Organic waste boosts tilapia growth

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 373 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 05, May 2019, pp. 373-379, Article ID: IJCIET_10_05_039
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=5
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
ADDITION OF ORGANIC WASTE ON NILE
TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS)
COMMERCIAL FISH FEEDING
Moniq Anastasya Yunita, Sudarno, Abdul Manan
Department of Fisheries and Marine, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine,
Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60213, Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important commodity in the aquaculture
of freshwater fish in Indonesia, apart from its distinctive taste but also a good protein
content for fulfilling community nutrition. However, the high demand for nile tilapia is
not enough just to rely on fishermen, so it takes effort to increase the growth rate of it.
This study aimed to determine the effect of shrimp waste and coconut pulp addition to
enhance protein retention, energy retention and growth rate of nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus). This was an experimental study by means of completely
randomized design method. There were five treatments and four replications in each
treatment. The treatment used was the addition of shrimp waste and coconut pulp on
commercial feed. Two hundred nile tilapia were used in this study. The study was
conducted for 30 days by feeding three times a day. The research data were analyzed
using ANOVA and Duncan. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the
addition of 30% shrimp waste and coconut pulp flour to nile tilapia commercial feed
(Oreochromis niloticus) significantly affected the energy retention value of 12,050%,
protein retention of 21 245% and growth rate of 1.471%. Adding organic waste to
commercial fish feed can boost the growth rate of nile tilapia.
Key words: Oreochromis niloticus, organic waste, rate of nile tilapia growth, protein
retention and energy
Cite this Article: Moniq Anastasya Yunita, Sudarno, Abdul Manan, Addition of
Organic Waste on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Commercial Fish Feeding,
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10(5), 2019, pp. 373-379.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=5
1. INTRODUCTION
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the important freshwater aquaculture
commodities in Indonesia. Nile tilapia ranked in the sixth position in terms of the most
abundant and important fish species to be cultivated, and is ranked third as the most important
fish to be traded internationally (Kumar & Engle 2016). As many as 1,500 tons of live nile
tilapia were exported by Indonesia to the EU in six months in 2011 (van Duijn, Beukers &
van der Pijl 2012). This need cannot be fulfilled by fishermen alone. The success of nile

Addition of Organic Waste on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Commercial Fish Feeding
tilapia cultivation is very important so that consumption needs are met. Therefore, this study
aimed to find factors that can support the success of tilapia cultivation.
To meet the increasing demand for fish, the culture has grown very rapidly and is now the
fastest growing food-producing industry in the world (Tidwell & Allan 2001). The demand
and needs of fish worldwide continue to increase annually, as a result of population growth
and changes in people’s consumption towards healthier animal protein. Nile tilapia production
can be improved by intensive cultivation. However, this needs to be supported by providing
quality feed and water quality (Cai et al. 2018).
One alternative feed ingredient as a source of animal protein is shrimp waste which can be
used as a fish feed ingredient that also contains a lot of protein and chitin (Bataille & Bataille
1983; Khosravi et al. 2015). Shrimp waste flour is industrial shrimp waste consisting of
shrimp head and skin. Shrimp waste flour contains 39.9% silage protein (Cavalheiro, de
Souza & Bora 2007). The shrimp waste flour used in artificial feed rations is only 10%
(Agustono & Cahyoko 2009).
Alternative feed as a source of vegetable protein is coconut pulp as one of the vegetable
sources that has the potential as animal feed. It should be tried as a mixture on fish feed. The
use of coconut pulp as a component in fish feed is expected to reduce the amount of expensive
feed content. Through the metabolic process, the conversion of fat or carbohydrate into
protein can occur as long as the two components have not been used up for other activities in
the body (Withers 1992). Coconut pulp has a protein content of 17.09% (Ahmad Mudjiman
1985).
This research needed to be done to determine the effect of giving shrimp and coconut pulp
waste on commercial feed on growth rate, energy retention and retention of nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) protein.
2. METHOD AND MATERIALS
2.1. Method
This research was conducted in March - April 2016 at the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine,
Airlangga University, city of Surabaya. Proximate analysis of feed was carried out at the
Chemical Engineering Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia. This
study used an experimental method with five treatments. This study compared the effect
between treatments P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4 on energy retention and protein for nile tilapia. Nile
tilapia was treated for 30 days. Feeding was done three times a day at 08.00, 13.00 and 17.00
Western Indonesian Time. The amount of feed given wass 5% of the total nile tilapia biomass.
2.2. Materials
Experimental Animals
The experimental animals used in the study were 200 catfish in 10 aquariums. The waste from
the shrimp (head, shrimp shell) was obtained from the Kenjeran Fish Market, city of
Surabaya, Indonesia, and coconut pulp was obtained at Pucang Market, city of Surabaya,
Indonesia. This study also used tapioca flour, fresh water, and commercial feed.
Test Feed
The feed given for nile tilapia was commercial pellet feed with added shrimp waste flour,
coconut pulp flour and tapioca flour as adhesive. The composition of feed ingredients was
adjusted for its dosage of shrimp and coconut pulp in each treatment.

