)
In equation 1 and 3, 𝑦𝑗 is ordered categorical dependent variable, 𝑥′
is vector of independent variables, 𝛼𝑗 are
breakpoints corresponding to 𝐽 − 1 estimators 𝛼1 ≤ 𝛼2 ≤ ⋯ ≤ 𝛼𝑗−1). In addition, 𝛽 = (𝛽1, … , 𝛽𝑘)′
is a vector
of logit coefficients of regression corresponding to 𝑥. In here, these β coefficients are independent of the
dependent variable categories, namely, related β coefficients for kth independent variable are equal to each other
in all cumulative logits (McCullagh, 1980 and Gagea, 2014). In the literature, the status of equality of β
coefficients at each breakpoint is known as parallel lines assumption in logistic regression. In other words,
parameter estimates for logit models do not vary according to the breakpoints if parallel lines assumption is met.
Independent variables Levels of independent variables
X1: Annual real income 1: 0-10.500 2: 10.500-20.500 3: 20.500-27.500 4: 27.500-33.000 5: 33.000+
X2:Housing size 1: 0-75 𝑚2 2: 75-100𝑚2 3:100-125𝑚2 4: 125+𝑚2
X3: Heating system 1: stove 2: central heating 3:combi 4: air conditioner 5: other
X4: Cable or satellite TV 0: no 1: yes
X5: Computer 0: no 1: yes
X6: LCD TV 0: no 1: yes
X7: Refrigerator 0: no 1: yes
X8: Deep freeze 0: no 1: yes
X9: Dishwasher 0: no 1: yes
X10: Microwave oven 0: no 1: yes
X11: Washing machine 0: no 1: yes
X12: Dryer 0: no 1: yes
X13: Air conditioning 0: no 1: yes
X14: Property ownership 0:tenant 1: host
X15: Household size 1: family with an only one child 2: family with two children 3: family with three
or more children 4: childless couple 5: big family 6: family with an only one adult
7: persons living together
X16: Housing type 0: apartment 1: single house
X17: Natural gas 0: no 1: yes
X18: Hot water 0: no 1: yes
X19: Rural / urban life 0: rural 1: urban
4. Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Example of Turkey
www.ijhssi.org 76 | P a g e
2.2 Parallel Lines Assumption
Parallel lines assumption is an important assumption of the ordered logit models. According to this assumption,
the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable does not change according to the
dependent variable categories. In other words, the parameter estimates do not show changes according to the cut
points (Fullerton and Xu, 2012). This assumption expresses that categories of the dependent variable is parallel
to each other and there are 𝛼𝑗−1 unit cut points and only 1 unit β parameter for comparison of J-1 unit logit in
dependent variable has j category.
Figure 2: Cases where the assumption is violated and met for probabilities of categories
Assumption meets Assumption violated
In case of violation of the assumption, parallelism belonging to categories breaks down. In this instance,
generalized ordered logit model (non-proportional odds model “non-POM”) and partial proportional odds model
(PPOM) can be used as the alternative models. Violation and fulfilling of the assumptions is shown in figure 2
(Fullerton and Xu, 2012). Brant test (Brant, 1990), Wald test (Williams, 2006) or other similar tests are used to
test the parallel lines assumption.
2.3 Non-Proportional Odds Model
In non-Proportional Odds Model (non-POM), which is also known as the Generalized ordered logit model and
suggested by Fu (1998), the effect of independent variables is not same on the odds of the dependent variable
and β coefficients are different for each category of the dependent variable. Equation 4 expresses this model
(Maddala, 1986; McCullagh and Nelder, 1989; Williams, 2006; Fullerton and Xu, 2012).
𝑃(𝑌 ≤ 𝑦 𝑚|𝑥) = [
𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝜏 𝑚−𝑥′ 𝛽 𝑚)
1+𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝜏 𝑚−𝑥′ 𝛽 𝑚)
] 𝑚 = 1,2, … , 𝑀 − 1 (4)
In here, 𝜏 𝑚 is an estimator of unknown parameters and threshold value representing 𝑀 − 1 estimators 𝜏1 ≤ 𝜏2 ≤
⋯ ≤ 𝜏 𝑚−1 ; 𝛽 = (𝛽 𝑚1, … , 𝛽 𝑚𝑘)′
) is a vector of the regression coefficients representing 𝑥. This model can be
expressed in linear form as Equation 6 by taking the logarithm of the odds ratio (eq. 5) (Fullerton and Xu, 2012).
