This document discusses testing the hypothesis of equality between two Bernoulli regression curves based on two independent samples. It presents a criterion for testing both simple and composite hypotheses about the equality of two regression functions. It establishes the limiting distribution of a statistic measuring the integral square deviation between two kernel-type estimators of the regression functions. It also investigates the consistency and asymptotic power of the test against some close alternatives.
Brocard conjectured in 1904 that the only solutions to the diophantine equation 1! 2 - = mn are n = 4, 5, 7. The document provides the initial solutions for n = 4 and 5 by putting m = 2x+1 into the equation. It then generalizes the approach for n > 5 by putting m = 2k+1 and factorizing n! into terms with integers p and q. This leads to the equation 1 = q5 - p6, which has solutions for k = 1 (n = 7, m = 71) but no other values of k. Therefore, the only solutions to Brocard's conjecture are n = 4, 5, 7.
Analytic Solutions of an Iterative Functional Differential Equation with Dela...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : This This paper is concerned with an iterative functional differential equation with the form
z C
x z
b
x az
x z
,
)
( )
(
1
( ) .By constructing a convergent power series solution of an auxiliary equation
b [ag(z) g( z)] [g( z) ag( z)][ g( z) ag(z)] g(z), zC 2 2 2
the analytic solutions for the original equation are obtained. We not only discuss the constant given in Schröder
transformation at resonance( i.e., at a root of the unity), but also discuss those near resonance (i.e., near a
root of the unity) under Brjuno condition.
INFLUENCE OF OVERLAYERS ON DEPTH OF IMPLANTED-HETEROJUNCTION RECTIFIERSZac Darcy
In this paper we compare distributions of concentrations of dopants in an implanted-junction rectifiers in a
heterostructures with an overlayer and without the overlayer. Conditions for decreasing of depth of the
considered p-n-junction have been formulated.
Jurnal Study of Anisotropy Superconductor using Time-Dependent Ginzburg-Landa...Fuad Anwar
This document summarizes a study that used numerical simulations based on the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation to study the properties of anisotropic superconductors. The study models an anisotropic superconductor with different effective masses for Cooper pairs along different crystal axes. It describes the theoretical formalism and numerical methods used to solve the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations for an anisotropic superconductor. The results of the numerical simulations show that the anisotropic properties of superconductors can cause the critical field to be either lower or higher compared to isotropic superconductors.
It turns out that an equation x^p+y^q=z^w has a solution in Z+ if and only if at least one exponent p or q or w equals 2.DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.15459.22567/7
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses multiplication and division of integral expressions. It begins by explaining the rules for multiplying powers of the same base. When powers of the same base are multiplied, the base does not change and the exponents are added. It then explains how to multiply monomials by distributing coefficients and adding exponents of the same variables. Examples are provided to illustrate multiplying powers, monomials, and applying the rules to example problems involving distances and speeds.
Brocard conjectured in 1904 that the only solutions to the diophantine equation 1! 2 - = mn are n = 4, 5, 7. The document provides the initial solutions for n = 4 and 5 by putting m = 2x+1 into the equation. It then generalizes the approach for n > 5 by putting m = 2k+1 and factorizing n! into terms with integers p and q. This leads to the equation 1 = q5 - p6, which has solutions for k = 1 (n = 7, m = 71) but no other values of k. Therefore, the only solutions to Brocard's conjecture are n = 4, 5, 7.
Analytic Solutions of an Iterative Functional Differential Equation with Dela...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : This This paper is concerned with an iterative functional differential equation with the form
z C
x z
b
x az
x z
,
)
( )
(
1
( ) .By constructing a convergent power series solution of an auxiliary equation
b [ag(z) g( z)] [g( z) ag( z)][ g( z) ag(z)] g(z), zC 2 2 2
the analytic solutions for the original equation are obtained. We not only discuss the constant given in Schröder
transformation at resonance( i.e., at a root of the unity), but also discuss those near resonance (i.e., near a
root of the unity) under Brjuno condition.
INFLUENCE OF OVERLAYERS ON DEPTH OF IMPLANTED-HETEROJUNCTION RECTIFIERSZac Darcy
In this paper we compare distributions of concentrations of dopants in an implanted-junction rectifiers in a
heterostructures with an overlayer and without the overlayer. Conditions for decreasing of depth of the
considered p-n-junction have been formulated.
