This document outlines procedures for implementing a framework for forecasting, scheduling, and imbalance handling for renewable energy (RE) generating stations including wind and solar power parks at the inter-state level in India. Key points:
- The procedure is applicable to RE generators connected to the inter-state transmission system and having over 50MW capacity, as well as solar/wind parks and generators acting as lead/principal generators.
- It defines roles for RE generators, load dispatch centers, regional power committees, and others. Generators must provide forecasts, schedules, real-time data and monthly data. Load centers coordinate scheduling and handle forecasting.
- The procedure covers connectivity applications, scheduling, metering requirements, energy accounting
Abt meter, Availability Tariff Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a rational tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on a contracted basis.
This document outlines draft regulations for rooftop solar PV grid interactive systems and net/gross metering in Jharkhand, India. It defines key terms related to rooftop solar systems and metering arrangements. It establishes the scope and general principles, including that eligible consumers can install rooftop solar systems up to 100% of their sanctioned load under net or gross metering. It also outlines procedures for applying, feasibility analysis, approval and registration of rooftop solar projects. The key responsibilities of distribution licensees and consumers are provided.
The document provides a comparative study of forecasting and scheduling regulations for solar and wind projects in various states in India in 2019. It analyzes key aspects of the regulations such as applicability, forecasting and scheduling responsibility, tolerance bands for deviation settlement, scheduling requirements, reference points, apportionment of charges, telemetry requirements, and timelines for payment of deviation charges. The analysis is presented in tables comparing the regulations of states in northern, western & central, and eastern regions of India to highlight similarities and differences in the regulations of different states.
Protocol for submission of data to sldc for renewable energy certificateJay Ranvir
The document outlines the protocol for renewable energy generators to submit data to State Load Dispatch Centers (SLDCs) in order to receive Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs). Key points:
1. SLDCs are responsible for verifying the amount of renewable energy injected into the grid by each generator based on energy injection reports and meter readings.
2. SLDCs must submit monthly energy injection reports to the central agency for each registered renewable energy project.
3. The central agency will only issue RECs to generators after confirming the energy injection amounts reported by SLDCs match what was claimed by the generators.
GERC (Forecasting, Scheduling, Deviation Settlement and Related Matters of So...Das A. K.
This document outlines regulations for forecasting, scheduling, and deviation settlement related to solar and wind power generation sources in Gujarat, India. Key points:
- The regulations apply to all wind and solar generators over 1 MW connected to the state grid and selling power within or outside the state.
- Generators/qualified coordinating agencies must provide day-ahead and week-ahead forecasts and are allowed to revise schedules intraday. Forecasts and schedules are submitted to the state load dispatch center.
- Deviations from schedules will result in commercial impacts that are borne by the generators. Qualified coordinating agencies can represent generators and be responsible for deviation charges.
- The regulations establish definitions, objectives, roles
Punjab SERC (Forecasting, Scheduling, Deviation Settlement and Related Matte...Das A. K.
This document outlines regulations for forecasting, scheduling, and deviation settlement of solar and wind generation sources in Punjab, India. It defines key terms and establishes requirements for wind and solar generators to register with the state load dispatch center and provide forecasts, schedules, technical data and weather data. Generators must forecast day-ahead and week-ahead and can revise schedules up to 16 times per day. Deviation charges will be paid into a state pool account for errors over 10% between actual and scheduled generation. A qualified coordinating agency can coordinate schedules and settlements on behalf of generators connected to the same pooling station.
Rajasthan Net Metering Regulations 2015 released by Rajasthan Regulatory Commission (RERC).
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
Gensol has summarised the tender issued by SECI for 2.5GW Wind Solar Hybrid ISTS projects.
The document covers major commercial & technical guidelines provided in the tender.
Abt meter, Availability Tariff Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a rational tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on a contracted basis.
This document outlines draft regulations for rooftop solar PV grid interactive systems and net/gross metering in Jharkhand, India. It defines key terms related to rooftop solar systems and metering arrangements. It establishes the scope and general principles, including that eligible consumers can install rooftop solar systems up to 100% of their sanctioned load under net or gross metering. It also outlines procedures for applying, feasibility analysis, approval and registration of rooftop solar projects. The key responsibilities of distribution licensees and consumers are provided.
The document provides a comparative study of forecasting and scheduling regulations for solar and wind projects in various states in India in 2019. It analyzes key aspects of the regulations such as applicability, forecasting and scheduling responsibility, tolerance bands for deviation settlement, scheduling requirements, reference points, apportionment of charges, telemetry requirements, and timelines for payment of deviation charges. The analysis is presented in tables comparing the regulations of states in northern, western & central, and eastern regions of India to highlight similarities and differences in the regulations of different states.
Protocol for submission of data to sldc for renewable energy certificateJay Ranvir
The document outlines the protocol for renewable energy generators to submit data to State Load Dispatch Centers (SLDCs) in order to receive Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs). Key points:
1. SLDCs are responsible for verifying the amount of renewable energy injected into the grid by each generator based on energy injection reports and meter readings.
2. SLDCs must submit monthly energy injection reports to the central agency for each registered renewable energy project.
3. The central agency will only issue RECs to generators after confirming the energy injection amounts reported by SLDCs match what was claimed by the generators.
GERC (Forecasting, Scheduling, Deviation Settlement and Related Matters of So...Das A. K.
This document outlines regulations for forecasting, scheduling, and deviation settlement related to solar and wind power generation sources in Gujarat, India. Key points:
- The regulations apply to all wind and solar generators over 1 MW connected to the state grid and selling power within or outside the state.
- Generators/qualified coordinating agencies must provide day-ahead and week-ahead forecasts and are allowed to revise schedules intraday. Forecasts and schedules are submitted to the state load dispatch center.
- Deviations from schedules will result in commercial impacts that are borne by the generators. Qualified coordinating agencies can represent generators and be responsible for deviation charges.
- The regulations establish definitions, objectives, roles
Punjab SERC (Forecasting, Scheduling, Deviation Settlement and Related Matte...Das A. K.
This document outlines regulations for forecasting, scheduling, and deviation settlement of solar and wind generation sources in Punjab, India. It defines key terms and establishes requirements for wind and solar generators to register with the state load dispatch center and provide forecasts, schedules, technical data and weather data. Generators must forecast day-ahead and week-ahead and can revise schedules up to 16 times per day. Deviation charges will be paid into a state pool account for errors over 10% between actual and scheduled generation. A qualified coordinating agency can coordinate schedules and settlements on behalf of generators connected to the same pooling station.
Rajasthan Net Metering Regulations 2015 released by Rajasthan Regulatory Commission (RERC).
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
Gensol has summarised the tender issued by SECI for 2.5GW Wind Solar Hybrid ISTS projects.
The document covers major commercial & technical guidelines provided in the tender.
DERC Renewable energy Net Metering Regulations 2014Headway Solar
Delhi Net Metering Regulations 2014 released by Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission (DERC).
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
This document discusses computer control of power systems and SCADA systems in India. It provides statistics on India's power sector, including installed capacity, sources of energy, transmission losses, and peak load. It also outlines challenges in power systems like storage limitations and varying demand. The roles of an energy control center are summarized, including load forecasting, capacity planning, system monitoring, and economic dispatch. Finally, it introduces the hierarchy of power system operation in India and key components of SCADA systems, such as sensors, RTUs, master units, communication links, and software.
A comparative study has been carried by Gensol on Solar-Wind Hybrid Policies issued by Central Government, Gujarat State & Andhra Pradesh (A.P.) in terms of following:
1) Incentives & Pertinent Charges
2) Evacuation & Metering Scheme
3) Energy Accounting & Banking
4) AC-DC Integration & other important clauses.
Policy on Net Metering for Grid Interactive Roof-Top Solar Photo Voltaic Powe...Headway Solar
Policy on Net Metering for Grid Interactive Roof-Top Solar Photo Voltaic Power Plants Punjab 2014
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
Net Metering is essential for a Rooftop Solar & many Indian states have their own set of guidelines towards it.
The document helps to summarise the Net Metering Regulations in various Indian states.
The presentation throws light on the commercial aspects of developing a solar project in Maharashtra with a view to supply power to a third party through open access.
