Antibiotic residues and heavy metals in pork at wet markets in Vietnam
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Presented by Tran Thi Tuyet Hanh, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fred Unger, Chu Van Tuat, Ngan Tran Thi and Phuc Pham Duc at the 4th Food Safety and Zoonoses Symposium for Asia Pacific and 2nd Regional EcoHealth Symposium, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 3-5 August 2015.
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Antibiotic residues and heavy metals in pork at wet markets in Vietnam
- 1. Antibiotic residues and heavy metal in pork at wet markets in Vietnam Tran Thi Tuyet Hanh, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fred Unger, Chu Van Tuat, Ngan Tran Thi, Phuc Pham Duc 4th Food Safety and Zoonoses Symposium for Asia Pacific and 2nd Regional EcoHealth Symposium Chiang Mai, Thailand, 3-5 August 2015
- 2. Outline 1. Chemical hazards in pork and concerns 2. Objectives 3. Sampling and sample analyses 4. Results and discussion 5. Conclusions 5 August 2015
- 3. 1. Chemical hazards in pork and concerns 5 August 2015
- 4. Found some pig farms using banned substance- Beta agonist (in Dong Nai province) Sub-DAH Dong Nai proposed to treat this as an criminal affaires rather than civilian issues that claim a low fine News 5 August 2015
- 5. Chemical hazards in pork Vietnam, pork makes up ~75% of meat consumed daily, Substantial benefits to the smallholders who supply 80% of the market, Consumers have paid special concern over food safety issues, especial health risks associated with chemical hazards. 5 August 2015
- 6. Farm Transportation to SH SH ConsumersRetailer Heavy metals (farms/processing) Antibiotic residues, growth promoters HCAs & PAHs Chemical hazards and pig value chain 5 August 2015
- 7. Heavy metals: Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As) Antibiotic residues: Sulfonamide, tetracycline, chloramphenicol,… Growth promoters: β-agonists (salbutamol, clenbuterol) Dioxins and POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) Additives: Sodium nitrat/nitrit, Potasium nitrat/nitrit Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). • Antibiotic residue • Heavy metal • Growth promoter Chemical hazards and pig value chain 5 August 2015
- 8. 2. Objectives To assess the prevalence and concentrations of antibiotic, growth promoters and heavy metal residues in pork at wet market in Vietnam To provide data for health risk assessment of chemical hazards in pork. 5 August 2015
- 9. 3. Sampling and sample analysis 5 August 2015
- 10. Study location Hung Yen: Van Giang Khoai Chau Tien Lu Nghe An: Hung Nguyen Do Luong Dien Chau Each district: 3 communes Total: 3 * 6 = 18 communes 5 August 2015
- 11. Farm Transportation to SH Slaughterhouse ConsumersRetailer • Feed in bags, remaining feeds at the cages • Pork• Liver • Kidney Sampling points 5 August 2015
- 12. Total collected samples * Total: 3 communes * 6 districts = 18 communes 18 pooled samples each type => Laboratory analyses Location Slaughterhouses Markets Kidney Liver Pork Hung Yen 44 44 94 Khoai Chau 15 15 27 Tien Lu 14 14 33 Van Giang 15 15 34 Nghe An 44 44 96 Dien Chau 14 14 34 Do Luong 15 15 32 Hung Nguyen 15 15 30 Total 88 88 190 Pooled* 18 18 18 5 August 2015
- 13. i. Screening (ELISA) ii. Confirmation (LC/MS/MS: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) Laboratory analyses: 5 August 2015
- 14. 4. Results and discussion 5 August 2015
- 15. Screening 18 pooled samples by ELISA 5 August 2015 Samples Tetracycli- ne group Fluoroquino- lones group Sulfonamide s group Chloram- phenicol B-agonist Liver (n=18) 0 0 2 0 2 Kidney (n=18) 0 1 2 0 0 Pork (n=18) 0 0 9 5 1 Number of positive samples by screening antibiotic residue and β-agonist