Research equipments
The equipments used in this study were 20 aquariums with the size of 50x30x30cm3
, 1 plastic
reservoir tub, plastic tub, measuring cup, aerator, aeration hose, aeration, seser (tools for
catching fish made of woven bamboo), pH paper, DO (Dissolved Oxygen), ammonia test kit
and digital scales, washcloths and thermometers.
Work Procedure
Research preparation began with cleaning the equipments that used in this study. The
equipment used in the form of an aquarium, plastic tub, reservoir, measuring cup and seser.
The equipments were washed using soap, rinsed and then given with chlorine, rinsed and
dried. Twenty aquariums filled with 30 liters of water in each aquarium, and aerated for 24
hours. Reservoir was filled with adequate water and aerated, then 200 nile tilapia were put
into the aquarium. Each aquarium contained 10 nile tilapia fish. Tilapia acclimatization was
carried out for three days. Acclimatization aimed to enable fish to adapt to the new aquatic
environment. Furthermore, the fish were fasted for one day to eliminate the influence of the
feed given previously.
Research variables
Independent variables, i.e. shrimp waste flour and coconut pulp flour. Variables depend, i.e.
growth rate, energy retention and protein retention. Controlled variables, i.e. nile tilapia,
commercial feed, water quality (temperature, pH, DO).
Test Parameters
The main parameters observed in this study were protein retention and energy retention and
the supporting parameter observed were water quality in the form of temperature, pH, DO.
Data Analysis
The data observed included growth rates, energy retention and protein retention were
processed using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method. Furthermore, the data
were analyzed using variance analysis (ANOVA) with a 95% confidence level to determine
whether the treatment had an effect. The data were then analyzed using a follow-up test, i.e.
Duncan’s multiple distance test to determine the differences between treatments.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Protein Retention, Energy Retention and Growth Rate
From the results of the study it was obtained that protein retention values ranged from 11.853
– 21.245%, energy retention ranged from 5.860% - 12.050%, and the growth rate of nile
tilapia ranged from 1.098% - 1.528%.
Table 1. Protein Retention, Energy Retention, and Growth Rate
Note: Different superscripts in the same column show significant differences (p <0.05).
The addition of shrimp and coconut pulp waste to commercial feed showed that the results
were significantly different (p<0.05) in nile tilapia protein retention. The results of the mean
retention of nile tilapia protein indicated that P3 was significantly different from P2, P4, P1,
Treatments Protein Retention
(%) ± SD
Energy Retention
(%) ± SD
Growth Rate (%) ± SD
P0 11.853c
± 1.460 5.857c
± 0.716 0.880b
± 0.06
P1 12.847c
± 0.544 6.475c
± 0.368 1.014b
± 0.149
P2 15.775b
± 1.493 8.148b
± 0.740 1.135b
± 0.150
P3 21.245a
± 3.050 12.050a
± 1.498 1.471a
± 0.224
P4 14.103bc
± 0.544 8.688b
± 0.710 1.034b
± 0.02

