Triacetate and acetate are modified cellulosic fibers. Triacetate contains at least 92% acetate groups and is not hydrophilic, while acetate contains at least 76% acetate groups and is hydrophilic. Both fibers are produced from wood pulp or cotton through acetylation and hydrolysis processes, then spun into fibers. The main difference is triacetate contains 3 acetate groups per benzene ring and acetate contains 2 acetate groups with 1 hydroxyl group remaining.
Textile fabric may be define as an assembly of fiber, yarn or combination of these. There are several ways to manufacture a fabric.To produce woven fabric yarn preparation is essential.Good preparation means good weaving,Good weaving =Quality fabric.
Warp knitting is a family of knitting methods in which the yarn zigzags along the length of the fabric, i.e., following adjacent columns ("wales") of knitting, rather than a single row ("course"). For comparison, knitting across the width of the fabric is called weft knitting.Warp knitting machines--needles are mounted collectively and rigidly in a horizontal metal bar (the needle bar that runs the full knitting width of the machine).
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Textile fabric may be define as an assembly of fiber, yarn or combination of these. There are several ways to manufacture a fabric.To produce woven fabric yarn preparation is essential.Good preparation means good weaving,Good weaving =Quality fabric.
Warp knitting is a family of knitting methods in which the yarn zigzags along the length of the fabric, i.e., following adjacent columns ("wales") of knitting, rather than a single row ("course"). For comparison, knitting across the width of the fabric is called weft knitting.Warp knitting machines--needles are mounted collectively and rigidly in a horizontal metal bar (the needle bar that runs the full knitting width of the machine).
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every natural fiber has unique textile property like Strength elongation and length. these properties are important for making yarn and fabric in the textile industry.
Jacquard shedding system was developed by William Jacquard. In case of cam and dobby shedding systems, large number of yarns passing through a heald is controlled.Thus it precludes the possibility of controlling individual ends independently. Therefore, complicated woven designs cannot be made using cam or dobby shedding systems. With the jacquard shedding system individual ends can be controlled independently and thus large woven figures can be produced in fabrics.
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
Needle punch is the second-largest market segment in terms of capacity after the spunbond process segment. It is a continuously growing market with new opportunities and growing demands in its core applications like automotive, geotextiles, filtration, and home products.
For more information log on to www.ategroup.com.
Acetate fiber under the following topics: Chemical structures monomers used, ...Amare Worku
Acetate fiber under the following topics: Chemical structures monomers used, Polymerization Process, Chemical structure of final polymer, The average molecular weight
every natural fiber has unique textile property like Strength elongation and length. these properties are important for making yarn and fabric in the textile industry.
Jacquard shedding system was developed by William Jacquard. In case of cam and dobby shedding systems, large number of yarns passing through a heald is controlled.Thus it precludes the possibility of controlling individual ends independently. Therefore, complicated woven designs cannot be made using cam or dobby shedding systems. With the jacquard shedding system individual ends can be controlled independently and thus large woven figures can be produced in fabrics.
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
Needle punch is the second-largest market segment in terms of capacity after the spunbond process segment. It is a continuously growing market with new opportunities and growing demands in its core applications like automotive, geotextiles, filtration, and home products.
For more information log on to www.ategroup.com.
Acetate fiber under the following topics: Chemical structures monomers used, ...Amare Worku
Acetate fiber under the following topics: Chemical structures monomers used, Polymerization Process, Chemical structure of final polymer, The average molecular weight
In the late sixties all over the world viscose was replacing cotton in textil...MohammedAtiqulHoqueC
In the late sixties all over the world viscose was replacing cotton in textiles. The leading viscose manufacturer was Lenzing, Austria, Accordis, Germany, Thairayon, Thailand, then gradually in India Grasim started making viscose staple fibre at Nagda (M.P). They used to make Dope dyed viscose fibre and Grey Viscose Fibre in various deniers like 1.2 D, 1.5 D, 2 D, 3 D, in staple length like 32 mm. 44 mm, 51 mm 64 mm etc.
INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN ARECA ( BETEL NUT) AND SISAL FIBERJournal For Research
In this work, Investigation into experimental study of Areca (betel nuts) fiber and sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composite was carried. Composite laminates are prepared by mixing Areca betel nuts fiber, Sisal fiber and Epoxy with proper curing agents. The mould was pressed on 1500PSI for 24 hours of 1000C temperature. The Areca betel nuts and Sisal Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites were manufactured at various ratios such as (15:20:65, 20:15:65 & 17.5:17.5:65). In this, we analyse and test the Mechanical Properties of Areca nuts and Sisal Fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites like Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength and Water Absorption capacity.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
1. Department of Textile Engineering
Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology(DUET), Gazipur
2. Topic Name:- Acetate fiber and Triacetate fiber
Student Information
Name:- Mahbubay Rabbani Mim
Student ID:- 175035
Semester & Year:-2/2
Subject:- Textile physics and fibrous material
3. Introduction
Acetate and triacetate are manufactured fibers which are belong to
modified cellulosic fibers. In this cellulosic fiber the main component is
cellulose acetate.