- 16. Identification of heavy metals 5 August 2015 Samples Lead Cadmium Arsenic Liver (n=18) 10 18 0 Kidney (n=18) 7 18 0 Pork (n=18) 5 0 0 Number of positive samples by AAS method on heavy metals
- 17. Vietnamese MRL for Pb: in pork: 100 µg/kg; other parts 500 µg/kg for Cd: in pork, liver: 50 µg/kg; kidney 1000 µg/kg, not allow to find Beta-agonist, chloramphenicol in liver, kidney Antibiotic, growth promotor and heavy metal residues in liver and kidney samples Chemical LoD (µg/kg) Method Residue µ(min-max) (µg/kg) Liver Kidney Sulfonamides group Sulfamethazine 15 LCMSMS 67.8 (44.7-90.8) 86.93 Sulfaquinoxalin 15 LCMSMS - - Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol 0.15 LCMSMS - - β-agonist Salbutamol 0.2 LCMSMS 4.24 (2.77-5.71) - Clenbuterol 0.2 LCMSMS - - Heavy metals Lead (Pb) 70 AAS 117.4 (71.3-302.7) 127.9 (70.5-208.1) Cadmium (Cd) 10 AAS 17.5 (10.4-31.6) 222.7 (126-382.7) Arsenic (As) 50 AAS - - 5 August 2015
- 18. Antibiotic, growth promotor and heavy metal residues in pork Chemical LoD (µg/kg) Method Residue µ(min-max) (µg/kg) Sulfonamides group Sulfamethazine 15 LC-MS/MS 155.5 (35.6-263.2) Sulfaquinoxalin 15 LC-MS/MS - Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol 0.3 LC-MS/MS 0.54 (0.34-0.76) β-agonist Salbutamol 0.2 LC-MS/MS 1.09 Clenbuterol 0.2 LC-MS/MS Heavy metal Lead (Pb) 70 AAS 74.1 (70.14-78.7) Cadmium (Cd) 10 AAS - Arsenic (As) 50 AAS - Vietnamese MRL for Pb: in pork: 100 µg/kg Not allow to find Beta-agonist, chloramphenicol in pork Vietnamese MRL for Sulfonamide in pork: 100 µg/kg 5 August 2015
- 19. 5. Conclusions 5 August 2015
- 20. Present of chemical hazards in pork, liver, kidney: Sulfonamides group: Sulfamethazine found in liver and higher residue level in pork than MLR. Chloramphenicol-found kidney and pork: banned drug used in veterinary in Vietnam β-agonist: Salbutamol (liver, kidney): banned substance Heavy metal: found Pb, Cd in (liver, kidney), Pb in pork 6 August 2015 Findings address the potential abused of both antibiotic and growth promotor in the studied pig production chain. There need for further health risk assessment
- 21. References 1. Andrée, Sabine, Jira, W., Schwind, K. H., Wagner, H., & Schwägele, F. (2010). Chemical safety of meat and meat products. Meat Science, 86(1), 38-48. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.04.020 2. Fahrion, A.S., Jamir, L., Richa, K., Begum, S., Rutsa, V., Ao, S., . . . Grace, D. (2014). “Food- Safety Hazards in the Pork Chain in Nagaland, North East India: Implications for Human Health”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(4), 403-417. 3. Nisha A. R. (2008). “Antibiotic Residues - A Global Health Hazard”, Veterinary World, 1(12), 375-377. 4. Noppon B., & Noimay P. (2012). “Monitoring of Beta Argonist residues in swine tissues from northeastern Thailand”, International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 5(4), 151–155. 5 August 2015
- 22. Vietnamese references on chemicals in pork 1.Lã Văn Kính (2009). “Điều tra tình hình ô nhiễm vi sinh vật, kim loại nặng, độc chất, kích thích tố trong thức ăn chăn nuôi và trong thịt gia súc, gia cầm tại tỉnh Bình Dương và biện pháp khắc phục”, Viện khoa học Kỹ thuật nông nghiệp miền nam, Sở khoa học và công nghệ tỉnh Bình Dương. 2.Dương Thanh Liêm (2010). “Kháng sinh sử dụng trong thức ăn chăn nuôi, sự tồn dư và tính kháng thuốc của vi khuẩn gây bệnh”, Bộ môn Dinh dưỡng, khoa Chăn nuôi - Thú y, trường Đại học Nông Lâm. 3. Hoài Ngọc (2014). “Làm rõ cách đưa kháng sinh, chất cấm vào thịt”. Văn phòng Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn, truy cập ngày 30 tháng 1 2015 tại: http://www.omard.gov.vn/site//vi-VN/50/15722/9599/Lam-ro-cach-dua-khang-sinh-chat-cam- vao-thit.aspx 4. Đặng Xuân Sinh, Phạm Đức Phúc, Lưu Quốc Toản, Nguyễn Mai Hương, Trịnh Thu Hằng, Nguyễn Hùng Long, & Nguyễn Việt Hùng (2014). “Đánh giá tỷ lệ tồn dư nhóm Tetracyline và Fluoroquinolones trên thịt lợn tại Hưng Yên”, Y học dự phòng, 2014, 127-130. References 5 August 2015
