This document discusses approaches to measuring and treating bone loss in the glenoid and humeral head that can contribute to shoulder instability. It addresses how to measure glenoid and Hill-Sachs lesions using various imaging modalities and arthroscopy. It presents studies examining the amount of glenoid and humeral head bone loss that significantly increases instability risk. The document also introduces the "glenoid track" and "Funky Pizza method" to assess if a Hill-Sachs lesion is engaging or non-engaging. It concludes with an overview of treatment approaches based on the size of glenoid and Hill-Sachs defects.

1. Lennard Funk
Addressing Bone Loss
The Pragmatic
Approach
lenfunk@shoulderdoc.co.uk

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Basil Vandegriend, 2006
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How best to measure Glenoid
Bone Loss?
1. X-Rays
2. MRI
3. CT
4. Arthroscopy
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How much glenoid loss
for Bony Reconstruction?
1. 5%
2. 10%
3. 20%
4. 25%

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What is a significant Hill-Sachs
Lesion?
1. 4cm long
2. 20% humeral head surface
3. 40% humeral head surface
4. Engaging at Arthroscopy

6. GLENOID BONE LOSS
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Where does 20-25% come from?
Itoi Cadaveric Studies - JBJS, 2000:
Stability of repaired cadaveric shoulders
With no glenoid removed
With 21% anterior glenoid removed
ER and ABER
Yamamoto & Itoi - AJSM, 2009
Stability ratio mechanical test 8 cadavers
At 20% stability ration greatly decreased
Yamamoto - JBJS, 2010
Same study (with 5 more shoulders)!!
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Pear
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Inverted Pear

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• Glenoid loss 20-30%
• FU 34 months
• 15% Recurrence rate
“requiring surgery”
• ‘Inverted Pear’
• FU 27 months
• 67% Recurrence rate
(89% contact athletes)

10. HUMERAL HEAD BONE LOSS
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What is a significant
Hill-sachs lesion?
Bigliani & Flatow (1996)
[quoted in Cetik (2007)]:
Mild - <20%
Moderate - 20-45%
Severe - >45%
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> 30% = Needs Treatment

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What is a significant
Hill-sachs lesion?
Balg & Bouileau (2008) in ISIS:
Visible on AP X-Ray in External Rotation
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Funky Pizza Method
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Remplissage
“Fill-in / padding”
Eugene Wolf (2008)
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Indications for Remplissage
Wolf (2008):
Combined glenoid bone defect & large Hill-Sachs
Burkart (2009):
Moderate to large Hill-Sachs (>3 mm depth)
with bony glenoid loss of >25%
Borderline cases where glenoid defect is close to 25%
but Hill-Sachs is small to moderate in size
Boileau (2010):
Large, Calandra Grade 3 Hill-Sachs, without glenoid bone-loss
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16. Assessing Bone Loss
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Balance Stability Angle - Matsen
Effective Glenoid Arc = the area of the glenoid’s
articular surface available for humeral head
compression
Balance Stability Angle = the angle between the centre
of the glenoid and the end of the effective glenoid arc
in any direction (18 degrees anterior)
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‘Glenoid Track’ - Itoi & Yamamoto
Yamamoto - Cadaver
Metzger - MRI/MRA
Omori - In-vivo
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Yamamoto N, Itoi E, Abe H, et al. JSES 2007
Metzger et al. AAOSM, 2010
Omori et al. AJSM. March 2014.
Defined as the contact area between the glenoid and the humeral head
while keeping the arm in maximum external rotation, maximum horizontal
extension, and 0° to 90° of abduction relative to the trunk.
"
If a Hill-Sachs lesion extends medially over the glenoid track, there is a
risk of engagement.

