ADDITION OF CURCUMA (CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA) AS AN ANTIOXIDANT ON AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) COMMERCIAL FISH FEEDING

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 05, May 2019, pp. 380-385, Article ID: IJCIET_10_05_040
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=5
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
ADDITION OF CURCUMA (CURCUMA
XANTHORRHIZA) AS AN ANTIOXIDANT ON
AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS)
COMMERCIAL FISH FEEDING
Mega Dwi Lestari, Muhammad Arief, Woro Hastuti Satyantini
Department of Fisheries and Marine , Faculty of Fisheries and Marine,
Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
African catfish cultivation using a high stock solid system can cause increased
stress and disease susceptibility to African catfish. Thus, it is necessary to use natural
ingredients of antioxidants as a substitute for chemicals or antibiotics to avoid
resistance. This study aimed to determine the effect of curcuma flour addition on
increasing leukocyte counts, leukocyte differential and survival rate as parameters of
African catfish cultivation success. This study was an experimental study, by the
completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and each treatment received 5
replications so there were 20 experimental units. The variables observed were doses
of curcuma flour, total leukocytes, differential leukocytes and the survival levels of
African catfish.The results of this study indicated that the addition of curcuma flour in
African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) feed formulation were quite effective to influence
the increase in leukocyte counts and differential leukocytes in African catfish bodies,
although the survival rate was still lower than control (without curcuma).The addition
of curcuma (Clarias gariepinus) flour in catfish feed formulation could increase
leukocyte counts, leukocyte differential and the survival levels of African catfish to
obtain maximum results. The most effective dose of curcuma flour was by mixing 4%
curcuma flour in 100% formulation feed.
Key words: Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Clarias gariepinus, leukocytes, differential
leukocytes, survival rate
Cite this Article: Mega Dwi Lestari, Muhammad Arief, Woro Hastuti Satyantini,
Addition of Curcuma (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza) as an Antioxidant on African Catfish
(Clarias Gariepinus) Commercial Fish Feeding, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology 10(5), 2019, pp. 380-385.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=5
1. INTRODUCTION
African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is a popular freshwater fish because its savory meat,
affordable price and high protein contents. African catfish is basically easy cultivated because
its fast growth and it can reach large sizes in a short care time. The current cultivation system

uses a high stock solid system. This system has side effects that can cause increased stress and
disease susceptibility to African catfish. The farmers need to mix chemicals or antibiotics into
the feed to overcome this incident. The solution to avoid antibiotic resistance is to replace
these chemicals with natural ingredients, such as curcuma.
Curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) is one of the medicinal plants of the Zingiberaceae
family that is widely grown. It used as raw material for traditional medicines in Indonesia
(Sidik and Muhtadi, 1992). Curcuma rhizome is known have anti-oxidant properties and anti-
inflammation properties (Akarchariya et al., 2017). Curcuma rhizome has an active
components that have an antioxidants properties, namely flavonoids, phenols, and curcumin
(Kiswanto, 2005). Antioxidants are compounds that prevent free radical oxidation reactions in
lipid oxidation in lower concentrations of oxidizable substrates. The effects of free radicals
can be reduced and neutralized with a large amounts of exogenous antioxidants (derived from
food consumed).
The most important cultivation success factor is the fish health condition. Health
conditions or abnormalities in fish, either due to disease or environmental conditions, can be
seen through the blood content in fish. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to
determine the effect of adding natural ingredients of curcuma as an antioxidant to increase
leukocyte counts, leukocyte differential and survival rate as parameters of success of African
catfish cultivation.
2. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
The proximate analysis of feed ingredients and pellets was carried out at the Animal Feed
Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya city,
Indonesia. The experimental tools used in the study were 20 pieces of aquarium with size of
45 x 20 x 20 cm3
, blowers, aeration, aeration hoses, aeration stones, thermometers, trays,
mills, pellets, baking sheets, digital scales, pH paper, DO meters, ammonia test-kit, seser (tool
for catching fish made from woven bamboo), plastic, spoon, cleaning tool and filter, object
glass, syringe, microscope, and microtube. The research material used was African catfish
(Clarias gariepinus) with length of 9-10 cm and weight of 4-5 grams. The formula of feed
used consisted of fish meal, fine bran, soybean oilcake, tapioca flour and curcuma flour.
This study was experimental study with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) form and
using 4 treatments. Each treatment received 5 replications so there were 20 experimental
units. The treatment was conducted by adding curcuma flour as much as 0%, 2%, 4% and 6%
in fish feed formulations (Sari, Lukistyowati and Aryani, 2012). The main variables observed
were curcuma doses in feed, survival, leukocytes counts, monocytes and neutrophils in
African catfish feed. Whereas, the supporting variables observed were temperature, oxygen
content, ammonia and pH.
Leukocyte and differential leukocyte counts in African catfish bodies were calculated
using the formula used by Svoboda and Vyaknsona. Whereas, the survival rate of African
catfish was calculated based on Effendie’s formula (Effendie, 1997). Data on total leukocyte
counts, leukocyte differential and catfish survival were statistically analyzed with variant
analysis (ANOVA). If the results of statistical analysis showed the significantly different
effect or highly significantly different, then Duncan’s Multiple Distance Test was proceed to
compare the effect of each treatment (Kusriningrum, 2008).
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
The variant analysis (ANOVA) showed the total of leukocyte counts during the
administration of curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrizza) can be seen in Table 1.