Specifically, it probes into the spectrum of open access charges that are applicable while the generated power traverses through the state transmission and local distribution grid, starting from the plant end to the consumer end.
Draft MERC Net Metering for Solar Rooftop Regulations,2015Headway Solar
Maharashtra Net Metering for Solar Rooftop systems Regulations 2015 released by Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC).
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
Gensol has presented quicks highlights of 1200MW Renewable Energy Tender with assured Peak Power Supply in terms of eligibility criteria, bidders obligations, project capacity (MW), generation criteria, various guarantees, project tariff rate (Rs/kWh) and many more. It's interesting to highlight that SECI has issued tender with no cap in tariff at the same assured peak power supply.
Regulations, Supply Rules and Standards of ElectricityRupesh Bobbili
This document summarizes key Indian electricity regulations, standards and supply rules over time. It discusses the Electricity Act of 1910 which established the basic framework for the electric supply industry. It then covers the Electricity (Supply) Act of 1948 which mandated the creation of State Electricity Boards. The Electricity Regulatory Commission Act of 1998 allowed for setting up commissions to determine tariffs independently of governments. Subsequent acts addressed energy efficiency, liberalized the electricity market, established regulatory bodies, and outlined requirements for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. The document provides an overview of the regulatory evolution of the Indian electricity sector.
The Operation of the GCCIA HVDC Project and Its Potential Impacts on the Elec...Power System Operation
The Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (GCCIA) has constructed and commissioned a 400kV interconnection grid between Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and United Arab of Emirates (UAE), that includes 900 km of overhead lines, seven 400kV substations, a 1800MW three-pole back-to-back HVDC converter station and a submarine cable to Bahrain. This paper summarizes the design features of the GCCIA Back-to-Back HVDC station, illustrates both the technical considerations and physical characteristics of the project, and highlights the operational experience since its operation in 2009. Also, the paper provides some environmental aspects and personal recommendations, and sum up with illustrative conclusion over the covered topics.
Term Index- High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission, interconnection, GCCIA, back-to-back HVDC, power system operation, grid Connectivity, power system converters.
The document discusses amendments made by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission to the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Terms and Conditions for Tariff determination from Renewable Energy Sources) Regulations, 2012. Key points include:
1) Amendments made to technical norms for biomass power projects and limits placed on fossil fuel use in biomass plants.
2) Specification of Operation and Maintenance expenses for solar PV projects for FY 2016-17.
3) Clarification provided on Return on Equity rates fixed in the regulations and treatment of suggestions made by stakeholders.
4) Presentation of levelized generic tariffs determined for various renewable energy technologies for FY 2016-17.
This document is a draft power purchase agreement between a generating company and Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL). It outlines the responsibilities of both parties regarding the generation facilities, evacuation system, and interfacing with the grid. The key points are:
1) The generating company will own, operate, and maintain the generating station and dedicated transmission line. UPCL will provide connectivity to its substation within 10km and required equipment.
2) The generating company can opt to construct the evacuation system itself or have UPCL/STU do it, in which case it must pay estimated costs.
3) Responsibilities for maintenance of equipment are assigned based on ownership of terminals and lines.
Punjab State Electricity Regulatory Commission (Forecasting, Scheduling, Devi...Das A. K.
Punjab State Electricity Regulatory Commission (Forecasting,
Scheduling, Deviation Settlement and Related Matters of Solar and Wind Generation Sources) Regulations,
2019
Renewable Energy Certificate Mechanism in India sanjeev jain
This document provides an overview of India's Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) and Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) framework. It discusses the key objectives of introducing the REC mechanism, including effective RPO implementation and increased flexibility. It describes the entities involved and the concepts of RECs representing each MWh of renewable energy generated. Eligible renewable energy generators can register and be issued RECs which can then be traded on power exchanges to meet RPO targets set by state commissions. The document outlines the accreditation, registration, issuance and trading processes and discusses pricing frameworks and fees for RECs.
The largest tender by Solar Energy Corporation of India for Floating Solar for 150 MW is up for bidding.
The document is a summary of the tender document and covers the commercial & technical guidelines provided in the tender.
1) Renewable energy makes up about 21% of India's total installed electricity generation capacity as of 2011, with wind and small hydro being the largest sources.
2) The Electricity Act of 2003 and India's National Action Plan on Climate Change set targets to increase the share of renewable energy to around 15% of total generation by 2020. State governments set annual Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) targets for distribution companies to meet this goal.
3) Renewable energy certificates (RECs) were established as an instrument to promote renewable energy by separating the renewable attributes from the underlying electricity. RECs allow renewable energy generators to sell certificates in addition to the electricity itself to meet RPO targets.
Introduction to the Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) MechanismSpark Network
Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Mechanism issued by Ministry of New & Renewable Energy of India to facilitate interstate transactions of Renewable Energy and to promote RE based projects. This report covers all the basic aspects of REC Mechanism along with the Operational Framewokr of the same.
Virtual Power Plants: Decentralized and Efficient Power DistributionShafkat Chowdhury
The paper discusses the emerging technology that is Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) as a means for smart Power Management solutions. It discusses the features and functionalities of VPPs and the current projects being implemented.
This document outlines 3 schemes for interconnecting micro scale renewable energy power generating facilities to the low voltage consumer feeders of Sri Lanka's national grid. Scheme 1 allows net metering where exported energy is credited against imported energy. Scheme 2 adds an export tariff for net exported energy. Scheme 3 involves direct export of all generated energy through a dedicated meter, with the producer paid for exports. The document provides details on technical requirements, application processes, metering, safety features, and the rights and obligations of producers and the grid operator.
The briefing at the following link explores the impact of the proposed changes to the renewable subsidy regime for solar facilities installed in England and Wales that are five (5) megawatts or larger in size ('Large-scale PV Plants') given the 13 May 2014 announcement from DECC ('URN 14D/114').
DECC have put forward that in their view the capacity threshold of gigawatts installed of Large-Scale PV Plants in England and Wales will be achieved by the solar development community (including funders, contractors and developers) by mid-2015 rather than by the earlier predicted threshold-achievement by mid-2017.
Given the predicted threshold-achievement by 2015, the portion of the Levy Control Framework budget for Large-Scale PV Plants accredited for ROCs will have to end in the UK Government's view in April 2015, rather than in April 2017, with the net result that contracts for difference ('CfDs') will have an earlier adoption date that coincides with the targeted curtailment of ROCs for PV Plants on 1.4.15 ('Cut-off-Date').
The non-progression of "grandfathering" of ROCs following the Cut-off-Date for plants already accredited for receipt of ROCs, and the likely impact of the key terms of the current form of CfD are explored in this article, together with brief discussion on the other proposals to tackle the early threshold-achievement that were considered by DECC and reported on in URN 14D/114.
Our team are ready to assist with preparation of responses to the Consultation due by 7.7.14.
Expert group constituted by CERC proposes draft IEGC 2020Amitava Nag
The draft IEGC 2020 proposes further measures to strengthen grid security and resilience and renewable integration. The planning code has been thoroughly overhauled including generation resource planning (flexibility, ramping and minimum turndown level).
Issuance of Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 2 of 2024...AHRP Law Firm
Solar power is one of the key components of achieving zero emissions, as it is a renewable energy source that generates electricity without producing greenhouse gas emissions during operation. Accordingly, the Indonesian Government adjusted and amended the prevailing regulation to improve the development of rooftop solar power utilization that is suitable for the current circumstances through MoEMR Reg. No. 2/2024. Find out more our insights about this topic in our Legal Brief publication.
DERC Renewable energy Net Metering Regulations 2014Headway Solar
Delhi Net Metering Regulations 2014 released by Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission (DERC).
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
This document discusses computer control of power systems and SCADA systems in India. It provides statistics on India's power sector, including installed capacity, sources of energy, transmission losses, and peak load. It also outlines challenges in power systems like storage limitations and varying demand. The roles of an energy control center are summarized, including load forecasting, capacity planning, system monitoring, and economic dispatch. Finally, it introduces the hierarchy of power system operation in India and key components of SCADA systems, such as sensors, RTUs, master units, communication links, and software.
A comparative study has been carried by Gensol on Solar-Wind Hybrid Policies issued by Central Government, Gujarat State & Andhra Pradesh (A.P.) in terms of following:
1) Incentives & Pertinent Charges
2) Evacuation & Metering Scheme
3) Energy Accounting & Banking
4) AC-DC Integration & other important clauses.
