Three interventions are proven ineffective for improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health:
1. Youth centers do not effectively deliver sexual health services and have high costs per beneficiary.
2. Peer education alone shows limited effects on behaviors and health outcomes, with greatest impact on peer educators.
3. Child marriage legislation has limited impact, as rates decline for other reasons beyond legal reforms.
Two effective interventions are comprehensive sexuality education, which is most effective when curricula are developed through participatory processes and address knowledge, attitudes and skills. Adolescent friendly health services also increase utilization when providers are non-judgemental, facilities are appealing, and communities are engaged. A focus on positive youth development through skills, participation, relationships and
Adolescent Sexual and Reproduction Health PresentationDeepak TIMSINA
ADRA worked to scale-up ASRH programme in Kalikot District through its Strengthening Reproductive Health (SRH) project. I worked as a 'Training Officer' in ADRA from 2012-2013.
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
This was a short lecture on teenage pregnancy given during the Phil Pediatric Society Central Visayas chapter Postgraduate Course last November 19, 2015 at the Marriott Hotel, Cebu City.
Adolescent Sexual and Reproduction Health PresentationDeepak TIMSINA
ADRA worked to scale-up ASRH programme in Kalikot District through its Strengthening Reproductive Health (SRH) project. I worked as a 'Training Officer' in ADRA from 2012-2013.
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
This was a short lecture on teenage pregnancy given during the Phil Pediatric Society Central Visayas chapter Postgraduate Course last November 19, 2015 at the Marriott Hotel, Cebu City.
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Women in Nepal (SRHR)WOREC Nepal
The purpose of this brief is to highlight the status of sexual and reproductive health rights of women in Nepal, discuss the gaps and challenges in the policies to address the ground realities of women with sexual and reproductive needs and to ensure their rights. As the brief includes the ‘voices’ of grassroot women and stakeholders, it is expected to demand accountability and changes in direction where it is urgently needed and suggest changes or strengthening as necessary at different levels, including the upcoming International Conference on Population and Development. (ICPD)+20.
This Information Brief was developed by WHO's Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development to support staff of the Organization and other UN agencies working at global, regional and national levels in promoting the uptake of effective interventions to improve the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents through schools in low-income countries. The premise of the Brief is that school-based sexual and reproductive health education is one of the most important and widespread ways to help adolescents to recognize and avert risks and improve their reproductive health. This evidence-based information brief establishes ways in which the health sector can help the education sector provide appropriate information to adolescents about when and why they need to use health services and where these may be available.
Teenagers are at risk of a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly preterm birth.
The reasons for this are complex and reflect a combination of adverse socioeconomic pressures and gynaecological and biological immaturity.
The obstetrician providing care for women in this age group should be aware of the potential challenges.
Studies have shown that delaying adolescent births could significantly lower population growth rates, potentially generating broad economic and social benefits, in addition to improving the health of adolescents.
A national target should be set to decrease the incidence of teenage pregnancy in our country .
Obstetricians should have a major role in such health education.
,
A publicação designada
‘Amamentação, o Presente de Mãe para Cada Criança’,
revela que “aumentar as taxas de aleitamento materno ajudaria a prevenir mais 20 mil mortes de mães por CA de mama”.
A investigação lembra que amamentar ajuda também a proteger a mulher das hemorragias e das depressões pós-parto, do CA nos ovários – além do CA de mama –, problemas cardíacos e diabetes do tipo 2.
...
Nosso presente de Dia das Mães! :)
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.aleitamento.com
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Women in Nepal (SRHR)WOREC Nepal
The purpose of this brief is to highlight the status of sexual and reproductive health rights of women in Nepal, discuss the gaps and challenges in the policies to address the ground realities of women with sexual and reproductive needs and to ensure their rights. As the brief includes the ‘voices’ of grassroot women and stakeholders, it is expected to demand accountability and changes in direction where it is urgently needed and suggest changes or strengthening as necessary at different levels, including the upcoming International Conference on Population and Development. (ICPD)+20.
This Information Brief was developed by WHO's Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development to support staff of the Organization and other UN agencies working at global, regional and national levels in promoting the uptake of effective interventions to improve the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents through schools in low-income countries. The premise of the Brief is that school-based sexual and reproductive health education is one of the most important and widespread ways to help adolescents to recognize and avert risks and improve their reproductive health. This evidence-based information brief establishes ways in which the health sector can help the education sector provide appropriate information to adolescents about when and why they need to use health services and where these may be available.
Teenagers are at risk of a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly preterm birth.
