ACTION RESEARCH.ppt

CAPABILITY BUILDING
on
ACTION RESEARCH
Hotel Kiniray-a
September 14-15, 2023
GEOFFREY P. BASILIO, PhD
Retired Senior Education Program Specialist
(Planning and Research)
Schools Division of Antique

2 General Approaches in Research
Quantitative research is the systematic
empirical investigation of observable
phenomena via statistical, mathematical or
computational techniques. The objective of
quantitative research is to develop and
employ mathematical models, theories and
hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.
Qualitative research asks broad questions
and collects word data from phenomena or
participants. The researcher looks for themes
and describes the information in themes and
patterns exclusive to that set of participants.

What is Action Research?
 Action research is a form of investigation
designed for use by teachers to attempt to
solve problems and improve professional
practices in their own classrooms.
 It involves systematic observations and
data collection which can be then used by
the practitioner-researcher in reflection,
decision-making and the development of
more effective classroom strategies
(Parsons & Brown, 2002).
 The primary purpose of action research
is to take action to solve a local problem or
to improve a practice.

Action research is, by definition of
the Department of Education, a
process of systematic and reflective
inquiry that aims to improve
educational practices or resolve
problems in the classroom or in the
school (DepEd Order No. 16 s. 2017).
The original concept is attributed to
Kurt Lewin (lə-VEEN) (1890–1947), a
German-American psychologist.

2 Types of Action Research
1. Action research dealing with problems
inside the classroom or school
e.g. Absenteeism among Grade 7 Students
2. Action research testing the effectiveness
of teaching strategy or strategies
e.g. Marungko Approach: A Strategy in
Improving the Reading Skills and
Comprehension of Grade II Pupils

Formula for Stating the Research Title:
1. Action research dealing with problems inside
the classroom
Primary variable/s + Participants of the
Study
Example:
Academic Cheating Among Grade
VII Students

2. Action research testing the effectiveness
of a particular teaching strategy
Problem Solving: A Strategy in
Improving the Mathematics
Performance of Grade VI Pupils

PART 1
Action Research Proposal

Prescribed Outline for Action Research
Proposal
(DepEd Order No. 16 s. 2017)
Context and Rationale
Action Research Questions
Proposed Innovation, Intervention and
Strategy
Action Research Methods
Participants and/or Other Sources of
Data and Information
Data Gathering Methods

Ethical Issues
Data Analysis Plan
Action Research Work Plan and Timelines
Cost Estimates
Plans for Dissemination and Utilization
References
Appendices

Action Research Title:
ACADEMIC CHEATING AMONG GRADE VII
STUDENTS
Academic cheating is any type of cheating that
occurs in relation to a formal academic exercise. It comes
in many shapes and forms, but generally it is when a
student uses another person's work and passes it off as his
own. It is academic cheating when a student copies
answers from another student's test paper, copies another
student's homework, uses "crib notes," cell phones, or
some other method to secretly look at information to
answer test questions, uses a cell phone or other device to
take pictures of tests and exams and sends them to
another student, or text messages questions and answers
to another student, and pays another student to do his homework.

Academic cheating is an epidemic in
schools. According to a survey of 23,000 high
school students in public and private schools, 51%
of high school students admitted they had cheated
on a test during the past year. In another 2015
research survey, 75 percent of students admitted
to cheating in school; 90 percent admitted to
copying another student's test paper or homework;
35 percent of them used cell phones to cheat while
52 percent used the internet to cheat. All this data
suggest that cheating too often is the rule, not the
exception (Anderman, 2014).

The issue of academic cheating is
fundamentally one of character. Character is most
readily molded during times of transition, and
adolescence is prime among them. High school
and college are, therefore, particularly important
places for students to learn that when they cheat in
their academic work, they are not only cheating
fellow students and their institution; they are
cheating themselves.
Cheating at school happens often and at
practically all grade levels. It is a growing problem
that pressures both parents and teachers and that
schools need to address, hence, this study.