Policy on Net Metering for Grid Interactive Roof-Top Solar Photo Voltaic Powe...Headway Solar
Policy on Net Metering for Grid Interactive Roof-Top Solar Photo Voltaic Power Plants Punjab 2014
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
Net Metering is essential for a Rooftop Solar & many Indian states have their own set of guidelines towards it.
The document helps to summarise the Net Metering Regulations in various Indian states.
The presentation throws light on the commercial aspects of developing a solar project in Maharashtra with a view to supply power to a third party through open access.
Specifically, it probes into the spectrum of open access charges that are applicable while the generated power traverses through the state transmission and local distribution grid, starting from the plant end to the consumer end.
Draft MERC Net Metering for Solar Rooftop Regulations,2015Headway Solar
Maharashtra Net Metering for Solar Rooftop systems Regulations 2015 released by Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC).
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
Gensol has presented quicks highlights of 1200MW Renewable Energy Tender with assured Peak Power Supply in terms of eligibility criteria, bidders obligations, project capacity (MW), generation criteria, various guarantees, project tariff rate (Rs/kWh) and many more. It's interesting to highlight that SECI has issued tender with no cap in tariff at the same assured peak power supply.
Regulations, Supply Rules and Standards of ElectricityRupesh Bobbili
This document summarizes key Indian electricity regulations, standards and supply rules over time. It discusses the Electricity Act of 1910 which established the basic framework for the electric supply industry. It then covers the Electricity (Supply) Act of 1948 which mandated the creation of State Electricity Boards. The Electricity Regulatory Commission Act of 1998 allowed for setting up commissions to determine tariffs independently of governments. Subsequent acts addressed energy efficiency, liberalized the electricity market, established regulatory bodies, and outlined requirements for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. The document provides an overview of the regulatory evolution of the Indian electricity sector.
The Operation of the GCCIA HVDC Project and Its Potential Impacts on the Elec...Power System Operation
The Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (GCCIA) has constructed and commissioned a 400kV interconnection grid between Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and United Arab of Emirates (UAE), that includes 900 km of overhead lines, seven 400kV substations, a 1800MW three-pole back-to-back HVDC converter station and a submarine cable to Bahrain. This paper summarizes the design features of the GCCIA Back-to-Back HVDC station, illustrates both the technical considerations and physical characteristics of the project, and highlights the operational experience since its operation in 2009. Also, the paper provides some environmental aspects and personal recommendations, and sum up with illustrative conclusion over the covered topics.
Term Index- High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission, interconnection, GCCIA, back-to-back HVDC, power system operation, grid Connectivity, power system converters.
The document discusses amendments made by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission to the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Terms and Conditions for Tariff determination from Renewable Energy Sources) Regulations, 2012. Key points include:
1) Amendments made to technical norms for biomass power projects and limits placed on fossil fuel use in biomass plants.
2) Specification of Operation and Maintenance expenses for solar PV projects for FY 2016-17.
3) Clarification provided on Return on Equity rates fixed in the regulations and treatment of suggestions made by stakeholders.
4) Presentation of levelized generic tariffs determined for various renewable energy technologies for FY 2016-17.
This document is a draft power purchase agreement between a generating company and Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL). It outlines the responsibilities of both parties regarding the generation facilities, evacuation system, and interfacing with the grid. The key points are:
1) The generating company will own, operate, and maintain the generating station and dedicated transmission line. UPCL will provide connectivity to its substation within 10km and required equipment.
2) The generating company can opt to construct the evacuation system itself or have UPCL/STU do it, in which case it must pay estimated costs.
3) Responsibilities for maintenance of equipment are assigned based on ownership of terminals and lines.
Punjab State Electricity Regulatory Commission (Forecasting, Scheduling, Devi...Das A. K.
Punjab State Electricity Regulatory Commission (Forecasting,
Scheduling, Deviation Settlement and Related Matters of Solar and Wind Generation Sources) Regulations,
2019
Renewable Energy Certificate Mechanism in India sanjeev jain
This document provides an overview of India's Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) and Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) framework. It discusses the key objectives of introducing the REC mechanism, including effective RPO implementation and increased flexibility. It describes the entities involved and the concepts of RECs representing each MWh of renewable energy generated. Eligible renewable energy generators can register and be issued RECs which can then be traded on power exchanges to meet RPO targets set by state commissions. The document outlines the accreditation, registration, issuance and trading processes and discusses pricing frameworks and fees for RECs.
The largest tender by Solar Energy Corporation of India for Floating Solar for 150 MW is up for bidding.
The document is a summary of the tender document and covers the commercial & technical guidelines provided in the tender.
1) Renewable energy makes up about 21% of India's total installed electricity generation capacity as of 2011, with wind and small hydro being the largest sources.
2) The Electricity Act of 2003 and India's National Action Plan on Climate Change set targets to increase the share of renewable energy to around 15% of total generation by 2020. State governments set annual Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) targets for distribution companies to meet this goal.
3) Renewable energy certificates (RECs) were established as an instrument to promote renewable energy by separating the renewable attributes from the underlying electricity. RECs allow renewable energy generators to sell certificates in addition to the electricity itself to meet RPO targets.
Introduction to the Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) MechanismSpark Network
Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Mechanism issued by Ministry of New & Renewable Energy of India to facilitate interstate transactions of Renewable Energy and to promote RE based projects. This report covers all the basic aspects of REC Mechanism along with the Operational Framewokr of the same.
Virtual Power Plants: Decentralized and Efficient Power DistributionShafkat Chowdhury
The paper discusses the emerging technology that is Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) as a means for smart Power Management solutions. It discusses the features and functionalities of VPPs and the current projects being implemented.
This document outlines 3 schemes for interconnecting micro scale renewable energy power generating facilities to the low voltage consumer feeders of Sri Lanka's national grid. Scheme 1 allows net metering where exported energy is credited against imported energy. Scheme 2 adds an export tariff for net exported energy. Scheme 3 involves direct export of all generated energy through a dedicated meter, with the producer paid for exports. The document provides details on technical requirements, application processes, metering, safety features, and the rights and obligations of producers and the grid operator.
The briefing at the following link explores the impact of the proposed changes to the renewable subsidy regime for solar facilities installed in England and Wales that are five (5) megawatts or larger in size ('Large-scale PV Plants') given the 13 May 2014 announcement from DECC ('URN 14D/114').
DECC have put forward that in their view the capacity threshold of gigawatts installed of Large-Scale PV Plants in England and Wales will be achieved by the solar development community (including funders, contractors and developers) by mid-2015 rather than by the earlier predicted threshold-achievement by mid-2017.
Given the predicted threshold-achievement by 2015, the portion of the Levy Control Framework budget for Large-Scale PV Plants accredited for ROCs will have to end in the UK Government's view in April 2015, rather than in April 2017, with the net result that contracts for difference ('CfDs') will have an earlier adoption date that coincides with the targeted curtailment of ROCs for PV Plants on 1.4.15 ('Cut-off-Date').
The non-progression of "grandfathering" of ROCs following the Cut-off-Date for plants already accredited for receipt of ROCs, and the likely impact of the key terms of the current form of CfD are explored in this article, together with brief discussion on the other proposals to tackle the early threshold-achievement that were considered by DECC and reported on in URN 14D/114.
Our team are ready to assist with preparation of responses to the Consultation due by 7.7.14.
Expert group constituted by CERC proposes draft IEGC 2020Amitava Nag
The draft IEGC 2020 proposes further measures to strengthen grid security and resilience and renewable integration. The planning code has been thoroughly overhauled including generation resource planning (flexibility, ramping and minimum turndown level).
Issuance of Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 2 of 2024...AHRP Law Firm
Solar power is one of the key components of achieving zero emissions, as it is a renewable energy source that generates electricity without producing greenhouse gas emissions during operation. Accordingly, the Indonesian Government adjusted and amended the prevailing regulation to improve the development of rooftop solar power utilization that is suitable for the current circumstances through MoEMR Reg. No. 2/2024. Find out more our insights about this topic in our Legal Brief publication.
