This document discusses word-level morphology, including parts of speech and their identification. It covers: 1. Classification of words into open classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) and closed classes (determiners, auxiliaries, etc). 2. Methods for identifying parts of speech using test frames that isolate the variable element. 3. Inflectional and derivational affixes used to form different parts of speech, such as plural nouns, comparative adjectives, adverbs from adjectives. 4. Formulas representing morphological structures of words, including inflectional and derivational constructions.

1. MORPHO SYNTAX
Word Level
LECTURER:
BUDI HAMUDDIN, M.Esl
Present by :
Antika Kurnia
Dian Trisna
T. Sri Wahyuningsih
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
AND
TEACHER’S TRAINING
IV C

2. A. Classification of Words
According to Fries the class word can be
subdivided into the following groups:
• Class 1 words( nouns)
• Class 2 words ( verbs)
• Class 3 words (adjectives)
• Class 4 words ( adverbs)


3. A. Classification of Words
The function word can be subdivided into the
following groups:
1. Determines 5. Conjunction
2. Auxiliaries 6. Question Words
3. Intensifier
4. Preposition

4. Fries (1864:75) made use of the so called
minimun free utterance test frames to classify
or Identify all English Words. The test frames
are as follows:
 Frame A : The concert was good ( Always)
 Frame B : The Clerk remembered the tax
( Suddently)
 Frame C : The Team went there.

5. 1. The Identification of the Parts of
Speech

6. NOUNS
Frame A
• The concern was good
man
woman
film
play
family
• Frame C
The team went there
players
Students
Frame B
The Clerk remembered the tax.
worker book
collector payment
teacher difference
farmer secret
student score

7. • Frame A
1 2
(The) --------- is/was good
---------s are/were
Eg: seems/seemed,seem
sounds/sounded
• Frame B
1 2 1
( The) ------ remembered (the) -----
-----s ----s
Eg : paid , sent , received, rejected
• Frame C :
1 2
(The) -------- went there
Eg : arrived,stayed,worked,
came
VERBS
Note :
Frame B : Transitive + O
Frame C : Intransitive

8. ADJECTIVES
• Frame A
3 1 2 3
( The ) good --------- is/was good
--------s
nice nice
interesting intersting
friendly friendly
happy happy

9. • Frame A
3 1 3 4
(The) ---- ---- is/was ---always
---s are/were here
Eg : soon,now,then,there.
• Frame B
1 2 1 4
(The) --- remember (the)--- suddenly
---s --s
Eg: later, clearly,occasionally,always
Frame C
1 2 4
( The) ----- went there
Eg: out,back,down,up,away
ADVERBS

10. 2. The Identification of Function
Words
QUESTIONS WORD

11. Det 1 2 3
(The) ...... Is/was ....
.....s are/were
a/an
Every
Each
All
Both
My
Are
B. Auxiliaries
Det 1 Aux 2 3
..... .... (may) (be) ............
might
can
will
would
shall
should
has ( been)
Auxiliaries are function words which always occur with verbs
to form verb phrases
Determiners are function words which always occur with
nouns to form noun phrases
A. Determiners

12. C. Intensifiers
Det 1 2 4 Int 4
The team went there very rapidly
Eg: quite , more, too, awfully, etc
D. Preposition
Det 1 Prep Det 1 2 3
..... At ...... ..... .... ......
Eg: for,from,in,of,on,to,with, over
E. Conjuntions
Det 1 Conj det 1 2 3
---- ---- and ---- ---- ---- ------
Eg: but, or, not, nor, rather than
F . Question Words
QW 2 Det 1 3
When was the concert good?
Eg : Where, Why, How.
QW 2
Who came ?
Eg: which, what.

13. B. Formal Features of the Four Parts of
Speech.
INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES
• NOUN
• VERBS
• ADJECTIVE
• ADVERBS
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
• NOUN
• VERBS
• ADJECTIVE
• ADVERBS

14. INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES
 NOUNS:
a. The plural {Z1}*
b. The possesive or Genetive{Z2}
Eg : a. Books /bUks/
b. The table’s legs
*Note : (s~z~iz)
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
• 1. derrivational suffixes: {-al,-
ure,-y,-ance,-ment,-ity,-age,-
er,-ant,-ing,and –t} to verb
stems.
Eg: arrival, goverment
Decision,helper, teaching ,so
on.
• 2. derrivational suffixes{ -
ness,--ity,-th,-ism,and – dom}
to adjective stems
Eg: bigness, freedom , so on.

15. • Verbs
V N + {-fy, -ize, -en}
Eg : Modify, Realize
 V {be -}
{en-}
V Adj + -ize,-en eg: nasionalize
V En + adj eg: Endanger
N

16. Adjectives
• Inflectional Suffixes
Two inflectional affixes {-er} and {-
est}
Eg: big – bigger- biggest
long- longer- longest.
• Derrivational Affixes
1 By Adding the affixes {-y,-ly,-ish,
al,-ous,-less,- ate,-en} to nouns
Eg : foolish, lovely, childish,famous
2. {-ent,--ant,-ive,-some,-ory,-en}
Eg: creative,
swollen,winsome,excellent,
ADVERBS
• Inflectional Suffixes:
{ -er} and {-est} to form the
comparative and superelative
Eg: fast – faster- fastest
late – later – latest
• Derrivational Affixes
a. By adding the suffix {-ly} and
prefix {a-} to adj stems
Eg: happily, hopefully,aloud,around
b. By adding the prefix {a-} and {-
ly2} and {-ward} to noun stems
Eg:away,aboard,wesward,seaward
, weekly,daily.

17. C. Word Level Formulas
Tagmemes at Word Level
According to O’ Grady and Dobrovolsky(1989:91)
There are two basic types of words in human
language , *SIMPLE and *COMPLEX WORDS
* Simple : Are those that cannot be broken down into smaller
meaningfull units
* Complex : Consist of Inflectional Construction and
DerrivationalConstruction

18. 1. Noun Structure
n=+nnuc:ns + num:numm±pos:posm
Eg : Boys
Men’s
2. Verb Structure
V=+vnuc:vs +t:tm±asp:aspm
Eg : Writes, wrote, writing
A. Inflectional Constructions

19. 3. Adjective Structure
adj=+adjnuc:adjs+comp/supl:{-er}/{-est}
Eg: Shorter or shortest
4. Adverb Structure
adv=+advnuc:advs+comp/supl:{-er}/{-est}
Eg : Later or Latest

20. B. Derivational Constructions
1. Noun Structure
n=+core:tvs/adjs+noum:{-ment}/{-ness}
Eg: management , happiness
2. Verb Structure
v=+core:ns/adjs+vbzr:{-ize}/{-fy}/{-en}
Eg: Blacken, glorify

21. 3. Adjective Structure
adj=+core:ns/vs+adjzr:{-ly}/{a-}/{-ful}/{-less}
Eg : Friendly, Lovely
4. Adverbs
adv= +core:adjs/ns+advzr:{-ly2}/{a-}
Eg: Slowly, Quickly

22.  THANKS
^_^ FOR WATCHING
GUYS ^_^