Basic Education Research Fund (BERF)
Standard for Context and Rationale:
1. Discuss the Problem Comprehensively
 Presenting the specific problem that the
study aims to solve;
 Identify the correct thematic area of Basic
Education Research Agenda (BERA)
being addressed by the study (DepEd
Order No. 39 s. 2016).
(Teaching and Learning; Child Protection;
Human Resource Development; Governance;
DRRM; Gender and Development, Inclusive
Education)

 Enumerate the signs and symptoms of
the problem.
 Identify the persons/groups affected by
the problem.
 Explain the degree and/or intensity up to
which the problem affects the people
involved.
 State when the problem started
happening.
 State where the problem is
observed/observable.

2. Analyze the Local/Research Setting
 Explain why the classroom/school
situation is considered worthy of
investigation and intervention.
3. Establish the study’s relevance to
educational outcomes
 Explain how solving the problem relates
to the achievement of DepEd’s
Intermediate Outcomes (Access, Equity,
Quality, Resilience & Well-being, and
Enabling Mechanisms: Governance).

4. Establish the Timeliness of the Research
Problem
 Explain why the research problem is
considered current (Included as priority
topic in the Regional Research Agenda;
National Curriculum Research Agenda;
Related to 21st Century Learning; Related
to Learning Delivery During the
Pandemic/new normal; Related to DepEd
Advocacies within the Last Five (5)
School Years).

5. Present the Proposed
Innovation/Intervention/Strategy as
Possible Solution to the Problem
 State the name of the proposed
innovation/intervention/strategy (IIS) and
concisely explained how it solves the
problem.
6. Provide the Rationale for Conducting the
Action Research
 Summarize why there is a need to
conduct the present study.

This action research will examine
the frequency of engagement in
academic cheating among Grade VII
students of San Jose National High
School for School Year 2023-2024.

Specifically, this study will seek answers
to the following questions:
1. What is the frequency of engagement
in academic cheating among Grade VII
students?
2. What action should be undertaken to
address the problem of academic
cheating?

Research Title:
Problem Solving: A Strategy in Improving the
Mathematics Performance of Grade VI Pupils
This study aims to find out the
effectiveness of problem solving as a
strategy in improving the Mathematics
performance of Grade VI pupils.

Specifically, this study will seek answers to the
following questions:
1. What is the Mathematics performance of
Grade VI pupils before the intervention?
2. What is the Mathematics performance of
Grade VI pupils after the intervention?
3. Is there a significant difference in the
Mathematics performance of Grade VI pupils before
and after the intervention?
4. What action should be undertaken to improve
the Mathematics performance of Grade VI pupils?

Standard for Action Research Questions:
1. Provide the General Statement of the
Research Problem
 State the Primary Purpose; Research
Setting; Learning Area/Research Focus;
Participants; and Proposed IIS;
2. Include the Quintessential Action
Research Question
 Ask the question: “How can the [intervention]
be used in [desired effect] [target
performance/behavior/outcome] of
[participants]?”

3. Ensure that the Research Questions
Correspond with the Research Title
 The IIS and all target
performances/behavior/outputs
mentioned in the title must be reflected in
the specific research questions.
4. Include enriching research questions
 Questions about the target
behavior/performance/outcome before, during,
and after the intervention.
 Question/s about the researchers and
participants’ experiences throughout the
intervention.

Proposed Innovation, Intervention and Strategy
To address the problem of academic cheating in schools,
the following strategies should be applied:
1. The guidance center should strengthen their guidance
program in promoting the value of honesty among the students;
2. Policy dealing on academic cheating will be introduced
to discipline students who are caught cheating during
examinations;
3. Values education should be integrated in teaching all
subjects;
4. Conference with students who are caught cheating
together with their parents;
5. Imposition of penalties or disciplinary actions to
students who are caught cheating.

Standard for Proposed IIS:
1. Discuss the Proposed
Intervention/Innovation/Strategy (ISS)
Comprehensively
 Present the important and distinctive
features of IIS;
 Enumerate the component of activities of
the IIS.
 Identify the people involved in the IIS.
 State the scope and the limitations of the
IIS.