The reasons for this are complex and reflect a combination of adverse socioeconomic pressures and gynaecological and biological immaturity.
The obstetrician providing care for women in this age group should be aware of the potential challenges.
Studies have shown that delaying adolescent births could significantly lower population growth rates, potentially generating broad economic and social benefits, in addition to improving the health of adolescents.
A national target should be set to decrease the incidence of teenage pregnancy in our country .
Obstetricians should have a major role in such health education.
,
A publicação designada
‘Amamentação, o Presente de Mãe para Cada Criança’,
revela que “aumentar as taxas de aleitamento materno ajudaria a prevenir mais 20 mil mortes de mães por CA de mama”.
A investigação lembra que amamentar ajuda também a proteger a mulher das hemorragias e das depressões pós-parto, do CA nos ovários – além do CA de mama –, problemas cardíacos e diabetes do tipo 2.
...
Nosso presente de Dia das Mães! :)
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.aleitamento.com
RMNCH+A is a NEW approach to address the health problems Mother, Newborn, Child & Adolescence simultaneously at different stages of life through 'CONTINUUM OF CARE'.
Hope this presentation will help to have a glimpse of the program.
A presentation I created for a Human Behavior in the Social Environment course at Radford University on several key ideas of adolescents. Feedback is appreciated.
Comprehensive Sexuality Education is a curriculum-based process of teaching & learning about the cognitive, emotional, physical & social aspects of sexuality.
The Effectiveness of HIV/Aids Education in Promoting Interventions for A Supp...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: HIV/AIDS education is supposed to not only be a medium of creating awareness but also most importantly promote practices and skills to enable HIV prevention among youth in schools. This article reports on a study whose purpose was to assess the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS education in promoting interventions for a supportive environment in secondary schools. Specifically, the study sought to find out the extent to which interventions for a supportive environment for HIV/AIDS prevention were emphasized to youth; and explore the factors that influenced the promotion of the interventions. The study focused on youth involvement, parental involvement and HIV/AIDS prevention friendly school policies. The findings of the study established that the potential of the youth in enabling HIV/AIDS prevention among their fellow peers was not fully exploited. Parental involvement was low especially among the fathers. Parents rarely engaged in discussions on topics that dealt with sexuality. HIV/AIDS prevention friendly policies were ineffectively promoted in schools. Factors that influenced the promotion of the interventions were explored.
The field of health promotion and education is at a turning point as it steps up to address the interconnected challenges of health, equity and sustainable development. Professionals and policy makers recognize the need for an integrative thinking and practice approach to foster comprehensive and coherent action in each of these complex areas.
Adolescence is the most vulnerable period to reproductive health problems.
These problems include early pregnancy, unsafe abortion, sexually
infections transmitted (STIs) including the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), sexual abuse. Access for sexuality education and reproductive health
services to comprehensive and youth-friendly was limited. This study aims
to determine the effectiveness of peer educators and guidance and
counselling teachers in adolescent reproductive health level of knowledge.
This is a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control
group design with treatment groups using peer educators and teacher as
control groups. The sample size was 70 respondents. Data was collected by
questionnaire that already had validity and reliability test. Data analysis used
univariate, t-test and logistic regression. The results of this study showed
that the provision of information was more effective through guidance
conselling teachers (p=0.000, exp B=14.5). This study recommends that
improve adolescents’ reproductive knowledge need to optimize the role of
guidance and counseling teachers in providing information.
In Africa, the concept of Guidance and Counseling although relatively new in educational systems, has been embraced by most governments. Although most African countries recognize the essential role of organized Guidance and Counseling Programmes, there are limited researches studies conducted to assess the effectiveness of the programmed services being implemented to improve the student’s decision making processes that lead to improved future benefits. Research is yet to identify gender specific strategies to positive psychosexual development in boys and girls that can promote safe reproductive health. A wide spread ignorance on the subject of sex is due to the fact that the subject has been surrounded with mystery and beclouded by dark silence. The result has increased curiosity and desire to acquire more knowledge on this forbidden subject; yet, the people entrusted with the responsibility of educating the adolescents on the subject have not made appropriate information readily available. The study investigated effectiveness of guidance and counselling programmes on academic achievement among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory postulated in 1986. A descriptive research design was used with target population of 52 guiding and counselling teachers. A sample of 16 participants was selected using, using 30% of Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) and randomly selected from 52 schools. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results highlights teacher counselling and peer counselling were the most effective strategies in guidance and counselling as compared to students suspension and corporal punishment. More than half of guidance and counselling teachers asserted that schools had inadequate policy and manual procedures and code of ethics and regulation governing sexual behaviour. This paper points at need of guidance and counselling departments to develop policies and manual procedures on sex and relationship education that acts as a reference point to all members of the school. In addition, the Government should set up reproductive health institutions for the youth, promote peer counseling, talks by health providers in schools which has a bearing on students’ performance.