Jurnal Study of Anisotropy Superconductor using Time-Dependent Ginzburg-Landa...Fuad Anwar
This document summarizes a study that used numerical simulations based on the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation to study the properties of anisotropic superconductors. The study models an anisotropic superconductor with different effective masses for Cooper pairs along different crystal axes. It describes the theoretical formalism and numerical methods used to solve the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations for an anisotropic superconductor. The results of the numerical simulations show that the anisotropic properties of superconductors can cause the critical field to be either lower or higher compared to isotropic superconductors.
It turns out that an equation x^p+y^q=z^w has a solution in Z+ if and only if at least one exponent p or q or w equals 2.DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.15459.22567/7
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses multiplication and division of integral expressions. It begins by explaining the rules for multiplying powers of the same base. When powers of the same base are multiplied, the base does not change and the exponents are added. It then explains how to multiply monomials by distributing coefficients and adding exponents of the same variables. Examples are provided to illustrate multiplying powers, monomials, and applying the rules to example problems involving distances and speeds.
This paper summarizes research conducted by Josh Young during a 10-week internship supervised by Dr. Matthew Roberts at the University of Bath. The paper applies existing results on Galton-Watson trees and branching random walks to more specific cases to make them understandable to undergraduate mathematics students. It begins by looking at properties of size-biased Galton-Watson trees, which have random infinite spines, and uses these to prove the Kesten-Stigum theorem. It then applies spine techniques to analyze the asymptotic maximal growth rate of a binary branching random walk.
This document investigates the transitivity, primitivity, ranks, and subdegrees of the direct product of the symmetric group acting on the Cartesian product of three sets. It proves that this action is both transitive and imprimitive for all 2n ≥ 6. The rank associated with the action is a constant 3/2. The subdegrees are calculated according to their increasing magnitude. Examples are provided to illustrate the ranks and subdegrees when the sets have 2, 3, and 4 elements, respectively.
Stability analysis of steady state solutions of Huxley equation using Fourier mode stability analysis in two cases is investigated. Firstly when the amplitude is constant and secondly when the amplitude is variable and the results were found to be: The solutions u1 = 0 and u1 = 1 are always stable while the solutions u1 = a and u1 = u1(X) are conditionally stable. In the second case, a comparison between the analytical solution and the numerical solution of Galerkin method is done and the results are the same.
This document presents an analysis of using complex continued fractions to find the complex roots of the equation 0)1(2)1(3 = +−−−+ kxkxkx where k ≥ 1. It provides background on complex continued fractions, their properties and algorithms. It then applies this method to find the complex roots of the equation when k = 1 and compares the results to using the Newton-Raphson method. The complex continued fraction method yielded approximations of the two roots as 0.5 + i0.8660 and 0.5 - i0.8660, which matched the results from the Newton-Raphson method.
This document discusses normed vector spaces and related concepts. It introduces the definition of a norm on a vector space and properties like the triangle inequality. It then extends topological concepts like open and closed sets to normed vector spaces. Examples of normed vector spaces include function spaces like C[a,b] equipped with the supremum norm. The document also discusses concepts like convergence in normed spaces and dense subsets, with examples involving polynomial approximation of continuous functions.
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
In this paper, first we evaluate a finite
integral involving general class of polynomials and the
product of two
H
-functions and then we make its
application to solve boundary value problem on heat
conduction in a rod under the certain conditions and
further we establish an expansion formula involving
about product of
H
-function. In view of generality of
the polynomials and products of
H
-function occurring
here in, on specializing the coefficients of polynomials
and parameters of the
H
-function, our results would
readily reduce to a large number of results involving
known class of polynomials and simpler functions.
In this paper based on recently introduced approach we formulated some recommendations to optimize
manufacture drift bipolar transistor to decrease their dimensions and to decrease local overheats during
functioning. The approach based on manufacture a heterostructure, doping required parts of the heterostructure
by dopant diffusion or by ion implantation and optimization of annealing of dopant and/or radiation
defects. The optimization gives us possibility to increase homogeneity of distributions of concentrations
of dopants in emitter and collector and specific inhomogenous of concentration of dopant in base and at the
same time to increase sharpness of p-n-junctions, which have been manufactured framework the transistor.
We obtain dependences of optimal annealing time on several parameters. We also introduced an analytical
approach to model nonlinear physical processes (such as mass- and heat transport) in inhomogenous media
with time-varying parameters.
: The tensor product G H of two graphs G and H is well-known graph product and studied in detail in the literature. This concept has been generalized by introducing 2-tensor product G H 2 and it has been discussed for special graphs like P n and Cn [5]. In this paper, we discuss G H 2 , where G and H are connected graphs. Mainly, we discuss connectedness of G H 2 and obtained distance between two vertices in it.