 Explain why the IIS will be implemented
based on personal motivations and
experiences;
 Explain how the IIS will solve the
problem.
2. Provide Important Details for Each
Component Activity
 State the roles/responsibilities of the
people in each component activity of the
IIS.
 Present the schedule of the conduct of
the component activities of the IIS.

This study will make use of descriptive method of
research to delineate the frequency of engagement in
academic cheating among Grade VII students.
Participants and/or Other Sources of Data and
Information
The target participants of the study will be 500
randomly selected Grade VII students of San Jose National
High School who are officially enrolled during the school year
2016-2017. The Slovin’s formula will be used to determine
the sample size. Proportionate sampling will be used to
determine the number of participants that will participate in
each class section and this will be drawn using fishbowl or
lottery technique.

Standard for Participants and/or Other
Sources of Data and Information
1. Identify the Participants/Other Sources of
Data
 Enumerate the participants and/or other
sources of data;
2. Provide additional information about the
participants/other sources of data
 Use of appropriate sampling method.
 Explain the inclusion criteria.

3. Characterize the Participants/Other
Sources of Data
 Number of participants
 Grade level/curriculum/strand (if participants
are learners) or specialization/discipline (if
teaching or non-teaching participants)
 Sex distribution (e.g. male, female)
 Other socio-demographic characteristics
(e.g. average age or age range, socio-
economic status, community profile)
 Details about the researcher (Years in
service, relevant experience, membership in
local community)

To gather the needed data, a questionnaire on
academic cheating consists of 20 items will be developed
by the researcher. To answer this instrument, the
participants will be required to indicate their extent of
agreement to each statement in the instrument using
these options: 4- Strongly Agree, 3- Agree, 2- Disagree,
and 1- Strongly Disagree. The overall score obtain by
each participant will be interpreted using the scale below:
Scale Interpretation
3.26 – 4.00 Always
2.51 – 3.25 Frequently
1.76 – 2.50 Sometimes
1.00 – 1.75 Never

Standard for Data Gathering Methods
1. Present a Detailed Data Gathering Plan
 All research questions have a corresponding
data collection method and there is a qualitative
data collection technique;
 Provide a substantial description of the
research instrument/s.
2. Present the Data Gathering Steps
Coherently
 Present and label the clusters of data collection
steps according to the order of research
questions.

 Identify the type/kind of data set needed
for each research question and assign a
research instrument/tool to collect each
identified data set.
 Specify the collection method for each
identified data set and identify the
schedule/venue for each step of the data
collection phase.
 Justify the use of each method of data
collection.

Ethical Issues
Prior to administration of the instrument,
permission to conduct the study will be obtained
from the Office of School Principal and Class
Advisers of Grade VII Students. Likewise, prior
consent from the parents of the participants will
be secured before they will be permitted to
answer the questionnaire. All data gathered in
this study will be treated with utmost
confidentiality and anonymity.

Data Analysis Plan
The data gathered in this study
will be analyzed and interpreted
using mean, frequency, and
percentage as descriptive
statistical tools.

Standard for Data Analysis Plan
1. Present a Detailed Data Analysis Plan
 All identified data sets have a corresponding
method of analysis, and their expected results
can answer the research questions completely.
2. Present the Data Analysis Steps
Coherently
 Present and label the cluster of data analysis
steps according to the order of research
questions.
 Describe the techniques/methods of analysis
for each identified data set.

 Assign (if applicable) a tool/software to
each method of analysis.
 Justify the use of each method of data
analysis.

Action Research Work Plan and Timelines
The following timelines will be observed in the
conduct of this baseline study:
Research Activity Duration Timelines
Prep. of research proposal 2 weeks November 1-15, 2020
Dev. of research instrument 1 week November 16-25, 2020
Data collection activities 1 month December, 2020
Data analysis and interpretation 1 week January 1-7, 2021
Preparation of final report 1 week January 8-15, 2021

Standard for Work Plan & Timelines
1. Present a Substantial and Organized Work
Plan
 Include an introductory paragraph and table is
presented in APA format;
 Enumerate all the activities from preparation to
dissemination;
 State the corresponding activity durations and
schedules.
 Provide other relevant details (i.e. Responsible
Persons, Success Indicators/Outputs, etc.)
2. Cluster the Activities Accordingly (i.e Preparation,
Implementation, & Dissemination Phases)