Net Metering-NEPRA & DISCOS Rules/Regulations and ProcedureSALMAN SAEED
This document discusses Pakistan's net metering policy and regulations. It defines key terms like distributed generator, distributed generation facility, and interconnection point. It outlines the application process for net metering, including submitting an application, technical reviews, signing agreements, obtaining licenses, and commissioning. It also covers technical requirements, responsibilities for costs, inspection requirements, billing procedures, and tariffs. The net metering policy allows consumers who generate surplus electricity from solar or wind to supply it to the grid and receive credits to offset future electricity purchases.
The minimum voltage tevel for interfacing of NRSE/CPP projects with State Gri...HARTEK POWER
As per recent policy by PSPCL published on june 8 2015. It talks about the minimum voltage level (depending upon nearest grid substation) for interfacing of NRSE/CPP projects with State Grid(Punjab) will be as follows
- upto 2.5 MW - 11KV
- upto 2.5 MW - 25 MW - 33KV/66KV
-above 25 MW - 132KV/220KV
Minimum Voltage Level for interfacing of NRSE/CPP Projects with State GridSimarpreet H.Singh
This document summarizes new instructions regarding the interfacing and connectivity of renewable energy and cogeneration projects in Punjab.
The key points are:
1) The minimum voltage levels for interfacing renewable/cogeneration projects are specified based on project size - 11kV for projects up to 2.5MW, 33kV/66kV for 2.5-25MW projects, and 132kV/220kV for over 25MW projects.
2) Additional instructions are provided for connectivity of cluster solar projects selected through competitive bidding, specifying metering and delivery points must be at 33kV or above.
3) Responsibilities for transmission connectivity and costs are defined for project developers
This document provides an overview of the Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC). It discusses the objectives and key contents of the IEGC, including the roles of various organizations in the electricity grid such as load dispatch centers, regulatory commissions, and transmission utilities. The IEGC aims to facilitate reliable, secure and economic operation of the national power grid in India. It defines operating procedures, planning guidelines, and responsibilities of grid participants.
This document summarizes Gujarat's new Wind Power Policy for 2013-2016. The key points are:
- It aims to promote wind power generation in Gujarat by providing various incentives over a 25 year period.
- It sets renewable purchase obligations for distribution licensees to purchase a portion of energy from wind and other renewable sources.
- It allows private companies and individuals to set up wind turbines either for captive use or third party sale, and lays out terms for wheeling power, banking surplus energy, and selling excess to distribution utilities.
Uttar pradesh solar rooftop policy 2014Headway Solar
Official Document of Uttar pradesh Solar Rooftop Policy 2014.
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
This document provides guidelines for implementing the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evem Utthan Mahabhiyan (PM KUSUM) Scheme in India. The scheme has three components: 1) Setting up decentralized ground or stilt-mounted solar power plants up to 2 MW capacity, 2) Installing 17.5 lakh standalone solar pumps for agriculture, and 3) Solarizing 10 lakh existing grid-connected agriculture pumps. It aims to add 25,750 MW of solar capacity by 2022 with Rs. 34,422 crore in central funding. Distribution companies will notify available surplus capacity at substations and invite applications from farmers, cooperatives, or developers to set up renewable plants
The Availability Tariff mechanism in India separates fixed and variable power plant costs. It provides incentives for power plants to increase availability during peak hours and back down during off-peak hours. This helps meet more consumer load when needed and reduces excess generation when not. The mechanism also defines beneficiaries' shares of central plant capacity and schedules to bring discipline to regional grids previously operating in an undisciplined manner. It benefits all constituents by improving grid parameters, encouraging lower-cost generation, and establishing mechanisms for additional power sources and trading.
Applying for contracts for difference when the application window commences on 14 October. Details on Allocation Framework and draft allocation regulations from the UK Government and as published on DECC's website.
This document provides definitions and terms for a solar net metering agreement between a distribution licensee and solar power generator. It defines key terms like imported energy, exported energy, net exported energy, energy feed-in meter, eligibility criteria, and establishes that the agreement is for a solar power plant of capacity between 1 kWp and 500 kWp installed at the generator's location and connected to the distribution licensee's grid under net metering. The agreement sets out the responsibilities of both parties in accordance with applicable rules and regulations.
MNRE Clarification on the capacity with respect to inverter and eligibility o...Harish Sharma
MNRE Clarification on the eligibility of CFA for rooftop solar plants (with or without net metering/gross metering facility) and for declaring commissioned plant capacity w.r.t installed inverter capacity.
The document announces new regulations for renewable energy projects in Himachal Pradesh commencing October 1, 2017. It notes the previous regulations expired on September 30, 2017, so new regulations are necessary. It describes the process of publishing draft regulations, receiving public comments, and conducting public hearings to consider stakeholder views before finalizing the new regulations. The new Himachal Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission (Promotion of Generation from the Renewable Energy Sources and Terms and Conditions for Tariff Determination) Regulations, 2017 will replace the previous regulations and set tariff determination norms for renewable energy projects until March 2020.
Net metering requirements in punjab for grid interactive rooftop SPV Power PlantHarish Sharma
All the consumers of the State Distribution licensee or PSPCL who intend to encourage solar energy and set up solar PV plants at available places on roof-tops of Individual households, industries, Government or Semi-Government or Local Body offices, commercial establishments, institutions, residential complexes shall be eligible with project capacity ranging from minimum 1 KWp upto 1MWp (AC side) with or without battery back-up support. Consumers may generate solar power for self consumption and may feed excess power into the grid to be adjusted.
This document is a project report on energy dispatch using virtual power plants. It discusses the history of centralized and distributed generation as well as market-based energy dispatch. A virtual power plant is defined as a network of decentralized power sources like solar parks and wind farms that are controlled centrally but owned independently. The report outlines using a virtual power plant for energy dispatch by forecasting generation from distributed energy resources and loads. The objective is to maximize profit from a conventional power plant and virtual power plant by selling energy at optimal prices while staying within generation limits.
Concept Of Grid Code Anilpatil Session IiiAnil Patil
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) and the State Grid Code regulations in India. The IEGC defines the relationship between regional and state load dispatch centers with transmission utilities and sets rules for inter-state grid planning, connectivity, and operations. The State Grid Code regulations cover various parts including general provisions, transmission planning, connection conditions, grid operations, scheduling and dispatch, metering, and miscellaneous items to facilitate integrated grid operations within states in accordance with the IEGC.
India's National Solar Mission Phase 2 Batch 1 Guidelines - DraftHeadway Solar
India launched the National Solar Mission (NSM) in 2009, aiming 20GW grid-connected solar capacity by 2022. This document was released by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, India, and contains the draft copy of the guidelines for project allotment under Phase 2 Batch 1 of the NSM, through public-private partnership.
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
Similar to Forecasting, scheduling and im balance handling for (20)
Profile on the production retreaded tyreJay Ranvir
PROFILE ON THE PRODUCTION OF RETREADED TYRES The envisaged plant may uses different curing methods depending on the tyre and the thread pattern needed. Tyres with pre-cured thread rubber are placed into an autoclave and vulcanized using time, temperature and pressure to bond the thread to the casing.
This document provides information on setting up a tyre retreading business using a cold process method. It details the production capacity of retreading light commercial vehicle, passenger car, and truck tires. The total fixed capital requirement is about Rs. 12.95 lakhs with working capital needs of Rs. 16.89 lakhs. The projected annual sales are Rs. 91.8 lakhs with a net profit of Rs. 18.11 lakhs, yielding a profit ratio of 19.7% and return on investment of 61%.
This document outlines the transmission and distribution charges payable for open access in Rajasthan for 2018-19, as approved by the Rajasthan Electricity Regulatory Commission. For transmission, the tariff is Rs. 154.45/kW/month for long-term and medium-term customers and Rs. 5.08/kW/day for short-term customers. The SLDC charges are Rs. 93.89 paisa/kW/month and Rs. 3.13 paisa/kW/day respectively. Scheduling charges are also outlined. Wheeling charges and system losses are provided for the distribution companies. An additional surcharge of Rs. 0.80/Unit and
Response to msedcl demands the cumulative capacity to be allowed at a particular distribution transformer shall not exceed 15% of the
peak capacity of the distribution transformer instead of present 40% and maximum capacity limit of 50%
of consumer’s sanctioned load/contract demand for individual roof top installation need to be added in the
Principal Regulations.’