ANALYSIS OF MANUFACTURING OF VOLTAGE RESTORE TO INCREASE DENSITY OF ELEMENTS ...ijoejournal
We introduce an approach for increasing density of voltage restore elements. The approach based on
manufacturing of a heterostructure, which consist of a substrate and an epitaxial layer with special configuration.
Several required sections of the layer should be doped by diffusion or ion implantation. After
that dopants and/or radiation defects should be annealed.
A Convergence Theorem Associated With a Pair of Second Order Differential Equ...IOSR Journals
We consider the second order matrix differential equation
M 0, 0 x Where M is a second-order matrix differential operator and is a vector having two components. In this
paper we prove a convergence theorem for the vector function 1 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) f x f x f x which is continuous in
0 x and of bounded variation in 0 x , when p(x) and q(x) tend to as x tend to .
Overview of the solution for Josephus problem where every third person is eliminated, followed by a solution for the general case (arbitrary "q" where every q'th person is eliminated).
In addition a short discussion of interesting problem deriving from Josephus Problem.
A class of three stage implicit rational runge kutta schemes for approximatio...Alexander Decker
This document describes the derivation of a 3-stage implicit rational Runge-Kutta method for approximating solutions to second-order ordinary differential equations. It begins by reviewing existing Runge-Kutta methods for solving first and second-order ODEs. It then presents the general form of a 3-stage implicit rational Runge-Kutta scheme using Taylor series expansions. Expressions for the coefficients of the method are obtained by matching terms in the Taylor series expansions. The properties of the derived method are investigated, finding it to be consistent and convergent. Numerical examples demonstrate it gives better approximations than existing methods.
This document discusses Green's functions and their use in solving boundary value problems (BVPs) for ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It begins by defining linear BVPs and discussing how solutions can be constructed by decomposing the problem into simpler parts that are then reassembled. It then introduces Green's functions, which are solutions to associated BVPs with homogeneous boundary conditions and a Dirac delta function as the forcing term. The document shows that Green's functions can be used to find the general solution to an inhomogeneous BVP, and provides an example of deriving the Green's function for the ODE d2u/dx2 = f(x) on the interval [0,1] with boundary conditions
This document discusses the formulation of fractional supersymmetric theories in one dimension. It begins by presenting fractional superspace and fractional supersymmetry of order F=3, including the fractional supersymmetry transformations. It then derives the fractional supercharges and Euler-Lagrange equations for F=3. Finally, it generalizes the formulation to arbitrary fractional order F ≥ 3 by introducing fractional superspace and supersymmetry transformations of order F, as well as an action invariant under such transformations.
Regularity and complexity in dynamical systemsSpringer
This chapter discusses nonlinear discrete dynamical systems. It introduces key concepts such as fixed points and their stability. Fixed points are points where the system map returns the same value. The stability of fixed points is determined by analyzing the eigenvalues of the linearized system map at the fixed point. Stable fixed points have eigenvalues with magnitude less than 1, while unstable fixed points have eigenvalues with magnitude greater than 1. The chapter will cover local and global stability theory, bifurcations, routes to chaos, and other topics.
JEE Mathematics/ Lakshmikanta Satapathy/ Indefinite Integration part 18/ Integration by parts 5/ Method involving product of exponential function with sum of two functions
Regular Left Derivations on P Semisimple Bcik AlgebrasYogeshIJTSRD
In the present paper, we introduced the notion of left derivation of a BCIK – algebra and investigate some related properties. Using the idea of regular left derivation of a BCIK algebra and investigate p semi simple BCIK algebra related properties. Using regular left derivation, we give characterizations of a regular left derivation on p semi simple BCIK algebra.In the present paper, we introduced the notion of left derivation of a BCIK – algebra and investigate some related properties. Using the idea of regular left derivation of a BCIK algebra and investigate p semi simple BCIK algebra related properties. Using regular left derivation, we give characterizations of a regular left derivation on p semi simple BCIK algebra. S Rethina Kumar "Regular Left Derivations on P-Semisimple Bcik-Algebras" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39883.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/algebra/39883/regular-left-derivations-on-psemisimple-bcikalgebras/s-rethina-kumar
Neutrosophic Soft Topological Spaces on New OperationsIJSRED
The document summarizes a research paper on neutrosophic soft topological spaces based on new operations defined for neutrosophic soft sets. It introduces neutrosophic soft sets and operations such as union, intersection, complement, and subset. It then defines new operations for union, intersection, and difference of neutrosophic soft sets. Finally, it defines the union and intersection of a family of neutrosophic soft sets and explores properties of the new operations.