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑡 [
𝜋 𝑗
1−𝜋 𝑗
] (5)
𝑙𝑜𝑔 [
𝑃𝑟(𝑌≤𝑦 𝑗|𝑥)
𝑃𝑟(𝑌>𝑦 𝑗|𝑥)
] = 𝛼𝑗 − 𝑥′
𝛽 𝑚 (6)
2.4. Partial Proportional Odds Model
Partial Proportional Odds Model (PPOM), which is suggested by Peterson and Harrell (1990), is used when the
parallel lines assumption is met for some variables but is not met for the others. In addition, this model is a
model that loosens the assumption and has a characteristic of models that are proportional and non-proportional
at the same time. PPOM has been identified in two ways by Peterson and Harrell (1990), namely constrained,
and unconstrained. The general form for unconstrained model (UPPOM) is as follows:
𝑃(𝑌 ≤ 𝑦𝑗|𝑥) =
𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝛼 𝑗−𝑚′ 𝛽−𝑘′ 𝜃 𝑗)
1+𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝛼 𝑗−𝑚′ 𝛽−𝑘′ 𝜃 𝑗)
𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑠 (7)
This model can be expressed in linear form as Eq. 8 by taking logarithm of odds ratio:
(−𝛼𝑗 − 𝑚′
𝛽 − 𝑘′
𝜃𝑗) 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑠 (8)
In here, 𝛼𝑗 is an estimator of unknown parameters representing 𝑠 estimators, 𝑚 is a (𝑝 × 1) dimensional vector
of variables that are met the parallel lines assumption and k is a (𝑞 × 1) dimensional vector of variables that are
5. Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Example of Turkey
www.ijhssi.org 77 | P a g e
not met the parallel lines assumption. On the other hand, parameter 𝜃𝑗 gives the increase change in the logit for
non-proportional variable. Parallel lines assumption is met and the model (UPPOM) transforms into POM when
𝜃𝑗 = 0 (Peterson and Harrell, 1990).
Unconstrained model becomes constrained model by multiplying a fixed predetermined scalar Γ𝑗 and the
coefficients at changing breakpoints. Fewer parameters are needed compared to UPPOM and non-POM because
parallelism is met between the coefficients of variables in the model that becomes constrained model (Peterson
and Harrell, 1990; Kleinbaum and Annath, 1997). This model can be expressed as follows:
(−𝛼𝑗 − 𝑚′
𝛽 − 𝑘′
𝜃Γ𝑗) 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑠 (9)
III. Results
POM that is one of the ordered logit models was applied to data set and the results in Table 2 have been reached.
Table 2: The results of POM
Electricity consumption level Variable Coef. (𝛽̂) Std. Error Odds Ratio (eβ̂
) 𝑝 value
Category 2,3,4 against Category
1 (comparison 1) Threshold 1 2,177 0,213 --- ---
Category 3,4 against Category
1,2 (comparison 2) Threshold 2 3,883 0,216 --- ---
Category 4 against Category
1,2,3 (comparison 3) Threshold 3 5,690 0,220 --- ---
Real income 0,193 0,016 1,212 0,000*
Housing size 0,054 0,022 1,055 0,001*
Heating system 0,256 0,029 1,292 0,000*
Cable or satellite TV 0,206 0,099 1,228 0,039*
Computer 0,320 0,040 1,377 0,000*
LCD television 0,186 0,041 1,205 0,000*
Refrigerator 0,764 0,176 2,148 0,000*
Deep freeze 0,517 0,059 1,677 0,000*
Dishwasher 0,441 0,050 1,554 0,000*
Microwave oven 0,156 0,057 1,169 0,007*
Washing machine 0,364 0,126 1,440 0,004*
Dryer 0,172 0,184 1,187 0,350
Air conditioning 0,363 0,041 1,438 0,000*
Property ownership 0,028 0,042 1,028 0,511
Household size 0,231 0,013 1,260 0,000*
Housing type -0,190 0,053 0,830 0,001*
Natural gas -0,650 0,060 0,522 0,000*
Hot water 0,382 0,073 1,466 0,000*
Rural or urban life -0,220 0,056 0,801 0,000*
* 𝑝 < 0,05
The likelihood ratio test examined POM’s validity and the model is significant (𝑝 = 0,000). Although POM is
significant, parallel lines assumption should also be tested to use this model. In this context, to test whether this
assumption is met, whether the β coefficients of independent variables for each categories are equal was tested
by likelihood ratio test (𝜒2
= 312,81; 𝑝 = 0,000). According to the test results, the null hypothesis was
rejected and it was reached the conclusion that the parallel lines assumption is not met.
Non-POM that is one of the ordered logit models was applied to data set and the results in Table 3 have been
reached. The validity of Non-POM was tested by likelihood ratio test and according to the result, it is seen that
the model was significant (𝑝 = 0,000). Although Non-POM is significant, parallel lines assumption should also
be tested to use this model. According to likelihood ratio test (𝜒2
= 2582,1; 𝑝 = 0,00) , the null hypothesis was
rejected and it was reached the conclusion that the parallel lines assumption is not met.