The fiber in which 92% acetate group is contained at least is called
Triacetate or primary acetate. On the other hand which contains at
least 76% acetate group is called Di-acetate or secondary acetate.
Acetate fiber → at least 76% acetate group containing.
Triacetate fiber → at least 92% acetate group containing.
5. Cellulose Triacetate
In cellulose triacetate at least 92% acetate
group is exist. Here about 92% acetylation is
done and for which all the OH group is
replaced from every Benzene ring by acetate
group.
In triacetate polymer every benzene ring
contains 3 acetate group and for which it is
called Triacetate.
Triacetate is produced at initial stage in
compare to Di-acetate and for this reason it is
also called Primary acetate.
7. Production of Triacetate
Raw materials for producing:-
i. Wood pulp or cotton linters
ii. Glacial acetic acid
iii. H2SO4 or ZnCl2
Here H2SO4 or ZnCl2 is used as catalyst.
10. Some Trade names with manufacturer
Trade names Manufacturer
1.Acele Du Pont, USA
2.Aceta Bayer, Germany
3.Arnel Celanase Crop Co, USA
4.Atlon Toho Rayon Co, Japan
5.Albuna Snia Viscose, Italy
11. Properties of Triacetate fiber
i. Obtained as tough solid
ii. Not soluble in Acetone that’s why nail polish doesn’t damage the
fiber and fabric.
iii. It is soluble in toxic and expensive solvents like CHCl3 (Chloroform).
iv. It is not hydrophilic at all.
v. Drip drying recommended.
vi. Soften at 200 degree centigrade that’s why cool iron is used.
12. Cellulose Acetate or Di-Acetate
• Cellulose acetate contains at least 76% acetate group. In that polymer
about 34% Hydroxyl group is available. After 76% acetylation of
cellulose, it is obtained.
• It is called Di-Acetate because of containing 2 acetate group.
• It is obtained from cellulose triacetate after partial hydrolysis that’s
why it is called Secondary Acetate.
14. Structure of Di-Acetate
• Here after acetylation and hydrolysis
only 1 hydroxyl group is exist and 2
acetate group is contained also in
every benzene ring.
15. Production of Acetate
Wood pulp +
Acetic acid
Convert to
cellulose di
acetate flakes
Dissolve in
aceton at 56
degree
centigrade
Dry spun
Cellulose
acetate
19. Hydrolysis process for Di-Acetate
• Di-acetate is formed from tri-acetate and for forming this
• At frirst triacetate is stored for ageing.
• Then Acetic acid and water and sulfuric acid are added and allowed
for 10-12 hours.
• Here during this period partial conversion of acetate groups to
hydroxyl group is done.
• The mixture is then diluted with water and stirred constantly.
• Here careful control should be maintained.
• Then the secondary acetate is separate in form of white flakes.
20. Hydrolysis process for Di-Acetate
• After separation of white flake, the water is removed and reaction
vessel is again filled with fresh water. Here water is changed for
several times for obtaining the formed di-acetate.
• When all the formed acetate is centrifuged then the excess water is
removed and then dry the flakes.
22. Properties of Acetate fiber
• Crystallinity=40%
• Tenacity= 2.5 g/d
• elongation =16-18%
• It is hydrophilic and M.R=6%-7%
• Heat sensitive and soften at 200 degree centigrade. So cool iron is
used.
• Soluble in acetone and that’s why it is damaged by nail polish.
• Degraded by acids but resistant to alkalis.
23. Difference between Triacetate and Acetate
Triacetate Acetate or Di-acetate
• Contain 3 acetate groups. • Contains 2 acetate groups.
• No OH groups is present. • Only one OH group is present.
• More crystalline. • Less crystalline.
• High melting point. • Low melting point.
• It is not hydrophilic. • It is hydrophilic.
• It is called primary acetate. • It is called secondary acetate.
24. End uses of Acetate and Triacetate
Triacetate
• Major used in cloth for lining.
Acetate
• Woven.
• Satin, Crepes, Taffetas, velour.
• Bed sheets, pillow cover.
• Weeding dress