2. ‘MSEDCL further suggests that the electricity generated from a solar rooftop system shall be capped
cumulatively at 90% of the electricity consumption by the eligible consumer at the end of the relevant billing
period.’
3. ‘MSEDCL humbly requests Hon’ble Commission to allow MSEDCL to levy wheeling charges on rooftop
energy consumption.’
Practice directions rts net metering regulations 2015Jay Ranvir
CONNECTIVITY FOR ‘CHANGE-OVER’ CONSUMERS
PRACTICE DIRECTIONS Meter reading, energy accounting and settlement with the Consumer shall be
undertaken by the Supply Licensee as per the terms of the Regulations. The Supply
Licensee shall pay the Wheeling Charges, as approved by the Commission for a
particular financial year and corresponding to the unadjusted net credited Units of
electricity at the end of that year, to the Wires Licensee. Such payment will be taken
into account by the Commission while determining the respective Aggregate Revenue
Requirements.
Notified f &s regulations 2018,Deviation Settlement for Intra-State Transactions
7.1 The sale of power within Maharashtra by Solar and Wind Energy Generators connected to the
Intra-State Transmission Network shall be settled by the Procurers on the basis of their actual
generation, whereas the Deviation Settlement shall be undertaken as specified in these
Regulations Solar or Wind Energy Generator who deviates from its given Schedule shall be liable to pay a
Deviation Charge under the provisions of these Regulations.
7.2 In respect of sale or self-consumption of power within Maharashtra, if the actual injected
generation of a stand-alone Generator or the aggregate of such generation at a Pooling SubStation,
as the case may be, differs from the scheduled generation, the Deviation Charge for the
excess or shortfall shall be payable by the QCA to the Pool Account, through the SLDC
The document compares CAPEX (capital expenditure) and OPEX (operational expenditure) models for solar power projects. Under CAPEX, the owner makes an upfront investment and is responsible for operations and maintenance. Under OPEX, there is no upfront cost as the developer owns and maintains the asset under a long-term power purchase agreement. The document outlines various risks and responsibilities under each model, such as tax benefits, production guarantees, limitations, operations and maintenance, monitoring, and end-of-life responsibilities. It also provides a scenario analysis comparing the two models based on factors like cash reserves, land leasing timelines, project timelines, operating capabilities, tariff escalation rates and load profiles.
Plastics to oil report, Waste recycling machine defines an environmental equiment that waste rubber tyres , waste
plastics , waste oil(waste crude oil,waste diesel,waste oil,waste slag etc.), waste cable are heated
and pyrolysis, finally distillate the oil gas,and then cooled to the oil through the condensers as well
as the carbon black and steel wire.
Detail information of 5 t pyrolysis plantJay Ranvir
Xinxiang Huayin Renewable Energy Equipment Co., Ltd is a Chinese manufacturer of waste pyrolysis machines located in Henan Province. They have over 20 years of experience developing and selling pyrolysis machines that convert waste tires and plastics into fuel oil. Their flagship product is a 5-ton pyrolysis plant that costs $35,000 and includes a reactor, condensers, oil tanks, and other major components to transform waste into 45% pyrolysis oil, 30% carbon black, and 15% steel wire. They offer installation support, a one-year warranty, and have sold machines to over 34 countries.
Verification of compliance of renewable purchase obligationJay Ranvir
This order from the Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission addresses Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd.'s (MSEDCL) compliance with renewable purchase obligation (RPO) targets for fiscal year 2016-17. Key points:
1. MSEDCL was required to meet an RPO target of 11% for 2016-17, including 1% from solar and 10% from non-solar renewable sources.
2. The Commission has powers to impose regulatory charges on obligated entities like MSEDCL that fail to meet RPO targets or purchase sufficient renewable energy certificates (RECs).
3. MSEDCL submitted its statement of renewable energy procured for 2016-17 which is being verified
The indian-sunshine-the-solar-energy-landscape-in-india (1)Jay Ranvir
The Indian government aims to significantly increase solar power generation to meet energy demands and reduce costs. Its target is to reach 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022 through various initiatives like developing solar parks, creating green energy corridors between states, and holding bids to lower solar tariffs. Various policy reforms and incentives are also helping to attract more private and international investment into India's growing solar energy sector.
The indian-sunshine-the-solar-energy-landscape-in-india (1)Jay Ranvir
The Indian government aims to significantly increase solar power generation to meet energy demands and reduce costs. Its target is to reach 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022 through various initiatives like developing solar parks, creating green energy corridors between states, and providing various financial incentives. Several international companies are investing billions in the sector due to the large potential and supportive policies. The solar tariff rates have declined substantially due to technological advances and a fast growing industry.
Forecasting, scheduling and imbalance handling for Solar Wind EnergyJay Ranvir
This document outlines procedures for implementing a framework for forecasting, scheduling, and imbalance handling for renewable energy (RE) generating stations including wind and solar power parks at the inter-state level in India. Key points:
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- It defines roles for RE generators, load dispatch centers, regional power committees, and others. Generators must provide forecasts, schedules, real-time data and monthly data. Load centers coordinate scheduling and handle forecasting.
- The procedure covers connectivity applications, scheduling, metering requirements, energy accounting
Applicable charges for group captive open access up solarJay Ranvir
This document outlines charges and requirements for group captive open access for solar power in UP, India for fiscal year 2018-19. Key details include:
- Transmission and wheeling charges and losses
- Exemption of electricity duty for 10 years for certain solar project sales
- Banking of energy annually is permitted
- Required registration documents for injecting and drawee entities connecting to transmission or distribution systems including connectivity agreements and metering details
- Incentives for grid connectivity of larger solar projects in certain regions including reimbursing costs for transmission line construction up to certain distances based on project size.
This document provides an overview of SBI's grid connected rooftop solar PV program funded through the World Bank. It discusses SBI's commitment to financing renewable energy projects, the background and objectives of the program, eligible business models including CAPEX, RESCO and AD models. It also outlines the financing modes of program mode and project mode. Key parameters for project eligibility, security, terms and conditions are defined. Requirements for due diligence, inspections and compliance with environmental and social standards are also included.
This document contains a list of designations, office residences, phone numbers and email addresses for various roles within an organization. The roles include Chief Engineer, Private Secretary, Senior Executive Engineer, Assistant Operating Officer, Superintending Engineer, Additional Superintending Engineer, Deputy Chief Engineer, Senior Engineer, Assistant Engineer and others. Contact information including office phone numbers and residential phone numbers are provided for each role.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
2. 2
PROCEDURE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FRAMEWORK
ON
FORECASTING, SCHEDULING AND IMBALANCE HANDLING FOR
RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE) GENERATING STATIONS
INCLUDING POWER PARKS BASED ON WIND AND SOLAR
AT
INTER-STATE LEVEL
1. Preamble :
This Procedure is issued in compliance of Regulation 6.5 (23) of the Central
Electricity Regulatory Commission (Indian Electricity Grid Code) Regulations,
2010 and amendments thereof and Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
(Grant of Connectivity, Long-term Access and Medium-term Open Access in
inter-State Transmission and related matters) Regulations, 2010 and
amendments thereof herein after called the „Procedure for implementation of
the framework on Forecasting, Scheduling and Imbalance Handling for
Renewable Energy (RE) Generating Stations including Power Parks based on
wind and solar at Inter-State level‟.
2. Scope:
This Procedure shall be followed by National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC), all
Regional Load Despatch Centres (RLDCs), Regional Power Committees (RPCs),
and State Load Despatch Centres (SLDCs), regional entity Wind / solar
generating stations including power parks, Principal Generators, Lead
Generator.
This procedure shall be implemented with effect from the date of its notification
by the Commission.
3. Definitions:
3. 3
3.1 Lead Generator : The lead Generator shall be as termed in the CERC
(Grant of Connectivity, Long-term Access and Medium-term Open
Access in inter-State Transmission and related matters) ( Amendment)
Regulations, 2010 as follows:
One of the generating stations using renewable sources of energy,
individually having less than 50 MW installed capacity, but
collectively having an aggregate installed capacity of 50 MW and
above, and acting on behalf of all these generating stations, and
seeking connection from CTU at a single connection point at the
pooling sub-station under CTU or connecting at pooling substation
within the Solar or Wind power park, termed as the Lead
generator. Lead Generator shall formalize a written
agreement/arrangement among all the associated generators to
undertake all operational and commercial responsibilities for the
renewable energy generating station(s) in following the provisions
of the Indian Electricity Grid Code and all other regulations of the
Commission, such as grid security, scheduling and dispatch,
collection and payment/adjustment of Transmission charges,
deviation charges, congestion and other charges etc.