This means that the β coefficients take different values for each category in the model and so, the odds ratios of
the variables are changing for each categories. For example, the coefficient of real income variable takes
different values (0,212; 0,198; 0,150) for each category of the dependent variable because parallel lines
assumption is not met. The similar situation is also valid for other variables affecting the power consumption.
6. Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Example of Turkey
www.ijhssi.org 78 | P a g e
Table 3: The results of non-POM
Electricity consumption level Variable Coeff. (𝛽̂) Std. Error Odds Ratio (eβ̂
) 𝑝 value
Category 2,3,4 against Category
1 (comparison 1)
Threshold 1 -2,732 0,027 --- ---
Real income 0,212 0,024 1,236 0,000*
Housing size 0,090 0,032 1,094 0,006*
Heating system 0,258 0,050 1,295 0,000*
Cable or satellite TV 0,673 0,189 1,069 0,722
Computer 0,569 0,066 1,767 0,000*
LCD television 0,118 0,069 1,125 0,088
Refrigerator 0,903 0,241 2,467 0,000*
Deep freeze 0,640 0,107 1,897 0,000*
Dishwasher 0,599 0,071 1,820 0,000*
Microwave oven 0,147 0,106 1,158 0,166
Washing machine 0,309 0,138 1,362 0,025*
Dryer -0,284 0,352 0,752 0,419
Air conditioning 0,207 0,078 1,230 0,008*
Property ownership 0,039 0,062 1,040 0,525
Household size 0,262 0,019 1,299 0,000*
Housing type -0,046 0,075 0,954 0,0541
Natural gas -0,041 0,100 0,659 0,000*
Hot water 0,286 0,085 1,332 0,001*
Rural or urban life -0,153 0,075 0,857 0,041*
Category 3,4 against Category
1,2 (comparison 2)
Threshold 2 -3,739 0,281 --- ---
Real income 0,198 0,018 1,220 0,000*
Housing size 0,044 0,026 1,045 0,088
Heating system 0,255 0,036 1,291 0,000*
Cable or satellite TV 0,263 0,106 1,288 0,013*
Computer 0,344 0,048 1,410 0,000*
LCD television 0,246 0,049 1,279 0,000*
Refrigerator 0,909 0,238 2,482 0,000*
Deep freeze 0,616 0,071 1,851 0,000*
Dishwasher 0,376 0,058 1,457 0,000*
Microwave oven 0,219 0,069 1,245 0,002*
Washing machine 0,215 0,155 1,240 0,165
Dryer 0,187 0,234 1,206 0,423
Air conditioning 0,342 0,052 1,409 0,000*
Property ownership 0,035 0,050 1,035 0,484
Household size 0,223 0,015 1,250 0,000*
Housing type -0,249 0,063 0,779 0,000*
Natural gas -0,068 0,073 0,523 0,000*
Hot water 0,307 0,086 1,360 0,000*
Rural or urban life -0,210 0,065 0,810 0,001*
Category 4 against Category
1,2,3 (comparison 3)
Threshold 3 -4,279 0,324 --- ---
Real income 0,150 0,024 1,162 0,000*
Housing size 0,041 0,034 1,042 0,226
Heating system 0,234 0,039 1,264 0,000*
Cable or satellite TV 0,263 0,106 1,384 0,013*
Computer 0,184 0,057 1,202 0,001*
LCD television 0,222 0,058 1,249 0,000*
Refrigerator 0,488 0,239 1,629 0,042*
Deep freeze 0,373 0,080 1,452 0,000*
Dishwasher 0,314 0,080 1,369 0,000*
Microwave oven 0,139 0,080 1,149 0,084
Washing machine 0,218 0,220 1,243 0,323
Dryer 0,452 0,217 1,572 0,038*
Air conditioning 0,434 0,050 1,544 0,000*
Property ownership 0,053 0,066 1,054 0,421
Household size 0,183 0,018 1,200 0,000*
Housing type -0,359 0,082 0,698 0,000*
Natural gas -0,964 0,087 0,318 0,000*
Hot water 0,254 0,121 1,289 0,037*
Rural or urban life -0,299 0,083 0,741 0,000*
* 𝑝 < 0,05
7. Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Example of Turkey
www.ijhssi.org 79 | P a g e
In non-POM, the effects of each independent variables on dependent variable are different for each categories.
The effect on dependent variable of independent variable is expressed by 𝛽1 when category 1 of dependent
variable electricity consumption levels is compared with category 2, 3, and 4 of dependent variable electricity
consumption levels based on logit. Similarly, the effect on dependent variable of independent variable is
expressed by 𝛽2 when category 1 and 2 of the dependent variable is compared with category 3 and 4 of
dependent variable; and the effect on dependent variable of independent variable is expressed by 𝛽3 when
category 1, 2, and 3 of dependent variable is compared with category 4 of dependent variable. In this way,
slopes (β coefficients) in the obtained ordered regression model are different from each other.