Cost Estimates
In conducting this study, the following expenses
will be incurred:
Research Activity Quantity Items Cost
1. Reproduction of Research
Instruments
10 reams Bookpaper (short)
Computer Ink
2,000
3,000
2. Expenses for data analysis and
finalization of output
2
reams
Bookpaper (short)
Computer Ink
400
1,000
3. Encoding, printing, and
photocopying during the
research process
Snacks
Printing
Photocopying
1,000
2,000
2,000
4. Expenses for
dissemination/advocacy
Snacks
Rent (Venue)
Certificates and Token
5,000
3,000
2,000
6. Reproduction of final research
Report
1 ream Bookpaper (short)
Computer Ink
Binding
200
500
900
TOTAL COST 23,000

Standard for Cost Estimates
1. Present a Substantial and Organized Expense
Matrix
 Include an introductory paragraph and table is
presented in APA format;
 Enumerate items/materials needed;
 Identify the unit of each item/material and
indicate the quantity needed for each.
 Calculate and reflect the total cost.
 Ensure that all expenditures are eligible
according to RMG and relevant COA
guidelines.

Plans for Dissemination and
Utilization
The possible findings of this
study will be used by Grade VII
teachers as bases of their classroom
management strategies.

Likewise, the findings of this
study will be utilized in formulating
policies and interventions to address
the problem of academic cheating in
schools.
Finally, the findings of this study
will be presented or disseminated to
other educators and researchers
during the annual research forum of
the Department of Education, Division
of Antique.

PART 2
Completed Action Research

Prescribed Format for Completed Action
Research
(Regional Memo No. 082 s. 2021)
Title Page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures

Innovation, Intervention and Strategy
Participants and/or Other Sources of
Data and Information
Ethical Issues

Discussion of Results and Reflection
Discussion of Results
Summary
Conclusion/s
Recommendation/s
Reflection
Action Plan
References

Appendices
Letter/Requests for Permission to
Conduct the Study
Research/Survey Instrument
Curriculum Vitae

Past tense for completed
This study aimed
This study determined
Third person point of view
The researcher…

PRELIMINARY PARTS
Title Page
 Serve as reference for the study
 Double space entries
 Equal spaces between group of texts
 Uppercase title & name of researcher/s
 State the month and year of
completion

Approval Sheet
 Serves as proof for the acceptance or
approval of the completed action research
by the Division Research Committee
 Signatories of approval sheet are the
following:
 Noted by school heads
 Recommending Approval by
SEPS for Planning and Research
 Approved by SDS

 In case the proponent is a school head,
it should be noted by the Public School
District Supervisor.

Acknowledgment
 Contains individuals who would like to
recognize by the researcher/s
 Reflects initials of the researcher/s at
the bottom right
 Be consistent with the introductory
words all throughout the text
 Use third person pronoun in writing the
acknowledgment
 It should not exceed 2 pages

Abstract
 Contains a brief summary of the study
(Problem, Method, Result)
 Reflects the title, name of the
researcher/s, and year of completion.
 Follows the block form and single
spacing in the content
 Content should not exceed to 250
words
 Provide key words at the bottom part

Table of Contents, List of Tables and List of
Figures
 Use of reference pages for the content
of the study
 Double space between lines but single
space between entries
 Numbering in the preliminary pages will
be in lowercase Roman Numerals while
content will be in Arabic Numbers

CONTENT PARTS
 Contains the comprehensive
description of the research situation;
explains the nature, extent, and salience
of identified problem or issue; includes
desired condition and discrepancy
between situations; and includes literature
that supports the claim for the conduct of
the study

The existence of problem is supported
by the local data/information
 Minimum length of 1½ and maximum of
2 pages only
May follow suggested format: situational
analysis, finding gap, relating to literature,
and proposing situation.
 Justified right margin all throughout the
study

 States the research questions to be
answered by the study logically.
 States the performance/behavior
before, after, difference or relationship of
any, then the action plan question.
 Observe the levels of inquiry.