3.2 Principal Generator: The Principal Generator, shall be as recognized in
the CERC (Grant of Connectivity, Long-term Access and Medium-term
Open Access in inter-State Transmission and related matters) (Third
Amendment) Regulations, 2013, as follows:
The existing generating station which agrees to act as the
"Principal Generator" on behalf of the renewable energy generating
station(s) which is seeking connectivity through the electrical
system of the existing generating station and formalizes a written
agreement/arrangement among them to undertake all operational
4. 4
and commercial responsibilities for the renewable energy
generating station(s) in following the provisions of the Indian
Electricity Grid Code and all other regulations of the Commission,
such as grid security, scheduling and dispatch, collection and
payment/adjustment of Transmission charges, deviation charges,
congestion and other charges etc., and submit a copy of the
agreement to the CTU, along with the application for connectivity,
with copy to the respective RLDC in whose control area it is
located.
3.3 RE Generator means (i) the Wind or Solar generators who are regional
entities and (ii) Solar generators with installed capacity of more than 50
MW within a Solar Power Park (iii) Renewable energy projects based on
wind or solar resources having capacity of 500 MW and above
3.4 Connection Point: A point at which Solar park, Renewable energy
generating stations which are regional entities are connected to Inter-
State/ Intra-State system
3.5 Absolute Error shall mean the absolute value of the error in the
actual generation of wind or solar generators which are regional
entities with reference to the scheduled generation and the 'Available
Capacity' (AvC), as calculated using the following formula for each 15
minute time block:
Error (%) = 100 X [Actual Generation– Scheduled Generation]/
(AvC)
'Available Capacity (AvC)' for wind or solar generators which are
regional entities is the cumulative capacity rating of the wind
turbines or solar inverters that are capable of generating power in
a given time-block.
5. 5
4. Applicability:
This procedure shall be applicable to:
a. All RE Generators, which are regional entities as defined in Grid Code ,
are covered under the ambit of this procedure.
b. RE Generators connected to ISTS and having aggregate generation
capacity of 50 MW and above.
c. Any renewable energy generating station of 5 MW capacity and above
but less than 50 MW capacity developed by a generating company in its
existing generating station in accordance with the CERC (Grant of
Connectivity, Long-term Access and Medium-term Open Access in
inter-State Transmission and related matters) (Third Amendment)
Regulations 2013, and connected to the existing connection point with
inter-State Transmission System through the electrical system of the
generating station.
d. Lead Generator
e. Principal Generator
f. Solar Power Park Developer
g. Wind Power Park Developer
5. Role of different entities
5.1 RE Generator
5.1.1. RE Generator or Lead Generator or Principal Generator or Solar
Power Park Developer or Wind Power Park Developer shall submit one
6. 6
time details to concerned RLDC as per Annexure-I. Further, if there is
any change in the information furnished, then the updated
information shall be shared with the concerned RLDC not later than 7
working days of the change.
5.1.2 RE Generator or Lead Generator or Principal Generator shall
undertake the following activities.
a. Provide available capacity, Day ahead forecast (based on their
own forecast or on the forecast done by RLDC) and Schedule as
per Annexure-II through web based application maintained by
RLDCs.
b. Provide real time availability (at turbine/inverter level) and
generation data (at pooling station level) as per Annexure-III
c. Provide Monthly data transfer (as per Annexure – IV):
o For wind plants, at the turbine level- average wind speed,
average power generation at 15-min time block level
o For solar plants, for all inverters* >=1 MW- average solar
irradiation, average power generation at 15-min time block
level
* if a solar plant uses only smaller string inverters, then data may be provided at the plant
level
d. Be Responsible for metering and data collection, transmission
and co-ordination with RLDC, SLDC RPC, CTU and other
agencies as per IEGC and extant CERC Regulations.
e. Undertake commercial settlement of all deviation-settlement
charges as per applicable CERC Regulations
7. 7
f. Submit a copy of the agreement to concerned RLDC wherein it is
mentioned that RE Generator or Lead Generator or Principal
Generator shall undertake all operational and commercial
responsibilities on behalf of generating stations as per the
prevalent CERC Regulations. Further, RE Generator or Lead
Generator or Principal Generator shall also submit the
application for connectivity which was submitted to CTU to the
respective RLDC in whose control area it is located.
g. Use Automatic meter reading technologies for transfer, analysis
and processing of interface meter data.
h. Perform commercial settlement beyond the connection point (De-
pooling arrangement) and technical coordination amongst the
generators within the pooling station and upto the connection
point as the case may be.
i. Shall furnish the PPA rates on notarized affidavit for the purpose
of Deviation charge account preparation to respective RPC
supported by copy of the PPA.
j. Keep each of the RLDCs indemnified at all times and shall
undertake to indemnify, defend and save the SLDCs/RLDCs
harmless from any and all damages, losses including commercial
losses due to forecasting error, claims and actions including
those relating to injury to or death of any person or damage to
property, demands, suits, recoveries, costs and expenses, court
costs, attorney fees, and all other obligations by or to third
parties, arising out of or resulting from the transactions
undertaken by the Generators.
8. 8
5.2 RLDC
5.2.1 The concerned RLDC shall be responsible for scheduling,
communication, coordination with RE Generators or Lead
Generator or Principal Generator. Forecasting of the renewable
energy generation shall be done by the RLDCs and the forecast will
be available on the website of the concerned RLDC. The generation
forecast shall be done on the basis of the weather data provided by
IMD or on the basis of other methods used by the Forecasting
Agency whose service may be availed by NLDC/RLDC. However, the
forecast by the concerned RLDC shall be with the objective of
ensuring secure grid operation.
5.2.2 The concerned RLDC will be responsible for processing the interface
meter data and computing the net injections by each RE Generator
or Lead Generator or Principal Generator or Solar Power Park or
Wind Power Park as specified in Annexure- V.
5.2.3 RLDC may, appoint additional manpower for carrying out the
additional responsibility assigned in these Procedures, if required.
6 Forecasting
6.1 Regional forecasting shall be done by the concerned RLDC to
facilitate secure grid operation. The concerned RLDC may engage a
forecasting agency to undertake forecasting for RE
Generators/solar parks /wind parks which are regional entities.
6.2 RE generator shall provide the forecast to the concerned RLDC
which may be based on their own forecast or RLDC‟s forecast as
per Annexure-II. In case a generator is utilizing service of RLDC for
9. 9
its forecasting, necessary fees shall be paid by generator to RLDC
as approved by CERC.
6.3 The concerned RLDC shall consolidate and forecast based on
various parameters as mentioned in the enclosed Annexures and
weather data obtained from IMD or from any other forecast service
provider (which could be different from that provided by generator)
6.4 RE Generators or Lead Generator or Principal Generator may
prepare their schedule based on the forecast done by RLDC or their
own forecast. Any commercial impact on account of deviation from
schedule based on the forecast chosen by the wind and solar
generator shall be borne by the respective generator.
7 Connectivity
7.1 The application for connectivity shall be made in accordance with
the provisions of the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
(Grant of Connectivity, Long-term Access and Medium-term
Open Access in inter-State Transmission and related matters)
Regulations, 2009 as amended from time to time.
7.2 The Solar Power Park Developer (SPPD) or Wind Power Park
Developer (WPPD) shall apply for Connectivity on behalf of
Generators within the park. The SPPD / WPPD shall be
responsible for registering the Solar Power Park with the respective
RLDC/ SLDC as applicable as a User and shall submit Appendix-
IV of CERC (Fees and Charges of Regional Load Despatch Centres
and related matters) Regulations, 2015 before getting connected at
the Connection point with the ISTS for the first time. SPPD /WPPD
shall be responsible for complying with all the provisions of CEA
10. 10
standards for Grid Connectivity and other relevant CERC or CEA
regulations. The SPPD /WPPD shall act as the nodal and
accountable entity at the connection point. SPPD / WPPD shall be
responsible for sending the SCADA data to the RLDC and to the
Renewable Energy Management Centre (REMC).