Odds ratios can be interpreted as follows because non-POM is significant:
Category 2, 3, and 4 against category 1: This comparison is to answer the question: “How Category 2, 3 and 4
increase or decrease the odds compared to category 1 due to change in the category of each independent
variable.” Two examples are given below for two independent variables affecting the consumption of electricity.
Computer: In terms of electricity consumption levels, the probability in a higher category instead of being in
category 1 for a family with a computer is more than 1.767 times compared to a family without a computer.
Deep Freeze: In terms of electricity consumption levels, the probability in a higher category instead of being in
category 1 for a family with a deep freeze is more than 1.897 times compared to a family without a deep freeze.
Category 3 and 4 against category 1 and 2: This comparison is to answer the question: “How Category 3 and
4 increase or decrease the odds compared to category 1 and 2 due to change in the category of each independent
variable.” Two examples are given below for two independent variables affecting the consumption of electricity.
Computer: In terms of electricity consumption levels, the probability in a higher category instead of being in
category 1, and 2 for a family with a computer is more than 1.410 times compared to a family without a
computer.
Deep Freeze: In terms of electricity consumption levels, the probability in a higher category instead of being in
category 1 for a family with a deep freeze is more than 1.851 times compared to a family without a deep freeze.
Category 4 against category 1, 2, and 3: This comparison is to answer the question: “How Category 4 increase
or decrease the odds compared to category 1, 2, and 3 due to change in the category of each independent
variable.” Two examples are given below for two independent variables affecting the consumption of electricity.
Computer: In terms of electricity consumption levels, the probability in a higher category instead of being in
category 1 for a family with a computer is more than 1.202 times compared to a family without a computer.
Deep Freeze: In terms of electricity consumption levels, the probability in a higher category instead of being in
category 1 for a family with a deep freeze is more than 1.452 times compared to a family without a deep freeze.
The partial proportional odds model (PPOM) that is one of the ordered logit models was applied to data set and
the results in Table 4 have been reached. PPOM is used in cases where some of variables meet the parallel lines
assumption but some of them do not meet the assumption. The main objective of this model is to minimize the
number of variables by assigning a common coefficient or odds.
In PPOM, variables were tested at 5% significance level by putting constraints to variables in order to decide
whether the variables meet the parallel line assumption or not. It has been reached to the conclusion that these
constraints, which is placed to meet the assumption for each variable, did not meet the parallel lines assumption
at 5% significance level for computer, deep freeze, dishwasher, air conditioning, household size, type of housing
and natural gas variables (𝑝 = 0,000 < 0,05). It has been concluded that the variables meet the parallel lines
assumption (𝜒2
=25,14; 𝑝 = 0,398 > 0,05) and obtained PPOM is also significant (𝜒2
=2558,15; 𝑝 = 0,000)
when Brant Wald test is applied for other variables except for variables that meet parallel lines assumption.
When referring Table 4, it can be seen that the coefficients do not differ according to the dependent variable
categories and they meet parallel lines assumption for real income, housing size, heating system, cable/satellite
TV, LCD TV, refrigerator, microwave oven, washing machine, dryer, property ownership, hot water, rural-
urban life variables.
CPPOM that is one of the ordered logit models was applied to data set and the results in Table 5 have been
reached. In this model, it was tested at 5% significance level that whether the parallel lines assumption is met by
putting constraints on all variables. After constraints were put on variables in order to ensure the parallel lines
assumption for each variable, it could be concluded that parallel lines assumption was met for each variables
and obtained CPPOM is significant (𝜒2
=2269,90; 𝑝 = 0,000). Thus, the assumption was met by obtaining a
single parameter instead of a separate parameter in each category for all variables.
8. Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Example of Turkey
www.ijhssi.org 80 | P a g e
Table 4: The results of PPOM
Electricity consumption level Variable Coeff. (𝛽̂) Std. Error Odds Ratio (eβ̂
) 𝑝 value
Category 2,3,4 against Category
1 (Comparison 1)
Threshold 1 -2,437 0,217 --- ---
Real income 0,189 0,016 1,208 0,000*
Housing size 0,056 0,022 1,058 0,012*
Heating system 0,246 0,029 1,279 0,000*
Cable or satellite TV 0,253 0,103 1,288 0,014*
Computer 0,568 0,064 1,766 0,000*
LCD television 0,212 0,042 1,236 0,000*
Refrigerator 0,746 0,175 2,108 0,000*
Deep freeze 0,637 0,107 1,891 0,000*
Dishwasher 0,615 0,069 1,850 0,000*
Microwave oven 0,180 0,059 1,198 0,002*
Washing machine 0,280 0,124 1,324 0,024*
Dryer 0,279 0,191 1,322 0,144
Air conditioning 0,204 0,075 1,227 0,007*
Property ownership 0,042 0,043 1,043 0,325
Household size 0,269 0,018 1,309 0,000*
Housing type -0,023 0,072 0,976 0,743
Natural gas -0,389 0,085 0,677 0,000*
Hot water 0,298 0,072 1,348 0,000*
Rural or urban life -0,212 0,217 0,808 0,000*
Category 3,4 against Category
1,2 (Comparison 2)
Threshold 2 -3,628 0,218 --- ---
Real income 0,189 0,016 1,208 0,000*
Housing size 0,056 0,022 1,058 0,012*
Heating system 0,246 0,029 1,279 0,000*
Cable or satellite TV 0,253 0,103 1,288 0,014*
Computer 0,360 0,047 1,433 0,000*
LCD television 0,212 0,042 1,236 0,000*
Refrigerator 0,746 0,175 2,108 0,000*
Deep freeze 0,617 0,071 1,853 0,000*
Dishwasher 0,388 0,057 1,474 0,000*
Microwave oven 0,180 0,059 1,198 0,002*
Washing machine 0,280 0,124 1,324 0,024*
Dryer 0,279 0,191 1,322 0,144
Air conditioning 0,352 0,051 1,422 0,000*
Property ownership 0,042 0,043 1,043 0,325
Household size 0,222 0,015 1,249 0,000*
Housing type -0,239 0,061 0,786 0,000*
Natural gas -0,623 0,068 0,536 0,000*
Hot water 0,298 0,072 1,348 0,000*
Rural or urban life -0,212 0,218 0,808 0,000*
Category 4 against Category
1,2,3 (Comparison 3)
Threshold 3 -4,777 0,229 --- ---
Real income 0,189 0,016 1,208 0,000*
Housing size 0,056 0,022 1,058 0,012*
Heating system 0,246 0,029 1,279 0,000*
Cable or satellite TV 0,253 0,103 1,288 0,014*
Computer 0,155 0,055 1,168 0,005*
LCD television 0,212 0,042 1,236 0,000*
Refrigerator 0,746 0,175 2,108 0,000*
Deep freeze 0,364 0,079 1,440 0,000*
Dishwasher 0,255 0,077 1,290 0,001*
Microwave oven 0,180 0,059 1,198 0,002*
Washing machine 0,280 0,124 1,324 0,323
Dryer 0,279 0,191 1,322 0,144
Air conditioning 0,412 0,047 1,510 0,000*
Property ownership 0,042 0,043 1,043 0,325
Household size 0,175 0,018 1,191 0,000*
Housing type -0,415 0,077 0,659 0,000*
Natural gas -0,999 0,082 0,368 0,000*
Hot water 0,298 0,072 1,348 0,000*
Rural or urban life -0,212 0,217 0,808 0,000*
*𝑝 < 0,05
9. Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Example of Turkey
www.ijhssi.org 81 | P a g e
Table 5: The results of CPPOM
Electricity consumption level Variable Coeff. (𝛽̂) Std. Error Odds Ratio (eβ̂
) 𝑝 value
Category 2,3,4 against Category
1 (Comparison 1)
Threshold 1 -2,177 0,213 --- ---
Real income 0,193 0,016 1,212 0,000*
Housing size 0,054 0,022 1,055 0,001*
Heating system 0,256 0,029 1,292 0,000*
Cable or satellite TV 0,206 0,099 1,228 0,039*
Computer 0,320 0,040 1,377 0,000*
LCD television 0,186 0,041 1,205 0,000*
Refrigerator 0,764 0,176 2,148 0,000*
Deep freeze 0,517 0,059 1,677 0,000*
Dishwasher 0,441 0,050 1,554 0,000*
Microwave oven 0,156 0,057 1,169 0,007*
Washing machine 0,364 0,126 1,440 0,004*
Dryer 0,172 0,184 1,187 0,350
Air conditioning 0,363 0,041 1,438 0,000*
Property ownership 0,028 0,042 1,028 0,511
Household size 0,231 0,013 1,260 0,000*
Housing type -0,185 0,053 0,830 0,001*
Natural gas -0,649 0,060 0,522 0,000*
Hot water 0,382 0,073 1,466 0,000*
Rural or urban life -0,221 0,056 0,801 0,000*
Category 3,4 against Category
1,2 (Comparison 2)
Threshold 2 -3,883 0,216 --- ---
Real income 0,193 0,016 1,212 0,000*
Housing size 0,054 0,022 1,055 0,001*
Heating system 0,256 0,029 1,292 0,000*
Cable or satellite TV 0,206 0,099 1,228 0,039*
Computer 0,320 0,040 1,377 0,000*
LCD television 0,186 0,041 1,205 0,000*
Refrigerator 0,764 0,176 2,148 0,000*
Deep freeze 0,517 0,059 1,677 0,000*
