Phonetic & Phonology

1. WORD STRESS
& SENTENCE STRESS

2. REVIEW OF VOWELS
Three factors for the description of English vowels
I. The height of the body of the tongue –
highest point of tongue (vertical axis);
II. The front-back position of the tongue –
highest point of tongue (horizontal axis);
III. The degree of lip rounding - lip posture

3. The height of the body of the tongue

4. THE FRONT-BACK POSITION OF THE TONGUE

5. DESCRIPTION OF THE VOWELS
• Front & Central Vowels
• /:/ high, front, unrounded vowel
• // lower high, front, unrounded vowel
• /e/ mid, front, unrounded vowel
• /æ/ low, front, unrounded vowel
• /:/ mid, central, unrounded vowel
• /ə/ mid, central, unrounded vowel

6. • Back Vowels
• /:/ low, back, unrounded vowel
• // low, back, rounded vowel
• /:/ mid-low, back, rounded vowel
• /u/ lower high, back, rounded vowel
• /u:/ high, back, rounded vowel
• // lower mid, back, unrounded vowel

7. UNIT 8: WORD STRESS
• English is a stress timed language
The English language is often referred to as stress-timed.
Stress in a spoken sentence occurs at regular intervals
and the time to say something depends on the number
of stressed syllables rather than the number of syllables
itself.
• 1 2 3 4
• 1 and 2 and 3 and 4
• 1 and a 2 and a 3 and a 4
• 1 and then a 2 and then a 3 and then a 4

8. WORD STRESS
• A word stress means a prominent syllable
word pattern
tea.cher • .
beau.ti.ful • . .
un.der.stand . . •
con.ti.nue . • .

9. HOW TO PRONOUNCE WORD
STRESS?
When a syllable is stressed, it is pronounced
• longer in duration
• higher in pitch
• louder in volume

10. HOW DO YOU SAY TEACHER?
Longer teeeeeeeeeeee cher
Higher
tea
cher
Louder TEA cher
All three
combined
TEEEEEEEEEEE
cher

11. WORD STRESS RULE
Word type
Where is the
stress?
Examples
Two syllables
Nouns
on the first
syllable
center
object
flower
Verbs
on the last
syllable
release
admit
arrange
Compound
Nouns
(N + N)
(Adj. + N)
on the first part
desktop
pencil case
bookshelf
greenhouse
Adjectives
(Adj. + P.P.)
on the last part
(the verb part)
well-meant
hard-headed
old-fashioned
Verbs
(prep. + verb)
understand
overlook
outperform

12. Word type Where is the stress? Examples
Phrasal Verbs on the particle
turn off
buckle up
hand out
Word with
added
ending
-ic
the syllable before the
ending
economic
Geometric
electrical
-tion, -cian, -sion
Technician
graduation
cohesion
-phy, -gy, -try, -cy, -fy,
-al
the third from the last
syllable
Photography
biology
geometry
-meter
Parameter
Thermometer
barometer

13. SENTENCE STRESS IN ENGLISH
• Sentence stress is the music of spoken English. Like
word stress, sentence stress can help you to understand
spoken English, especially when spoken fast.
• Sentence stress is what gives English its rhythm or
"beat". You remember that word stress is accent on one
syllable within a word. Sentence stress is accent on
certain words within a sentence.

14. Most sentences have two types of word:
content words
structure words
Content words are the key words of a sentence.
They are the important words that carry the
meaning or sense.
Structure words are not very important words.
They are small, simple words that make the
sentence correct grammatically.
If you remove the structure words from a sentence,
you will probably still understand the sentence.

15. SELL CAR GONE FRANCE
Imagine that you receive this telegram message:
Will you SELL my CAR because I’ve GONE to FRANCE
SELL my CAR I’ve GONE to FRANCE

16. 2 1 3 1
Will you SELL my CAR because I’ve GONE to FRANCE

17. RULES FOR SENTENCE STRESS IN ENGLISH
The basic rules of sentence stress are:
1. content words are stressed
2. structure words are unstressed
3. the time between stressed words is always the
same

18. Content words - stressed
Words carrying the meaning Example
main verbs SELL, GIVE, EMPLOY
nouns CAR, MUSIC, MARY
adjectives RED, BIG, INTERESTING
adverbs QUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVER
negative auxiliaries DON'T, AREN'T, CAN'T
Structure words - unstressed
Words for correct grammar Example
pronouns he, we, they
prepositions on, at, into
articles a, an, the
conjunctions and, but, because
auxiliary verbs do, be, have, can, must