“Condoms are not a family planning Method”: Why efforts to prevent HIV have failed to comprehensively address adolescent sexual and reproductive health
The Members of the WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health emphasized the crucial need for the three agencies to provide complementary support to countries, by working within a common technical framework, in order to strengthen and expand the activities in countries aimed at promoting adolescent health in a more systematic fashion. The Common Agenda for Action encourages the three UN agencies with principal interest and experience in the area of adolescent health, to support activities in countries in complementary ways. The Common Agenda is intended to reflect the policies of the three agencies and serve as a basis for discussion at country level in the determination of their support of country-level programming. It also provides specific suggestions for collaborative activities to advance programming for adolescents at different levels.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Defining 1.8 billion Youth
.
•Around 1 in 4 persons is an adolescent aged 10-
24
•In all developing countries, youth are about 29
percent of the total population
•There will be about 72 million more youth in 2025
than there are today
•About 16 million girls aged 15 to 19 years and two
million girls under the age of 15 give birth every
year. The majority of these births occur within
marriage.
•More than 30% of girls in developing countries are
married before age 18, with 14% married before
age 15.
3. Insanity: doing the same things over and over
and expecting different results Albert Einstein
Around the world:
Ineffective interventions intended to improve adolescent sexual and
reproductive health (ASRH) continue be implemented;
Effective interventions are not replicated with attention to those attributes
that contribute to their effectiveness
As a result:
There are no observed health behaviour changes nor beneficial
outcomes for youth
Questions are raised about the value of ASRH policies and programs
Human and financial resources are used that could be deployed
elsewhere
Three interventions are proven to be ineffective in improving
adolescent sexual and reproductive health, yet continue to be
implemented.
4. YOUTH CENTERS
• Youth centers are
meeting points that
offer a youth-
friendly, safe, non-
threatening
environment for
information and
service provision.
5. 1. Youth centers are not effective in delivering sexual
and reproductive health services for adolescents.
2. An evaluation of 18 youth centre programs showed:
– Older male youths who live nearby used the services, mainly
for recreation
– There were no or limited effects on the use of sexual and
reproductive health services or commodities
– The cost per beneficiary was very high
YOUTH CENTERS – What have we
learned?
6. PEER EDUCATION: A Popular Approach
• Peer education is popular
because (theoretically):
– It makes use of existing
social networks,
information exchange and
open discussion between
adolescents of similar age
and social status
– It provides opportunities for
regular contact in a friendly
context
– It may be more successful
at getting to hard to reach
youth over traditional adult-
led health-education
approaches
7. PEER EDUCATION – What have we
learned?
Five meta-analyses of peer education program implemented
over many years in different contexts conclude that peer
education programs show limited effects in promoting safe
behaviours and in improving health, on their own.
Greatest impact is often among the peer educators themselves
“Peer education might be more effective if it is integrated in
holistic interventions and if the role of peer educators is
redefined in a way that makes them more of a source of
sensitization and referral to experts and services.”
Source:
1. Harden A, Oakley A, Oliver S. Peer-delivered health promotion for young people: A systematic review of different study designs.
Health Education Journal. 2001; 60(4):339-353.
2. Medley A, Kennedy C, O'Reilly K, Sweat M. Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention in developing countries:
A systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009; 21(3):181-206.
3. Kim CR, Free C. Recent evaluations of the Peer Led approach in adolescent sexual health education: A systematic review.‐
Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health. 2008; 40(3):144-151.
4. Maticka-Tyndale E, Barnett JP. Peer-led interventions to reduce HIV risk of youth: A review. Evaluation and Program Planning.
2010;33(2):98-112.
5. Tolli M. Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention, adolescent pregnancy prevention and sexual health
promotion for young people: A systematic review of European studies. Health Education Research. 2012;27(5):904-913.
8. CHILD MARRIAGE
•A widespread harmful practice that affects enormous numbers
of girls.
One third of the world’s girls are married before the age of
18 and 1 in 9 are married before the age of 15.
In 2010, 67 million aged 20-24 were married before age
18.
If present trends continue, an average of 14.2 million girls
will marry each year.
•Countries with the highest prevalence of child marriage are
concentrated in Western and Sub-Saharan Africa, but the
largest number of child brides reside in South Asia.