Dishwasher 0,441 0,050 1,554 0,000*
Microwave oven 0,156 0,057 1,169 0,007*
Washing machine 0,364 0,126 1,440 0,004*
Dryer 0,172 0,184 1,187 0,350
Air conditioning 0,363 0,041 1,438 0,000*
Property ownership 0,028 0,042 1,028 0,511
Household size 0,231 0,013 1,260 0,000*
Housing type -0,185 0,053 0,830 0,001*
Natural gas -0,649 0,060 0,522 0,000*
Hot water 0,382 0,073 1,466 0,000*
Rural or urban life -0,221 0,056 0,801 0,000*
Category 4 against Category
1,2,3 (Comparison 3)
Threshold 3 -5,690 0,220 --- ---
Real income 0,193 0,016 1,212 0,000*
Housing size 0,054 0,022 1,055 0,001*
Heating system 0,256 0,029 1,292 0,000*
Cable or satellite TV 0,206 0,099 1,228 0,039*
Computer 0,320 0,040 1,377 0,000*
LCD television 0,186 0,041 1,205 0,000*
Refrigerator 0,764 0,176 2,148 0,000*
Deep freeze 0,517 0,059 1,677 0,000*
Dishwasher 0,441 0,050 1,554 0,000*
Microwave oven 0,156 0,057 1,169 0,007*
Washing machine 0,364 0,126 1,440 0,004*
Dryer 0,172 0,184 1,187 0,350
Air conditioning 0,363 0,041 1,438 0,000*
Property ownership 0,028 0,042 1,028 0,511
Household size 0,231 0,013 1,260 0,000*
Housing type -0,185 0,053 0,830 0,001*
Natural gas -0,649 0,060 0,522 0,000*
Hot water 0,382 0,073 1,466 0,000*
Rural or urban life -0,221 0,056 0,801 0,000*
* 𝑝 < 0,05
10. Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Example of Turkey
www.ijhssi.org 82 | P a g e
Table 6: The results of UPPOM
Electricity Consumption Level Variable Coeff. (𝛽̂) Std. Error Odds Ratio (eβ̂
) 𝑝 value
Category 2,3,4 against Category
1 (Comparison 1)
Threshold 1 -2,732 0,276 --- ---
Real Income 0,212 0,024 1,236 0,000*
Housing Size 0,090 0,032 1,094 0,006*
Heating System 0,258 0,050 1,295 0,000*
Cable or Satellite TV 0,673 0,189 1,069 0,722
Computer 0,569 0,066 1,767 0,000*
LCD Television 0,118 0,069 1,125 0,088
Refrigerator 0,903 0,241 2,467 0,000*
Deep Freeze 0,640 0,107 1,897 0,000*
Dishwasher 0,599 0,071 1,820 0,000*
Microwave Oven 0,147 0,106 1,158 0,166
Washing Machine 0,309 0,138 1,362 0,025*
Dryer -0,284 0,352 0,752 0,419
Air Conditioning 0,207 0,078 1,230 0,008*
Property Ownership 0,039 0,062 1,040 0,525
Household Size 0,262 0,019 1,299 0,000*
Housing Type -0,046 0,075 0,954 0,0541
Natural Gas -0,041 0,100 0,659 0,000*
Hot Water 0,286 0,085 1,332 0,001*
Rural or Urban Life -0,153 0,075 0,857 0,041*
Category 3,4 against Category
1,2 (Comparison 2)
Threshold 2 -3,739 0,281 --- ---
Real Income 0,198 0,018 1,220 0,000*
Housing Size 0,044 0,026 1,045 0,088
Heating System 0,255 0,036 1,291 0,000*
Cable or Satellite TV 0,263 0,106 1,288 0,013*
Computer 0,344 0,048 1,410 0,000*
LCD Television 0,246 0,049 1,279 0,000*
Refrigerator 0,909 0,238 2,482 0,000*
Deep Freeze 0,616 0,071 1,851 0,000*
Dishwasher 0,376 0,058 1,457 0,000*
Microwave Oven 0,219 0,069 1,245 0,002*
Washing Machine 0,215 0,155 1,240 0,165
Dryer 0,187 0,234 1,206 0,423
Air Conditioning 0,342 0,052 1,409 0,000*
Property Ownership 0,035 0,050 1,035 0,484
Household Size 0,223 0,015 1,250 0,000*
Housing Type -0,249 0,063 0,779 0,000*
Natural Gas -0,068 0,073 0,523 0,000*
Hot Water 0,307 0,086 1,360 0,000*
Rural or Urban Life -0,210 0,065 0,810 0,001*
Category 4 against Category
1,2,3 (Comparison 3)
Threshold 3 -4,279 0,324 --- ---
Real Income 0,150 0,024 1,162 0,000*
Housing Size 0,041 0,034 1,042 0,226
Heating System 0,234 0,039 1,264 0,000*
Cable or Satellite TV 0,263 0,106 1,384 0,013*
Computer 0,184 0,057 1,202 0,001*
LCD Television 0,222 0,058 1,249 0,000*
Refrigerator 0,488 0,239 1,629 0,042*
Deep Freeze 0,373 0,080 1,452 0,000*
Dishwasher 0,314 0,080 1,369 0,000*
Microwave Oven 0,139 0,080 1,149 0,084
Washing Machine 0,218 0,220 1,243 0,323
Dryer 0,452 0,217 1,572 0,038*
Air Conditioning 0,434 0,050 1,544 0,000*
Property Ownership 0,053 0,066 1,054 0,421
Household Size 0,183 0,018 1,200 0,000*
Housing Type -0,359 0,082 0,698 0,000*
Natural Gas -0,964 0,087 0,318 0,000*
Hot Water 0,254 0,121 1,289 0,037*
Rural or Urban Life -0,299 0,083 0,741 0,000*
* 𝑝 < 0,05
11. Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Example of Turkey
www.ijhssi.org 83 | P a g e
The unconstrained partial proportional odds model (UPPOM) that is one of the ordered logit models was applied