Addition of Curcuma (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza) as an Antioxidant on African Catfish (Clarias
Gariepinus) Commercial Fish Feeding
Table 1 Total leukocytes (104
cells/mm3
) during administration of curcuma in African catfish feeds
Treatments H-0 H-7 H-14 H-21
PA 5.12 ± 0.64a 7.88 ± 4.26a 4.39 ± 0.06a 5.46 ± 0.76a
PB 5.14 ± 1.45a 1.88 ± 3.15b 4.51 ± 0.14a 5.80 ± 0.43a
PC 4.36 ± 0.92a 5.89 ± 0.48a 6.02 ± 0.08b 8.51 ± 2.02b
PD 4.30 ± 0.39a 4.30 ± 0.39a 6.03 ± 0.13b 8.02 ± 1.45b
Note: Superscript letters in the columns show significant differences (p<0.05), PA:
Formulations without curcuma (control), PB: 100% formulated feed + 2% curcuma flour, PC:
100% formulated feed + 4% curcuma flour, PD : 100% formulated feed + 6% curcuma flour.
Based on Table 1., the administration of curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrizza) flour in feed
formulations had a significant difference of total leukocyte counts of African catfish during
21 days of research. Whereas, the results of the variant analysis (ANOVA) that show the total
of monocyte counts, neutrophils and lymphocytes during the administration of curcuma can
be seen in Table 2.
Table 2. The number of monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes (%) during administration of
curcuma in African catfish feeds
Measure Treatments H-0 H-7 H-14 H-21
Percentage of
Monocyte Counts
(%)
PA 8.80 ± 0.01a 8.80 ± 0.02a 9.80 ± 0.02a 9.80 ± 0.03a
PB 9.20 ± 0.02a 9.80 ± 0.03a 9.40 ± 0.04a 6.40 ± 0.04a
PC 8.20 ± 0.01a 8.60 ± 0.02a 7.40 ± 0.06a 7.20 ± 0.02a
PD 8.40 ± 0.01a 7.20 ± 0.02a 6.60 ± 0.01a 8.00 ± 0.03a
Percentage of
Neutrophil Counts
(%)
PA 10.60 ± 0.00a 9.00 ± 0.02a 9.60 ± 0.04a 8.80 ± 0.01a
PB 9.80 ± 0.01a 9.80 ± 0.03a 12.40 ± 0.02a 10.40 ± 0.02a
PC 11.00 ± 0.04a 11.00 ± 0.04a 10.00 ± 0.06a 10.40 ± 0.02a
PD 12.60 ± 0.03a 10.80 ± 0.04a 11.00 ± 0.03a 10.20 ± 0.04a
Percentage of
Lymphocyte Counts
(%)
PA 80.60 ± 0.04a 83.00 ± 0.00a 80.60 ± 0.02a 81.40 ± 0.02a
PB 81.00 ± 0.02a 80.40 ± 0.01a 78.20 ± 0.06a 83.20 ± 0.02a
PC 81.20 ± 0.06a 80.40 ± 0.05a 82.60 ± 0.05a 82.40 ± 0.02a
PD 79.00 ± 0.05a 82.00 ± 0.04a 83.20 ± 0.03a 81.80 ± 0.04a
Note: Superscript letters in the columns show significant differences (p<0.05). PA:
Formulation without curcuma (control). PB: 100% formulated feed + 2% curcuma flour. PC:
100% feed formulation + 4% curcuma flour, PD: 100% feed formulation + 6% curcuma flour
Duncan's Distance Test results to calculate the survival rate of African catfish (Clarias
gariepunus) can be seen in Table 3.