Innovation, Intervention and Strategy
 Clearly states the name of the
intervention and explains the nature,
reason, extent, and limitation of the
innovation.
 Explains how the intervention will
change the current behavior affected by
the existence of the problem.
States theories as basis of the
significance and existence of the
intervention to be used.

Participants and/or Other Sources of Data
and Information
 Clearly identified and describes the
participants of the study as to the number,
group of origin, characteristics, selection
procedure (sampling), and justification for
their inclusion in the study.

 Explains the significance and alignment
of the data gathering method to the nature
of the problem and research questions.
 Presents logically how data were
collected and analyzed using appropriate
data analysis tools.

Ethical Issues
 Discusses the process of gathering
accurate scientific knowledge.
 Discusses the process of protecting the
rights and welfare of the participants.
 Discusses the process of protecting
intellectual property rights especially on
the adoption of research instruments and
citing published scholarly works.

Discussion of Results and
Reflection
 Discuss the findings using the format:
Title of discussion, content of the
discussion, Table (use APA format).
 Discuss the content of the table, give
implications, and relate findings to
literature/support your findings

 Presentation of the results should be
made one by one with the sub-problems.
 There should be textual and tabular
presentations of data.
 Tables may include mean, SD,
description, df, t/f-value, p-value, and
interpretation

Discussion of Results and
Reflection
Frequency of Engagement in Academic Cheating
Among Grade VII Students
The frequency of engagement in academic
cheating among Grade VII students was determined
using frequency and percentage.
As presented in Table 2, 250 or 50% of the Grade
VII students “always” engaged in academic cheating,
100 or 20% “frequently” engaged in academic cheating,
80 or 16% “sometimes” engaged in academic cheating
while 70 or 14% of them “never” engaged in academic
cheating. This result means that majority of the Grade
VII students in this study practicing any sort of academic
cheating in their classes.

Table 2
Frequency of Engagement in Academic Cheating
Among Grade VII Students
________________________________________
Frequency of Engagement f %
________________________________________
Always 250 50
Frequently 100 20
Sometimes 80 16
Never 70 14
______________________________________

Summary
 Contains the recapitulation of the general
objective of the study, method, and the
brief findings based on the research
questions.

Conclusions
Presenting the Conclusions:
 Making meaning out of the findings
Should be equal to the number of sub-
problems and must follow the order of
their presentation
 Use brief but generalized statements
derived from the findings
 Should not be repetition of statements
anywhere in the body particularly the
findings.

Exclude numerical data
 In drawing conclusion, you have to
answer the “Why” of your findings.
 Present tense should be used in writing
the conclusion

Recommendations
Presenting the Recommendations:
Recommend based on the conclusions.
Measures or solutions offered should be
“doable,” feasible, practical and attainable
 Address to persons, agencies or offices which
are in a position to implement them.
 Should be equal or more than the number of
sub-problems.
Should answer the “How” of your findings.

Reflection
 States what the researcher/s have learned
in the study
Researchers opinion/views on the results
of the study
 Realization on the strength and weakness
of the research methodology or intervention

Action Plan
Discusses the plan for the research
findings or future plans of the researcher/s
 States the dissemination and utilization
of the research outputs
 Plans for the developed intervention or
established theory/new knowledge
 Can be stated in textual, tabular or
graphical form.

References
 List of all references cited in the body of
research
Follow the American Psychological
Association (APA) format in citing
reference entries

Appendices
Includes all attachments used in the study:
a. Letters/Requests to Conduct the Study
b. Research Survey Instruments
c. Research Output (intervention or
innovation used)
d. Statistical Data/Tabulation (optional)

Curriculum Vitae
Includes personal information of the
researcher/s for reference
Information reflected by the owner is
protected by the Data Privacy Act

NOTE:
Paper: : 8.5 x 11 (letter size)
Margin: : 1.5 x 1 x 1 x 1
Font Style : Arial
Font Size : 11
Spacing : Double space
Alignment : Justified
Pagination (upper right corner in
Arabic Numbers)

Thank you so much for
listening.
GOOD LUCK ACTION RESEARCHERS!!!!

ACTION RESEARCH.ppt

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