to data set and the results in Table 6 have been reached. UPPOM is a model is that loosens the parallel lines
assumption. However, an undesirable feature of this model is that it forms many coefficients for the variables.
When looking at the coefficient values in Table 6, it can be seen that coefficients of variables are different for
each category. In addition, UPPOM is significant at 5% significance level (𝜒2
=2269,9; 𝑝 = 0,000).
IV. Conclusions
In this paper, factors affecting household electricity consumption were tried to determine by POM, Non-POM
(GOLOGIT), PPOM, CPPOM, and UPPOM logit models. For this purpose, these models were compared with
some goodness of fit indicators. Although POM, Non-POM and PPOM are statistically significant, POM failed
to provide the parallel lines assumption that is required to use this model 𝐿𝑅 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡; 𝑝 = 0,000). Therefore; the
cumulative odds that are calculated for electricity consumption level are different in each category. In this
respect, odds ratios given in Table 2 do not reflect the real situation in the dataset due to the violation of the
assumption of parallel lines.
In Non-POM, odds estimates that reflect the actual state of the data could be obtained for all three categories
because cumulated odds calculated without the assumption of parallel lines. On the contrary, it was tested
whether or not variables violate the parallel lines assumption putting constraints to variables in PPOM. The
findings in this model showed that parallel lines assumption did not meet at significance level of 5% for
computer, freezer, dishwasher, air conditioning, household size, type of housing and natural gas variables
(𝑝 = 0,00 < 0,05), but met for other variables (𝑝 = 0,398 > 0,05).
On the other hand, CPPOM and UPPOM were built for PPOM. CPPOM is being used to achieve a common
coefficient and to meet the assumption of parallel lines putting constraints for all independent variables in
PPOM in the case of a violation of parallel lines assumption. According to the findings, both CPPOM and
UPPOM are significant at level of 5% (𝑝 = 0,00). It can be seen from Table 5 that all the odds ratios for
variables in comparison 1, 2 and 3 are equal, when CPPOM is applied. For instance, the odds ratio of real
income is 1,212 for comparison 1, 2 and 3. A similar situation is also valid for other variables. When CPPOM is
applied, a single parameter can be obtained instead of obtaining separate parameters for variables in each
category. Thus, CPPOM turned into POM. In this context, it can be seen from Table 2 and Table 5 that the odds
ratios obtained for the variables from POM and CPPOM are equal. Different odds ratios are obtained for each
variables in comparison 1, 2 and 3 when UPPOM is applied (Table 6). For instance, the odds ratio of real
income is 1,236 in comparison 1, is 1,220 in comparison 2, and is 1,162 in comparison 3. A similar situation is
also valid for other variables. Referred to Table 3 and Table 6, it can be seen that the odds ratio coefficients in
each category for non-POM and UPPOM are equal. Thus, UPPOM turned into non-POM.
Ordered logit models were compared in terms of goodness of fit indicators and the results in Table 7 was
reached.
Table 7: Comparison of ordered logit models by goodness of fit indicators
Goodness of Fit
Indicator
Model
POM Non-POM PPOM CPPOM UPPOM
Mac Fadden 𝑅2 0,096 0,109 0,108 0,096 0,109
Deviation Measure 21225,2 20912,9 20936,9 21225,2 20912,9
AIC 21269,2 21033,0 21008,9 21269,2 21033,0
BIC 21424,7 21457,1 21263,4 21424,7 21457,1
Within the framework of the goodness of fit indicators, the most appropriate model between alternative models
for the data set is the model that has the highest Pseudo 𝑅2
value and the lowest Deviance Measure, AIC and
BIC values. When compared POM and Non-POM according to the goodness of fit indicators in Table 7, it is
seen that non-POM provides a better fit to the data set (except for BIC value). These findings indicate that non-
POM is more appropriate model than POM when POM does not meet parallel line assumption.