- 23. Acknowledgement Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Project titled PigRISK: “Reducing disease risks and improving food safety in smallholder pig value chains in Vietnam” ILRI/N4H, CENPHER/HSPH and VNUA Farmers, slaughterhouses, sellers and local authorities 5 August 2015
- 24. Thanks for your attention ! 5 August 2015
Editor's Notes
- Salbutamol is white crystalline powder, soluble in water and sparingly soluble in chloroform and ethanol [58]. In livestock, salbutamol is used in pig farming to enhance lean for meat. In Binh Duong province, growth stimulants of β-agonists group is still surreptitiously added into pig’s feed. Using β-agonists in feed leads to high level of β-agonists residue in pork. According to a research in Binh Duong province, 4.61% pig feed samples were positive for β – agonists with the concentration range was from 2.12 to 28.4 ppb, and the proportion of positive samples in farm mixed feed tended to be higher than the products from market. In Binh Duong province also, 7.5% pork samples were positive for β-agonists with the concentration range was from 1.15 to 3.42 [6]. In Spain 1992, 113 people poisoned after using veal liver with salbutamol residue. They had symptoms of nervousness, tachycardia, muscle pain and headache, dyspnea and hyperglycemia, hypokalemia (rare) and leukocytosis [20], [54]. The other salbutamol effects are cramps, nausea, indisposed body, appetite, and hypertension. These side-effects are very common but mild that consumers might not detect the salbutamol residues as a root cause. Consuming salbutamol-contaminated meat may increase the risk of heart illness and hypertension. Nowadays, there are different methods to detect salbutamol residues in meat such as EIA, HPLC and GCMS. However, these methods are costly and difficult to be implemented in short time. Therefore, consumers have difficulties in detecting pork products with salbutamol.
- Common negative effects of antibiotics residue in pork to consumers’ health are transfer antibiotic resistant bacteria to human, affect immune system, cause cancers (carcinogens as the Sulphamethazine, Oxytetracycline, Furazolidone), affect the respiratory system, cause kidney disease (Gentamicin), liver toxicity, reproductive disorders, bone marrow toxicity (chloramphenicol), allergies (penicillin, tetracycline) [11], [50], [52]. Depending on different types of antibiotics, the periods between stop using these substances to slaughter are different, but the average time is between 7-10 days. Therefore after taking antibiotics, it is not allowed to slaughter immediately. Farmers have to ensure there is no residual antibiotics in meat before bring onto the market. According to the research of Vi Thi Thanh Thuy (2011), in Thai Nguyen, the level of antibiotic residues in meat products, pig kidney, pig liver is relatively high from 10.2% to 39.7%, with an average of 27.4% [11]. Study of La Van Kinh (2009) in Binh Duong shows chlortetracycline antibiotic widely used in pig feed (53.9% of samples) with an average content of 140 ppm, the highest is 275 ppm, 5 to 6 times more than the recommendation level for disease prevention and growth stimulation [6]. In Vietnam, the Ministry of Health has promulgated the regulations on antibiotic residues in pork (see Appendix 1). Veterinary Agency strengthens the monitoring and control antibiotic residues in meat [50].
- Standard for lead: in pork: 0.1 mg/kg; other parts 0.5 mg/kg Standard for cadimi: in pork: 0.05 mg/kg; liver 0.5 mg/kg; kidney 1 mg/kg