and PO. The mean retention of P4 protein was not significantly different from P2, P1 and P0,
while P0 and P1 were significantly different from P3 and P2. P2 was significantly different
from P3, P1 and P0.
The results of the mean retention of nile tilapia indicated that P3 is significantly different
from P2, P4, P1, and PO. The mean energy retention in P4 was not significantly different from
P3, P1 and P0. P1 was not significantly different from P0, and P4 was not significantly different
from P. Furthermore, the results of the mean growth rate of nile tilapia indicated that P3 was
significantly different from P2, P4, P1, and PO.
Water Quality
Data on water quality parameter values for nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) maintenance
can be seen in Table 2.
Table 2. Water Quality
No. Parameters Score
1 Temperature (°C) 27-29
2 Dissolved oxygen /DO {mg/l} 4-5
3 pH 7.5-8
4 Amonia {mg/l} 0-0.05
3.2. Discussion
This study confirms that organic waste has a good function for the growth of nile tilapia.
Shrimp and coconut pulp added to tilapia commercial feed can increase energy retention,
protein retention and growth rate. Protein is a nutrient that is needed by fish for growth. The
amount and quality of protein will affect fish growth (HALVER 1989).
The highest mean value of protein retention was obtained in treatment P3 with the
addition of 30% shrimp waste and 30% coconut pulp with a protein value of 35.300%. This
shows that the use of shrimp and coconut pulp additions to feed for nile tilapia can increase
the value of protein retention better than feed without the addition of shrimp waste and
coconut pulp as a control. The lowest protein retention was produced by P0 treatment or feed
without the addition of shrimp and coconut pulp by 11.853% (feed protein content of
32.712%). This shows the amount of protein available for low protein synthesis, if protein
synthesis is low it causes the protein stored in the body to be smaller. Protein is a source of
energy for fish to maintain their lives and also to breed.
Utilization of additional shrimp and coconut waste in feed for nile tilapia can increase the
value of energy retention better than feed without adding shrimp waste and coconut pulp as a
control. This shows that fish with treatment are more efficient in using energy for growth,
daily metabolism, and life maintenance activities (Lall & Tibbetts 2009).
The energy content in the P3 treatment feed, which is 433.520 Kcal/kg, shows that the
feed with the addition of shrimp waste and coconut pulp 30% was a feed that was suitable for
the needs of nile tilapia, so that it can be absorbed by the body of tilapia optimally. A diet that
has the right energy-protein balance with proper feeding will produce good feed growth and
conversion (A. Winfree & Stickney 1981).
The highest energy retention at P3 treatment was 12.050% with the addition of shrimp
waste and coconut pulp as much as 30% (feed energy level of 433,520 Kcal/kg). Feed is a
factor for the success of aquaculture along with water and energy (Bostock et al. 2010). The
maximum ability to store fish energy in the body was achieved at this energy level. P2 has an
energy retention value of 8.148% (feed energy level of 434.955 Kcal/kg) and P4 has an
energy retention value of 8.688% (energy content of 432.085 Kcal/kg). The lowest energy

retention of P0 treatment produced or feed without the addition of shrimp waste and coconut
pulp was 5.857% (feed energy content of 408.089 Kcal/kg).
The growth rate of nile tilapia depends on the influence of physics, chemical waters and
their interactions. This study confirms that the growth rate of tilapia is faster if maintained in
ponds with shallow water compared to ponds with deep water. The cause is in shallow waters
the growth of aquatic plants is so fast that nile tilapia consumes as food (Hussan et al. 2016).
The highest mean rate of growth was obtained in treatment P3 with the addition of shrimp
and coconut pulp as much as 30% with an average value of 1.471% while the lowest growth
rate of nile tilapia was in P0 was treatment with no addition of coconut pulp and shrimp
waste, the lowest mean value was 0.880%.
Other factors in this study also showed that good water quality can support fish to live
well and grow quickly. Poor water quality can make fish weak, do not have appetite and more
susceptible to disease. There are several parameters that can be used as indicators in assessing
the quality of a waters, such as temperature, pH, DO and ammonia (dos Santos Simões et al.
2008).
The value of the temperature during the study ranged from 27-29°C. A good temperature
for fish farming is between 28-32°C (Workagegn 2012). In this study the growth of nile
tilapia was best in P3 treatment. Temperature is an environmental factor that influences the
speed of the body’s metabolism (Pandit & Nakamura 2010). The speed of fish metabolism
will take place optimally at optimal temperatures.
The results of dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements during penetration ranged about 4
mg/ l1. This is in line with the statement that dissolved oxygen for the maintenance of tilapia
ranges from 4-5 mg/l (Kordi & Ghufran 2011). Oxygen is needed by fish as energy in the
body’s metabolism to produce activities, such as swimming, growth and reproduction (Bestian
1996; Zonneveld, Huisman & Boon 1991).
The results of measurement of pH values during the study ranged from 7.5-8. This is not
in line with a research that states optimal pH values in nile tilapia maintenance range from 7-8
(Kordi & Ghufran 2011). Hydrogen ions released into the water (from the process of
decomposing ammonia to nitrite) react with carbonic acid to bicarbonate (HC03-) so that the
pH increases.
In the cultivation of residual feed in the form of feces or non-inedible waste plays a major
role in decreasing water quality, characterized by high ammonia content. Ammonia
concentrations during the study ranged from 0-0.05 mg/1. In general, the concentration of
ammonia contained in water should not exceed 1 mg/l. If the content of ammonia is too high,
it can cause damage to the gills and reduce the ability of the blood to carry oxygen (Bestian
1996).
4. CONCLUSION
Addition of shrimp and coconut waste to commercial feed can increase retention of tilapia
protein with a value of 21.245%, with a dose of 30% shrimp and coconut waste added. The
additional dose also affects the increase in energy retention with a value of 12.050% and also
the growth rate of the value fish with a value of 1.471%. Furthermore, water quality that is
good for the growth of value fish is at a temperature of 27-29°C.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank our institutions, Fisheries and Marine Faculty, Airlangga University for providing
facilities and support. We thank our colleagues who provide insight and greatly assisted this
research.

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