The document defines and provides examples of referring expressions. Referring expressions are used in utterances to refer to something or someone that is already understood by the speaker. Referring expressions can be indefinite noun phrases using articles or demonstratives, or definite noun phrases using proper names, pronouns, or longer descriptions. The same expression can be either a referring expression or not, depending on the context. An equative sentence asserts the identity of the referents of two referring expressions by stating that they refer to the same thing.

2. What is actually

3. Referring expression is any expression used
in an utterance to refer to something or
someone, namely used with particular
referent in the mind of the speaker.

4.  Indefinite Noun Phrase uses articles/demonstrative
adjective in its expression.
e.g. -Bring me the apple on the table.
-Those Five boys were off school last week.
 Definite Noun Phrase uses proper name, personal
pronoun and longer descriptive expression.
e.g . -Bring me it.
- Rania is friendly.
- They were off school last week.

5. - “Belal called me last night” →
- The speaker has a particular person in his
mind → ‘Belal’ is a reffering expression.
- “there is no Belal in this class” →
- The speaker would not have a particular
person in his mind → ‘Belal’ is not a
referring expression

6. The same expression can be a referring expression or not (or, as some would
put it, may or may not have a ‘referring interpretation’), depending on the
context.
1) When a speaker says, ‘A man was in here looking for you last night’
is a man being used to refer to a particular man? Yes
2) So, in the above example, is a man a referring expression? Yes
3) When a speaker says, ‘The first sign of the monsoon is a cloud on
the horizon no bigger than a man’s hand’, is a man being used to refer
to a particular man? No
4) Is a man in this example a referring expression? No
5) Is empat puluh bis, used in ‘Empat puluh bis telah ditarik dari trayek
operasinya oleh PT. AKAS’, a referring expression? Yes

7. What is

8. An EQUATIVE SENTENCE is one which is used to assert
the identity of the referents of two referring expressions, i.e.
to assert that two referring expressions have the same
referent.
1. - George W. Bush is the 43rd President of the United States
- The 43rd President of the United States is George W. Bush
2. - The largest city in Africa is Cairo
- Cairo is the largest city in Africa