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Academic writing-topic and title-ppt
- 1. Academic Writing • Isa process not a “product” -- it is always possible to review and revise, again and again. • There are four main stages in the writing process: A. Prewriting B. Planning C. Writing and revising drafts D. Writing the final copy to hand in.
- 2. A. Prewriting • StepI: Choosing and Narrowing a Topic E N V I R O N M E N T P O L L U T I O N OCEAN POLLUTION OIL SPILLS 1989 Alaskan Oil Spill General Topic Specific Very Specific
- 3. A. Prewriting (lanjutan) •Step 2: Brainstorming Three useful brainstorming techniques: 1. Listing 2. Freewriting 3. Clustering
- 4. A. Prewriting (lanjutan) •Step 2:Brainstorming- by Listing Getting Fit •Junk food •Good diet •3 meals a day •Regular exercise •Lose weight •Join health club •Swim every day •Jog before breakfast •Eating right •Consume more fish •Play hard •Work hard •Weightlifting •Watch less TV •Don’t eat snack •Drive carefully •No red meat •Crash diet •Sleep 8 hours •Aerobics •Walk to do errands •Drink less coffee •Relax more on week end •Cut out dessert •No candy, soda •Enjoy friend, family •Non competitive sports •Feel and look younger •Regular homework schedule •Lots of fruit/ vegetables
- 5. A. Prewriting (lanjutan) •Step 2:Brainstorming- by Freewriting headache aspirin coffee better relief blood vessel constrict Coffee - drinker Caffeine withdrawal headache caffeine stop- drinking dose pain relieving Limiting caffeine intake When Caffeine Helps a Headache
- 6. A. Prewriting (lanjutan) •Step 2: Brainstorming by Clustering – Using clustering technique to generate ideas about … – E.g.: use clustering technique for ten minutes to generate ideas about a persons who is close to you.
- 7. The Writing Process,Stage II( B ): Planning(Outlining ) • Step 1: Brainstorming by Listing Heart palpitation Some irregularities in heartbeat are considered harmless and self correcting. Is it true? Define –irregularities in heartbeat. Elaborate and give examples in daily life. If you smoke, stop. Warm up and cool down. Stick with noncompetitive sport. Fill up on fish. You may think of your heart as a muscular pump, but the fact is, this organ is very sensitive to many things going on in the body. A near accident, cigarette smoke, drugs, emotional upsets and overindulgence in food, alcohol or caffeine can all upset the carefully orchestrated pattern of electrical charges that leads to a normal heartbeat. Body Topic
- 8. The Writing Process,Stage II( B ): Planning(Outlining ) • Step 2: Grouping Metropolitan City’s Problems buses and streetcars dirty bus interiors late bus arrivals arrive in bunches missed appointment daily schedules passengers are victims extra waiting time A buses and streetcars A dirty bus interiors A late bus arrivals B expensive apartments A daily schedules A passengers are victims C accident C Late arrivals C too many cars D unsafe street B housing is expensive A missed appointment D increasing crime A extra waiting time Group A late arrivals
- 9. The Writing Process,Stage II( B ): Planning(Outlining ) • Step 2: Grouping Metropolitan City’s Problems 1. daily schedules 2. passengers are victims 1. Daily schedules – late arrivals – arrive in bunches 2. Passengers are victims – missed appointment – extra waiting time Metropolitan City’s Problems
- 10. The Writing Process,Stage II( B ): Planning(Outlining ) • Step 3: Writing the Topic Sentence One problem is the city’s unreliable public transportation – Or One of the city’s biggest problems is the unreliability of its public transportation system
- 11. The Writing Process,Stage II( B ): Planning(Outlining ) • Step 4: Simple Outlining One problem is the city’s unreliable public transportation. 1. Daily schedules are unreliable – Late arrivals – Arrive in bunches 1. Passengers are victims – Are late to appointments, work, classes – Must allow extra time to wait for buses Topic sentence Supporting point - Supporting detail - Supporting detail Supporting point - Supporting detail - Supporting detail
- 12. The Writing ProcessStage III( C ): Writing and Revising Drafts • Step 1: Writing the First Rough Draft
- 13. The Writing ProcessStage III( C ): Writing and Revising Drafts • Step 2: Revising Content and Organization
- 14. The Writing ProcessStage III( C ): Writing and Revising Drafts Step 3: Proofreading the Second Draft for Grammar and Mechanics – Check over each sentence for correctness: no fragments or choppy or run-on sentences – Check over each sentence for a subject and a verb, subject-verb agreement, correct tense, etc – Check the mechanics: punctuation, spelling, capitalization, typing errors,etc – Change vocabulary words as necessary
- 15. The Writing ProcessStage III( C ): Writing and Revising Drafts Step 4: Writing the Final Copy – It must be written neatly and legibly in ink or typed – Be sure that you make all the corrections that you noted on your second draft. – After rereading the final copy, do not be surprised if you decide to make a few minor or even major changes
- 16. The Writing ProcessStage IV( D): Writing the final copy to hand in. Public Transportation in Metropolitan City A major problem is Metropolitan’s inadequate public transportation system. Thousands of residents rely on the city’s buses and streetcars to travel throughout this large city, but Metro Transportation System’s daily schedules are totally unreliable. For example, a bus or streetcar that should arrive at 7.45 AM, may not arrive until eight o’clock or even later. Sometimes three buses or streetcars will arrive in bunches, one after another. Moreover, it is not unusual for a bus driver or a streetcar conductor to pass up groups of people anxiously waiting in the snow in freezing weather because he is behind schedule and wants to make up for lost time. Unfortunately, passengers become unhappy victims of the waiting game, which causes them to be late for work or to miss important appointments. For instance, once I waited so long in below zero weather that I caught a bad cold and ended up in bed for a week. Then, on the day of my psychology exam, the streetcar was thirty minutes late. In order to gat to their destinations on time, people must leave home earlier to allow for waiting time at the bus and streetcar stops. In conclusion, with such inadequate public transportation in the city, it is not surprising that increasing numbers of people are turning to private automobiles