The document defines acids as substances that dissociate in water to produce hydrogen ions, and describes some of their key properties, such as sour taste and turning litmus red. It also discusses important acids like hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and their common uses. Similarly, bases are defined as substances that dissociate to produce hydroxide ions in water. Important bases and their uses are also outlined, along with definitions and examples of salts.

2.  Acid is a substance that dissociates in aqueous solution
to give hydrogen ions.
 HA H+ + A-
 An Acid is a substance (molecule or ion) that can
donate Proton (H+) to another substance.
 An Acid is a substance which can accept a pair of
electrons.

3.  Properties of Acids :
 Acids have sour taste. For example, unripe citrus
fruits or lemon juice.
 They turn blue litmus red.
 They are corrosive in concentrated form.
 Their aqueous solutions conduct electricity.

4.  Names and formulae of some important acids are as
follows :
Name of Acids Formulae
1. Hydrochloric Acid HCl
2. Sulphuric Acid H2SO4
3. Phosphoric Acid H2PO4
4. Nitric Acid HNO3

5.  Sulphuric acid is used to manufacture fertilizers, ammonium
sulphate, explosives, paints, drugs and drugs.
 Nitric acid is used in manufacturing of fertilizers, explosives, paints
and drugs etc.
 Hydrochloric acid is used for cleaning metals, tanning and in printing
press
 Benzoic acid is used for food preservation.
 Acetic acid is used for flavoring food and food flavouring.

6.  A Base is a substance which dissociates in
aqueous solution to give hydroxide ions
 BOH B+ + OH-
 A Base is a substance that can accept (H+) from
another substance.
 A Base is a substance (molecule or ion) which can
donate a pair of electrons.

7.  Sodium Hydroxide is used for manufacturing soap
 Calcium Hydroxide is used for manufacturing of
bleaching powder, softening of hard water and
neutralization.
 Potassium Hydroxide is used in alkaline batteries.
 Magnesium Hydroxide is used as a base to neutralize
acidity in stomach.
 Aluminium Hydroxide is used as a foaming agent in fire
extinguishers.
 Ammonium Hydroxide is used to remove grease stains
from cloths.

8.  Table Base which recognizably :
Names of Bases Chemical Formulae
1. Sodium Hydroxide NaOH
2. Potassium Hydroxide KOH
3. Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2
4. Aluminium Hydroxide Al(OH)3

9.  Salts are ionic compounds generally formed by the neutralization of
acid with a base.
 Salts are made up of positive and negative ions.
 Its general equation is as follows:
 Acid + Base Salt + Water
 For Example :
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

 Normal Salts
 Acidic Salts
 Basic Salts
 Double Salts
 Mixed Salts
 Complex Salts

10.  Besides produce from react between acid and
base . Salt also could produce from reaction
others , namely :
1. Base + Metallic Oxide Salt + Water
2. Acid + Metallic Oxide Salt + Water
3. Oxide Acid + Oxide Base Salt
4. Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen

11.  Sodium Chloride(NaCl) is commonly used as a table salt and for cooking
purposes. It is also used for de-icing roads in winter.
 Sodium Carbonate/Soda Ash(Na2CO3) is used for the manufacture of
glass, detergents, pulps and paper etc.
 Sodium Carbonate/Washing Soda(Na2CO3.10H2O) is used as cleaning
agent for domestic and commercial purposes, for softening of water, in
manufacture of chemicals
 Sodium Sulphate(Na2SO4) It is used for the manufacture of glass, paper
and detergents.
 Sodium Silicate(Na2SiO3) It is used for manufacturing of detergents,
cleaning agents and adhesives
 Sodium Chlorate(NaClO3) It is used for manufacture of explosives plastics
and other chemicals.
 Calcium Chloride(CaCl2) It is used for de-icing roads in winter, as a
drying agent and as freezing agent.
 Potassium Nitrate(KNO3) It is used for fertilizer and for the manufacture
of flint glass.

12.  pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the
acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Aqueous solutions at 25°C with a
pH less than seven are acidic, while those with a pH greater than
seven are basic or alkaline. A pH level of is 7.0 at 25°C is defined as
'neutral‘.
 pH is the negative logarithm of molar concentration of Hydrogen
ions.
 pH = -log[ H+ ]
 with reference to this equation , a scale develops to the molar
concentration of H+ ions that is called pH scale.
 A pH scale is shown below :

13. Indicators :
 Indicators are organic
compounds. They have
Different colours in
acidic and alkaline
solutions.
 Litmus is a common
indicator
 Red Litmus Turns blue
in base
 Blue Litmus Turns red
in acid
 Each indicator has a
specific colour in
acidic medium which
changes at specific pH
to another colour in
basic medium.