7.3 In a solar /wind power park, Lead Generator shall undertake all
operational and commercial responsibilities for the solar energy
generating station(s) for less than 50 MW aggregating to 50MW and
above in following the provisions of the Indian Electricity Grid
Code and all other regulations of the Commission, such as grid
security, scheduling and dispatch, collection and
payment/adjustment of Transmission charges, DSM charges,
congestion and other charges etc., and submit a copy of the
agreement and authorization documents to the respective RLDC in
whose control area it is located
The RE generators, lead generator, principal generator, SPPD,
WPPD shall keep each of the RLDCs indemnified at all times and
shall undertake to indemnify, defend and save the SLDCs/RLDCs
harmless from any and all damages, losses, claims and actions
including those relating to injury to or death of any person or
damage to property, demands, suits, recoveries, costs and
expenses, court costs, attorney fees, and all other obligations by or
to third parties, arising out of or resulting from the transactions
undertaken by the Generators in the Solar power Park.
7.4 The commercial settlement within the solar park /wind park and
between generators shall be as detailed in Annexure-IV
11. 11
7.5 All the technical coordination amongst the generators, within the
solar /Wind Park and upto the connection point shall be done by
the Lead generator or Principal generator or the RLDC as the case
maybe.
8 Scheduling and Despatch
8.1 Following alternatives exist for Scheduling and Despatch for Generators
within Solar / Wind Power parks due to multiple generation developers
within the Park injecting at various points with in the park and
ultimately injecting at interface with ISTS,
Case-1: The concerned RLDC shall be responsible for the scheduling,
communication, coordination with RE Generators of 50 MW and above
and connected to Inter State Transmission System (ISTS).
Case-2: Lead generator or Principal generator shall be responsible for
the coordination and communication with RLDC, SLDC, RPC and
other agencies for scheduling of RE Generators individually having less
than 50 MW, but collectively having an aggregate installed capacity of
50 MW and above and connected within the solar park.
8.2 A representative sketch showing the scheduling of RE generator power
for both cases is attached as Annexure-IV.
8.3 RE generator or lead generator or principal generator, as the case may
be, shall provide the schedule to the concerned RLDC, which may be
based on their own forecast or RLDC‟s forecast as per Annexure-II.
8.4 RE Generators or lead generator or principal generator shall be
responsible for coordinating with RLDC. It shall undertake various
12. 12
activities associated with scheduling, commercial settlement,
communication, data consolidation and management and coordination
etc.
8.5 RLDC shall upload day ahead schedules of energy generation with an
interval of 15 minutes for the 24 hours period commencing at 00:00
hrs. on the website of the concerned RLDC as per regulation 6.5 of the
IEGC.
8.6 The schedule by RE generators or lead generator or principal generator
may be revised by giving advance notice to the concerned RLDC, as the
case may be. Such revisions shall be effective from 4th time block, the
first being the time-block in which notice was given. There may be one
revision for each time slot of one and half hours starting from 00:00
hours of a particular day subject to maximum of 16 revisions during
the day.
8.7 Revision in schedules by RE Generator or lead generator or principal
generator selling power through collective transactions shall not be
allowed.
8.8 The scheduling jurisdiction (as provided in Regulation 6.4 of IEGC
2010), metering, energy accounting and deviation charges would be as
per relevant CERC Regulations, as amended from time to time.
8.9 In the event of contingencies, transmission constraints, congestion in
the network, threat to system security, the transactions of RE
Generators already scheduled by RLDC may be curtailed as per
provisions of IEGC for ensuring secure and reliable system operation.
13. 13
9 Metering
9.1 Interface Energy Meters at interstate level shall be installed by the
Central Transmission Utility as per CEA Metering Regulations, 2006 and
amendments thereof.
9.2 Interface Energy Meters at intra state level shall be installed by the State
Transmission Utility / SPPD /WPPD as per CEA Metering Regulations,
2006 and amendments thereof.
9.3 Interface Energy Meters with unique serial numbers and as per standard
specification, would have to be placed in accordance with CEA
Metering Regulations to facilitate boundary metering, accounting and
settlement for RE Generators. Automated meter reading (AMR) system
shall be used for communicating interface meter data at RLDCs. Internal
Clock of the interface meter shall be time synchronized with GPS.
9.4 RE Generator or lead generator or principal generator shall provide data
telemetry at the turbine/inverter level to the concerned RLDC and shall
ensure the correctness of the real-time data and undertake the corrective
actions, if required. Frequency of real-time data updation to be shared
with concerned RLDC shall be 10 second or less as per prevailing
practice followed by RLDCs. Further, turbine/inverter outage plan shall
also be forwarded to the concerned RLDC. The suggested data telemetry
requirement for RE Generators is enclosed at Annexure-III. Further,
NLDC/RLDCs shall publish the requisite list of information in due course
of time.
10 Role of RPC: Energy Accounting of Wind or Solar generating
Stations
14. 14
Energy Accounting related to the RE Generators irrespective of the size,
shall be prepared by RPC on a weekly basis and shall be uploaded on the
website of the respective RPC.
11. Treatment of RECs
11.1. Deviations by all RE Generators shall first be netted off by concerned
RPC for the entire pool on a monthly basis and if Actual Generation is
more than schedule generation, Notional RECs shall be credited to the
respective Regional DSM Pool on Monthly Basis and carried forward for
settlement in future. If after netting off, including any carried forwarded
notional RECs, the remaining shortfall in renewable energy generation
shall be balanced through purchase of equivalent solar and non-solar
Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) through Power Exchanges by
RLDC/ NLDC by utilising funds from the respective Pool Account at the
end of the financial year within three months of finalization of accounts
by concerned RPC.
12. Commercial Settlement
12.1. The wind or solar generators which are regional entities shall be
paid as per schedule In the event of deviation of actual generation from
schedule, deviation charges shall be payable/receivable by such wind or
solar generator to/from the Regional DSM Pool as per the Central
Electricity Regulatory Commission (Deviation Settlement Mechanism and
related matters) (Second Amendment) Regulations, 2015 or amendment
thereof. The deviation would be computed for each fifteen minute time
interval on the basis of implemented schedule and energy meter
recording at interface point. From 01.11.2015 the deviation settlement
shall be done as per the DSM Regulations (second amendment) 2015 or
amendment thereof.
15. 15
12.2. All the commercial settlement among the generators beyond the
connection point shall be done by the RLDC/SLDC/RE Generators or
lead generator or principal generator as the case may be.
12.3. All the transactions shall be through ECS only.
13. Application of Losses and Charges
Transmission charges and losses for ISTS shall be applicable as per the IEGC
and CERC (Sharing of Inter State Transmission Charges and Losses)
Regulations, 2010 and amendments thereof.
14. RLDC Fees and Charges
14.1. RE Generators or lead generator or principal generator shall be registered
as User with the respective Regional/State Load Despatch Centre
responsible for scheduling, metering and energy accounting.
14.2. RE Generators or lead generator or principal generator shall pay RLDC
fees and charges as per Hon‟ble CERC‟s Regulation “Fees and charges of
Regional Load Despatch Centre and other related matters”, Regulation
2015 and further amendment thereof after getting registered with
respective RLDCs as a User of RLDC.
15. Removal of Difficulties
15.1. In case of any difficulty in implementation of this procedure, NLDC may
approach the Commission for review or revision.
15.2. Notwithstanding anything contained in this Procedure, NLDC/RLDCs
may take appropriate decisions in the interest of System Operation. Such
decisions shall be taken under intimation to CERC and the procedure shall
be modified /amended, as necessary.