When compared POM and PPOM according to the goodness of fit indicators in Table 7, it is seen that PPOM
provides a better fit to the data set. These findings indicate that PPOM is more appropriate model than POM
when POM does not meet parallel line assumption.
When compared non-POM and PPOM according to the goodness of fit indicators in Table 7, it is seen that, Mac
Fadden 𝑅2
value as Pseudo 𝑅2
is almost the same; non-POM is a more appropriate model according to indicator
of Deviation Measure and PPOM is a more appropriate model according to indicators of AIC and BIC. On the
other hand, it can be said that PPOM is a more appropriate model to the data set than non-POM. Because
variables that provide parallelism in PPOM are represented by common odds coefficients (by a smaller number
of variables) and so PPOM can be more easily interpreted as statistically according to non-POM. In addition,
goodness of fit indicators (Table 7) indicates that POM and CPPOM have the same goodness of fit values and
12. Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Example of Turkey
www.ijhssi.org 84 | P a g e
conversely non-POM and UPPOM have the same goodness of fit values. These results support that odd ratios
obtained for models are equal.
As a result, this paper shows that PPOM exhibits a better fit to the data set than POM and non-POM when
parallel lines assumption is not met. Besides, according to the results obtained from the analyzed models, the
type and amount of the household electric appliances, household size, household income, housing type, and
ownership of LCD TV are important factors that increase the household's electricity consumption.
References
[1] Ananth, C.V., Kleinbaum, D.G. (1997). Regression models for ordinal responses: a review of methods and applications.
International Journal of Epidemiology, 26(6), 1323-1333.
[2] Bender, R, Grouven, U. (1998). Using binary logistic regression models for ordinal data with non-proportional odds. Journal of
Clinical Epidemiology, 51(10), 809-816.
[3] Brant, R. (1990). Assessing proportionality in the proportional odds model for ordinal logistic regression. Biometrics, 46(4), 1171-
1178.
[4] Energy Ministry of Turkey, (2015). Industry Report of TEİAŞ. [online] available at:<
http://www.enerji.gov.tr/File/?path=ROOT%2f1%2fDocuments%2fSayfalar%2f2014+Yılı+Bütçesinin+TBMM+Plan+ve+Bütçe+
Komisyonuna+Sunumu.pdf (online 26.08.2015)
[5] http://www.enerji.gov.tr/File/?path=ROOT%2f1%2fDocuments%2fSektör+Raporu%2f2013+Yılı+TEİAŞ+Sektör+Raporu.pdf>
(Accessed on 27 October 2015)
[6] Fan, J.L, et al. (2015). Impacts of socioeconomic factors on monthly electricity consumption of China’s sector. Natural Hazards,
75(2), 2039-2047.
[7] Fullerton, A.S. (2009). A conceptual framework for ordered logistic regression models. Sociological Methods & Research, 38(2),
306-347.
[8] Fullerton, A.S., Xu, J. (2012). The proportional odds with partial proportionality constraints model for ordinal response variables.
Social Science Research, 41(1), 182-198.
[9] Gagea, M. (2014). Modelling the confidence in industry in Romania and other European member countries using the ordered logit
model. Romanian Journal for Economic Forecasting, (1), 15-34.
[10] Güloğlu, B. Emre, A. (2014). Determinants of the household electricity demand in Turkey: ordered logit approach, Journal of
Politics, Economics and Management Studies, 2(3), 1-20.
[11] Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S. (2000). Introduction to the logistic regression model, applied logistic regression, second ed. John
Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
[12] Maddala, G.S. (1986). Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[13] McCullagh, P. (1980). Regression models for ordinal data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological),
42(2), 109-142.
[14] McCullagh, P. Nelder, J.A. (1989). Generalized linear models (vol. 37). CRC press, New York.
[15] Özcan, K.M., et al. (2013). Economic and demographic determinants of household energy use in Turkey. Energy Policy, 60, 550-
557.
[16] Peterson, B., Harrell, F.E. (1990). Partial proportional odds models for ordinal response variables. Applied Statistics, 39(2), 205-
217.
[17] Rahut, D.B., et al. (2014). Determinants of household energy use in Bhutan. Energy, 69, 661-672.
[18] Tewathia, N. (2014). Determinants of the household electricity consumption: a case study of Delhi. International Journal of Energy
Economics and Policy, 4(3), 337-348.
[19] Williams, R. (2006). Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables. Stata Journal,
6(1), 58-82.