•Early marriage is linked to early childbearing, which has
numerous and serious consequences for the health and well-
being of girls and their babies.
9. CHILD MARRIAGE – what have we learned?
• The contribution of legislation to change the practice has been very
limited.
• There is little correlation between legislation and trends
• There are very few indications that laws and legal reforms have
contributed to discouraging and eradicating child marriage.
• Among the 12 African countries that have had more than 10% decrease
in general, only three countries are considered to have a strong legal
framework (Ethiopia, Liberia, Sierra Leone).
• In the few countries with declining rates it is not possible to ascribe the
changes to legal reforms or legal mechanisms.
Source:
1. J Svanemyr, E Scolaro, K Blondeel, V Chandra-Mouli, M Temmerman. The contribution of laws to change the practice of child
marriage in Africa. 2013. Paper prepared by WHO for the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
2. S Lee-Rife, A Malhotra, A Warner, A McGonagle Glinski. What works to prevent child marriage: A review of the evidence. Studies in
Family Planning. 2012. 43, 4, 287-303.
10. Soooo, what DOES work?
• Two interventions
have proven to be
effective but are
often executed with
little attention to
those key attributes
that contribute to
their effectiveness.
11. COMPREHENSIVE SEXUALITY
EDUCATION
Age-appropriate, culturally
relevant approach to teaching
about sex and relationships by
providing scientifically accurate,
realistic, non-judgmental
information.
Source:
UNESCO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF and WHO. International
technical guidance on sexuality education. Volume 1. The
rationale for sexuality education. An evidence-informed
approach for schools, teachers and health educators. UNESCO.
Paris. 2009.
12. COMPREHENSIVE SEXUALITY EDUCATION: what
makes it effective?
Common characteristics that effectively increase
knowledge, clarify values and attitudes, increase skills
and affect behaviour include:
1.The process of developing the curriculum
2.The content of curriculum itself
3.The manner in which it is delivered
Source:
UNESCO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF and WHO. International technical guidance on sexuality education. Volume 1. The rationale for
sexuality education. An evidence-informed approach for schools, teachers and health educators. UNESCO. Paris. 2009.
13. To be considered adolescent-friendly, health services should be:
Accessible
•Adolescents are able to obtain the health services that are available
Acceptable
•Adolescents are willing to obtain the health services that are available
Equitable
•All adolescents, not just some groups of adolescents, are able to obtain the health services that are available
Appropriate
•The right health services (i.e. the ones they need) are provided to them
Effective
•The right health services are provided in the right way, and make a positive contribution to their health
Source:
WHO. Making health services adolescent friendly. Developing national quality standards. WHO. Geneva. 2013.
ADOLESCENT FRIENDLY HEALTH SERVICES
14. ADOLESCENT FRIENDLY HEALTH SERVICES –
What works?
Health services have been shown to increase utilization of health
services by adolescents only if they have all four of these
characteristics:
1.Health service providers are trained and supported to be non
judgemental and friendly in their dealings with adolescents
2.Actions are taken to make health facilities welcoming and appealing
to adolescents
3.Communication with adolescents to inform them about the
availability of ‘friendly’ health services and to encourage them to use
the services when needed
4.Communication with community members to make them aware of
the importance of providing adolescents with health services
15. New Ways of Thinking: Prevention vs
Treatment
• Most common approach globally to youth
reproductive health has focused on the treatment of
adolescent problems,
• Growing evidence base of methodologies that
prevent or moderate problems and consequences
before they occur
17. SKILL-BUILDING: Intentional focus on broadening youth perspectives;
development of social, problem-solving and communication skills;
PARTICIPATION: Engaging and partnering with youth by offering
meaningful and developmentally appropriate opportunities for
participation (e.g., youth-led discussion, real choices) and leadership
(e.g., youth as peer counselors, tutors, evaluators, and contributors)
MEMBERSHIP: Creating a sense of membership and/or a sense of
commitment to school, workplace, culture, and community
NORMS AND EXPECTATIONS: Establishing norms and high
expectations for positive youth behavior and action that are
sanctioned by the group
ADULT-YOUTH RELATIONSHIPS: Establishing deep and meaningful
ways for young people and adults to relate and engage with each
other and specific training for adult leaders
INFORMATION AND SERVICES: Providing problem-specific
information and access to developmentally appropriate services
Source: Developed by the Academy for Educational Development, derived from Eccles and Gootman, eds. (2002).
Community Programs to Promote Youth Development . National Academies of Science.
Greater attention to Positive Youth Development
Principles