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Largest Track (contact)
found in full ABER
= 84% of glenoid width
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‘Glenoid Track’

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‘Glenoid Track’
If the medial margin of a Hill-
Sach’s lesion lies outside the
glenoid track, this will cause
an engaging Hill-Sach’s.
"
Bony defect of the glenoid will
narrow the glenoid track,
which can cause the medial
margin of a relatively small
Hill-Sach’s lesion to be outside
the glenoid track

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1. Measure the diameter (D) of the inferior glenoid, either by
arthroscopy or from 3D CT scan.
2. Determine the width of the anterior glenoid bone loss (d).
3. Calculate the width of the glenoid track (GT) by the following
formula: GT=0.83D-d
4. Calculate the width of the HSI, which is the width of the Hill-
Sachs lesion (HS) plus the width of the bone bridge (BB) between
the rotator cuff attachments and the lateral aspect of the Hill-
Sachs lesion: HSI = HS + BB.
5. If HSI > GT, the HS is off track, or engaging. If HSI < GT, the HS is
on track, or non-engaging.
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Normal Glenoid Track
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83%

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Anterior Glenoid Deficiency
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D
83%

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The Formula:
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1. Measure the diameter (D) of the inferior
glenoid, either by arthroscopy or from 3D
CT scan (of Opposite shoulder).
2. Determine the width of the anterior
glenoid bone loss (d).
3. Calculate the width of the glenoid track
(GT) by the following formula: GT=0.83D-d
4. Calculate the width of the HSI, which is
the width of the Hill-Sachs lesion (HS) plus
the width of the bone bridge (BB) between
the rotator cuff attachments and the
lateral aspect of the Hill-Sachs lesion:
HSI = HS + BB.
5. If HSI > GT, the HS is off track, or
engaging. If HSI < GT, the HS is on track, or
non-engaging.
D
83%

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The Formula:
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1. Measure the diameter (D) of the inferior
glenoid, either by arthroscopy or from 3D
CT scan.
2. Determine the width of the anterior
glenoid bone loss (d).
3. Calculate the width of the glenoid track
(GT) by the following formula: GT=0.83D-d
4. Calculate the width of the HSI, which is
the width of the Hill-Sachs lesion (HS) plus
the width of the bone bridge (BB) between
the rotator cuff attachments and the
lateral aspect of the Hill-Sachs lesion:
HSI = HS + BB.
1. If HSI > GT, the HS is ‘off track’, or
engaging.
2.If HSI < GT, the HS is ‘on track’, or
non-engaging.

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Treatment Paradigm
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Group
Glenoid
Defect
Hill-Sachs
Recommended
Treatment
1 <25% On Track Arthroscopic Bankart
2 <25% Off Track
Arthroscopic Bankart
+ Remplissage
3 >25% On Track Latarjet
4 >25% Off Track
Latarjet +
Remplissage /
Humeral Bone Graft

27. Decision Making
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Balg & Bouileau, JBJSB, 2007:
Instability Severity Score!
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Balg & Bouileau, JBJSB, 2007:
No difference between:
Gender (p=0.32)
Type of Sports (p=0.31)
Difference between:
Age (p=0.001)
Level of sport (p=0.03)
Shoulder laxity (p=0.03)
Hill-Sachs lesion (p=0.002)
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My approach to Latarjet:
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Considerations:

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Pragmatic 1:
24yr male footballer
First Traumatic Dislocation
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Final repair

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Sugaya Technique
Sugaya et al. 2005

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Pragmatic 2:
28yr male
Multiple recurrent traumatic dislocations with
reducing force.
Dislocating dressing & sleep
Now avoidance
Unable to work as nurse
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“Soap and water
and common sense are the
best disinfectants”
William Osler

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Thank You
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Clinical
(Classification)
MR
Arthrogram
Glenoid
Bankart
Repair
(scope / open)
Deficiency
Latarjet /
Eden-Hybinette
Humeral
Head
Large
Hill-Sachs
Remplissage /
Allograft
Capsule
HAGL
Repair
(open / Scope)
Hyperlax
Shift / Plication

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