Table 3. The level of survival of African catfish after the administration of curcuma on African catfish
feeds
Treatments
Survival Rate (%)
After treatment for 21 days
PA 100.00 ± 0.00a
PB 92.00 ± 0.10a
PC 96.00 ± 0.05a
PD 90.00 ± 0.14a
Note: Superscript letters in the columns show significant differences (p<0.05).
To determine water quality parameters, temperature and pH measurements were carried
out in the morning and evening and Disolved Oxygen (DO) and Ammonia measurements
every once a week. The results of determining water quality parameters obtained from
measurements of temperature, pH, Disolved Oxygen (DO) and Ammonia can be seen in Table
4.
Table 4. Water quality parameters for 21 days maintenances
Parameters Units
Temperature 29℃ - 30℃
pH 7 – 8
Disolved Oxygen (DO) 3.09 – 6.5 mg/l
Ammonia 0.5-1 mg/l
The results of this study in the first 7 days showed that leukocyte counts decreased when
getting PB treatment (2% curcuma) and leukocyte counts increased when getting PC
treatment (4% curcuma). Decrease of leukocyte counts when getting PB treatment (2%
curcuma) is due to an imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants. This imbalance is
caused by a shift in pro-oxidants when the process of oxygen production increases or when
antioxidants decrease, which can cause the amount of free radicals to increase. Whereas, the
increase of leukocyte counts when getting PC treatment (4% of curcuma) is considered due to
an association with flavonoids. Flavonoids are polyphenol compounds that act as
antioxidants, which act as antidotes to hydroxyl and superoxide radicals that protect
membrane lipids (Riki et al., 2004). Antioxidants can protect certain substances (especially
fatty substances) from oxidation attacks including attacks from free radicals (Astawan, 2004).
Leukocyte counts after 21 days maintenance process had increased when getting PC
treatment (4% curcuma). The increase in leukocytes is the indicator that body’s defense
system has increased, because the increased leukocytes promote the body protection against
the antigens. The increased of leukocyte counts can be used as a sign of parasite and stress
factor infestations (Syawal and Syafriadiman, 2008). Leukocytes consist of two main
components, namely granulocytes and agranulocytes. Granular leukocytes are divided into
three groups, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils. Whereas, agranular leukocytes are
divided into two groups, including monocytes and lymphocytes (Chinabut, Limsuwan and
Kitsawat, 1991). Leukocytes commonly found in fish are lymphocytes, monocytes, and
neutrophils.
Lymphocyte percentage during the first 7 days maintenance process had decreased when
PB treatment (2% curcuma) and PC treatment (4% curcuma) were given. Whereas, the
increase in lymphocyte percentage occurred when getting PA treatment (without curcuma)
and PD treatment (6% curcuma). The decrease of lymphocytes counts occurs because most

Addition of Curcuma (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza) as an Antioxidant on African Catfish (Clarias
Gariepinus) Commercial Fish Feeding
lymphocytes move from the circulation and compete towards inflammation area of the injured
tissues (Rustikawati, 2012).
The total lymphocyte counts after 21 days maintenance process was continued to increase
except when getting PB treatment (2% curcuma). The increase in the lymphocytes percentage
is due to the natural content of curcuma, namely flavonoids and curcumin which can increase
lymphocytes in the fish body. The increased of lymphocyte counts are a sign of the fish
immunity system success in developing cellular (non-specific) immunity responses as a
trigger for the immune response.
The percentage of monocyte cell counts varied in each treatment, both before and after
administration of curcuma. The percentage increasing in the monocyte cell counts occurred on
day 7 when getting PB treatment (2% curcuma) and PC treatment (4% curcuma). The
monocyte counts after maintenance for 14 days had increased. However, after continuing for
21 days, the number of monocytes decreased when getting PC treatment (4% of curcuma).
Monocyte percentage can increase in a short time after an infection with a foreign body to
carry out phagocytosis (Clauss, Dove and Arnold, 2008). Whereas, the neutrophil percentage
after going through the maintenance process for 21 days had increased when getting PB
treatment (2% curcuma) and PD treatment (6% curcuma). The increase in monocyte and
neutrophil cells shows the occurrence of excessive activation of the reaction of reactive
oxygen. A condition in which intermediate reactive oxygen (RIO) levels that exceed toxic
endogenous antioxidant defenses are known as oxidative stress (Arief, 2007). This situation
can increase excess free radicals which will react with fats, proteins, cellular nucleic acids,
resulting in local damage and certain organ dysfunction.
Addition of curcuma in feed resulted in an increase in the monocyte and neutrophil
counts. This is presumably due to the presence of active antioxidant substances contained in
curcuma, which are flavonoids, phenols, and curcumin. These active antioxidant substances
can activate monocytes and neutrophil cells to produce a type of oxygen and reactive nitrogen
to counteract excessive free radicals.
The best survival rate after observing for 21 days was when getting PC treatment (4%
curcuma) which was equal to 96% survival rate. The level of survival rate when getting PC
treatment can be high because the level of feed consumption was better. The amount and
quality of feed given to fish had an effect on fish growth. The higher value of the feed
efficiency, the better fish response to the feed (Haryadi, Haryono and Susilo, 2005).
4. CONCLUSION
From the results of the study that has been conducted, it can be concluded that the addition of
curcuma flour in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) feed formulation can affect the increase
in leukocyte counts and differential leukocytes in the African catfish body. However, the level
of survival rate that obtained after adding curcuma flour to African catfish feed formulations
was still stated to be lower than the control (without curcuma), but still above 90%. The most
effective dose of curcuma flour was as much as 4% of curcuma flour mixed in 100% made
formulation feed.
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ADDITION OF CURCUMA (CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA) AS AN ANTIOXIDANT ON AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) COMMERCIAL FISH FEEDING

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