16. 16
Annexure-I
Details to be submitted by the Wind/Solar generating stations which are regional entities/ lead generator,
principal generator
Type: Wind/Solar Generator
Individual / on Behalf of Group of generators
If on Behalf of Group of generators group of then
details of agreement to be attached
Total Installed Capacity of Generating Station
Total Number of Units with details
Physical Address of the RE Generating Station
Whether any PPA has been signed: (Y/N) If yes ,then attach details
Connectivity Details Location/Voltage Level
Metering Details
Meter No. 1. Main
2. Check
Connectivity Diagram (Please Enclose)
Static data As per attached sheet
Contact Details of the Nodal Person
Name :
Designation :
Number: Landline Number, Mobile Number, Fax
Number
E - Mail Address :
Contact Details of the Alternate Nodal Person
Name :
Designation :
Number: Landline Number, Mobile Number, Fax
Number
E - Mail Address :
17. 17
Data to be submitted by the RE Generator / lead generator, principal generator (Suggested
List )
For Wind turbine generating plants
S No Particulars
1 Type
2 Manufacturer
3 Make
4 Model
5 Capacity
6 commissioned date
7 Hub height
8 total height
9 RPM range
10 Rated wind speed
11 Performance Parameter
12 Rated electrical power at Rated wind speed
13 Cut in speed
14 Cut out Speed
15 Survival speed (Max wind speed)
16 Ambient temperature for out of operation
17 Ambient temperature for in operation
18 survival temperature
19 Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) setting
20 High Voltage Ride Through (HVRT) setting
21 lightning strength (KA & in coulombs)
22 Noise power level (db)
23 Rotor
18. 18
24 Hub type
25 Rotor diameter
26 Number of blades
27 Area swept by blades
28 Rated rotational speed
29 Rotational Direction
30 Coning angle
31 Tilting angle
32 Design tip speed ratio
33 Blade
34 Length
35 Diameter
36 Material
37 Twist angle
38 Generator
39 Generator Type
40 Generator no of poles
41 Generator speed
42 Winding type
43 Rated Gen. Voltage
44 Rated Gen. frequency
45 Generator current
46 Rated Temperature of generator
47 Generator cooling
48 Generator power factor
49 KW/MW @ Rated Wind speed
50 KW/MW @ peak continuous
51 Frequency Converter
19. 19
52 Filter generator side
53 Filter grid side
54 Transformer
55 Transformer capacity
56 Transformer cooling type
57 Voltage
58 Winding configuration
59 Weight
60 Rotor weight
61 Nacelle weight
62 Tower weight
63 Over speed Protection
64 Design Life
65 Design Standard
66 Latitude
67 Longitude
68 COD Details
69 Past Generation History from the COD to the date on
which DAS facility provided at RLDC, if applicable
70 Distance above mean sea level
20. 20
For Solar generating Plants
Static data points:
1. Latitude
2. Longitude
3. Turbine Power Curve
4. Elevation and orientation angles of arrays or concentrators
5. The generation capacity of the Generating Facility
6. Distance above mean sea level etc.
7. COD details
8. Rated voltage
9. Detailsof Type of Mounting:(TrackingTechnology If used, single axis or dual axis, auto or
manual )
10. Manufacturer and Model (of Important Components, Such as Turbine, Concentrators,
Inverter, Cable, PV Module, Transformer, Cables)
11. DC installed Capacity
12. Module Cell Technology
13. I-V Characteristic of the Module
14. Inverter Rating at different temperature
15. Inverter Efficiency Curve
16. Transformer Capacity & Rating , evacuation voltage, distance form injection point
21. 21
Annexure-II
Forecast and Schedule Data to be submitted by Wind/Solar plants/ Lead
generator, Principal generator
FORMAT: A (to be submitted a day in advance)
15 Min time block
(96 Block in a
day)
TIME
Available
Capacity
(MW) - Day
Ahead
Day Ahead
Forecast
(MW)
Day Ahead
Schedule
(MW)
1 00:00-00:15
2 00:15-00:30
3 00:30-00:45
4 00:45-01:00
.
94
95
96
Note: The forecast should ideally factor forecasting errors. As such schedule should ordinarily
be same as forecast.
22. 22
FORMAT: B (to be submitted on the day of actual generation, revision of availability and
schedule, if any, shall be done as per CERC( IEGC) Regulations.
15 Min time block
(96 Block in a day)
TIME
Day ahead
schedule
(MW)
Current
Available
Capacity
(MW)
Revised
Schedule
(MW)
1 00:00-00:15
2 00:15-00:30
3 00:30-00:45
4 00:45-01:00
.
94
95
96
23. 23
Annexure-III
Real-time Data Telemetry requirement (Suggested List)
Wind turbine generating plants
1. Turbine Generation (MW/MVAR)
2. Wind Speed(meter/second)
3. Generator Status(on/off-line)-thisisrequiredfor calculation of availability of the WTG
4. Wind Direction ( degrees from true north)
5. Voltage(Volt)
6. Ambient air temperature ( o
C )
7. Barometric pressure (Pascal)
8. Relative humidity(in percent)
9. Air Density (kg/m3
)
For Solar generating Plants
1. Solar Generation unit/ Inverter-wise ( MW and MVAR )
2. Voltage at interconnection point (Volt)
3. Generator/Inverter Status (on/off-line)
4. Global horizontal irradiance (GHI)- Watt per meter square
5. Ambient temperature (o
C )
6. Diffuse Irradiance- Watt per meter square
7. Direct Irradiance- Watt per meter square
8. Sun-rise and sunset timings
9. Cloud cover-(Okta)
10. Rainfall (mm)
11. Relative humidity (%)
12. Performance Ratio-
24. 24
ANNEXURE-IV
Sample for understanding the scheduling /forecasting procedure.
Block Diagram showing the case wise Scheduling and Forecasting considering a sample case
Case-I: 50 MW and above (Phase-I &II)
(XX ) 400 KV(ISTS)
A1X B1X C1X D1X
Px
Intermediate pooling station
A B C D E1 F1 G1 H1 I1
Phase-I 1000 MW
Single Generator
E F G H I
Multiple generators (phase-II- 250 MW)
Phase-I – 1000 MW,
A single generator of 1000 MW capacity is developing the generating station in phase-1
in four blocks namely A,B,C & D of 250 MW capacity each and is directly connected
to point A1,B1,C1& D1 respectively at ISTS. At the interface point scheduling and
forecasting will be done by RLDC / SLDC (in case full share is allocated to host state
as per IEGC).
250 250 250 250
50 50505050
250
25. 25
Phase-II- 500 MW (Separate Generator/Entities)
Let multiple generators of 50 MW each aggregating to 250 MW (5 Nos. Multiple
Generator of 50 Mw each (as separate entities),be connected to inter mediate pooling
stations.
In this case Solar generating station may be developed by single or Multiple
generators. Here we have considered as multiple generators namely E, F, G, H & I
each having the capacity of 50 MW each ,the REgenerators are connected to interface
point E1, F1, G1, H1& I1 and thereby connected to ISTS at XX point.
In such a case scheduling, accounting, forecasting for these generators needs to be
segregated at point E1, F1,G1, H1, I1. Scheduling shall be done at point P and shall
be segregated at E1,F1,G1,H1,I1 by RLDC.
Further there may be case where multiple generators less than 50MW (<50MW)
capacity are connected to the intermediate pooling station are stated as under:-
Case-II Below 50 MW
Phase-II(250 MW)
400kV
Z1 x
Y1x
Q1x R1x
X x x x x x x
J1 K1 L1 M1 N1 O1 P1
X1
J K L M N O P Q R
50 MW 200 MW
50 MW(X1)
10MW2MW
3MW5MW5MW10MW15MW 100 MW 100 MW
250MW
26. 26
For remaining 250 MW of Phase-II, let us consider, multiple generators of 7 Nos
(J,K,L,M,N,O&P ) each having capacity less than 50 MW but collectively having an
aggregate installed capacity of 50 MW or more. Further Generators Q & R each of
100 MW are connected at Q1 & R1. All these generators are connected to ISTS at point
Z1.
Scheduling and forecasting for the generators J,K,L,M,N,O& P shall be done at Point
Z1, but need to segregated at Point J1, K1,L1, M1, N1,O1& P1 and for generators Q &
R needs to be segregated at Q1 and R1. In this case, RLDC shall schedule at point Z1
and segregate at Y1,Q1& R1 . The lead generator shall provide aggregated schedule to
RLDC at Y1. Further the lead generator shall do segregation of schedules and other
operational & commercial activitiesfor generators J,K,L,M,N,O,P at points J1, K1,L1,
M1, N1,O1& P1.