The document discusses hypothesis testing procedures. It describes the 7 steps of hypothesis testing which include setting the null and alternative hypotheses, choosing a statistical test, setting the significance level, establishing decision rules, collecting sample data, analyzing the data, and arriving at a statistical conclusion. Common statistical tests mentioned are F-tests, t-tests, and z-tests. The F-test compares variances by taking the ratio and uses sums of squares to develop statistics. The document provides an example of a company collecting potential customer spending data on flats in two areas to estimate differences in population means.
A research hypothesis is a predictive statement that can be tested through experimentation or further observation. It should be clearly stated, precisely defined, and limited in scope. Research involves testing hypotheses through both experimental and non-experimental methods. Experimental research compares an experimental group exposed to usual conditions to a control group exposed to special conditions to determine the effect of treatments or conditions on the outcome.
This paper summarizes research conducted by Josh Young during a 10-week internship supervised by Dr. Matthew Roberts at the University of Bath. The paper applies existing results on Galton-Watson trees and branching random walks to more specific cases to make them understandable to undergraduate mathematics students. It begins by looking at properties of size-biased Galton-Watson trees, which have random infinite spines, and uses these to prove the Kesten-Stigum theorem. It then applies spine techniques to analyze the asymptotic maximal growth rate of a binary branching random walk.
This document investigates the transitivity, primitivity, ranks, and subdegrees of the direct product of the symmetric group acting on the Cartesian product of three sets. It proves that this action is both transitive and imprimitive for all 2n ≥ 6. The rank associated with the action is a constant 3/2. The subdegrees are calculated according to their increasing magnitude. Examples are provided to illustrate the ranks and subdegrees when the sets have 2, 3, and 4 elements, respectively.
Stability analysis of steady state solutions of Huxley equation using Fourier mode stability analysis in two cases is investigated. Firstly when the amplitude is constant and secondly when the amplitude is variable and the results were found to be: The solutions u1 = 0 and u1 = 1 are always stable while the solutions u1 = a and u1 = u1(X) are conditionally stable. In the second case, a comparison between the analytical solution and the numerical solution of Galerkin method is done and the results are the same.
This document presents an analysis of using complex continued fractions to find the complex roots of the equation 0)1(2)1(3 = +−−−+ kxkxkx where k ≥ 1. It provides background on complex continued fractions, their properties and algorithms. It then applies this method to find the complex roots of the equation when k = 1 and compares the results to using the Newton-Raphson method. The complex continued fraction method yielded approximations of the two roots as 0.5 + i0.8660 and 0.5 - i0.8660, which matched the results from the Newton-Raphson method.
This document discusses normed vector spaces and related concepts. It introduces the definition of a norm on a vector space and properties like the triangle inequality. It then extends topological concepts like open and closed sets to normed vector spaces. Examples of normed vector spaces include function spaces like C[a,b] equipped with the supremum norm. The document also discusses concepts like convergence in normed spaces and dense subsets, with examples involving polynomial approximation of continuous functions.
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
In this paper, first we evaluate a finite
integral involving general class of polynomials and the
product of two
H
-functions and then we make its
application to solve boundary value problem on heat
conduction in a rod under the certain conditions and
further we establish an expansion formula involving
about product of
H
-function. In view of generality of
the polynomials and products of
H
-function occurring
here in, on specializing the coefficients of polynomials
and parameters of the
H
-function, our results would
readily reduce to a large number of results involving
known class of polynomials and simpler functions.
In this paper based on recently introduced approach we formulated some recommendations to optimize
manufacture drift bipolar transistor to decrease their dimensions and to decrease local overheats during
functioning. The approach based on manufacture a heterostructure, doping required parts of the heterostructure
by dopant diffusion or by ion implantation and optimization of annealing of dopant and/or radiation
defects. The optimization gives us possibility to increase homogeneity of distributions of concentrations
of dopants in emitter and collector and specific inhomogenous of concentration of dopant in base and at the
same time to increase sharpness of p-n-junctions, which have been manufactured framework the transistor.
We obtain dependences of optimal annealing time on several parameters. We also introduced an analytical
approach to model nonlinear physical processes (such as mass- and heat transport) in inhomogenous media
with time-varying parameters.
: The tensor product G H of two graphs G and H is well-known graph product and studied in detail in the literature. This concept has been generalized by introducing 2-tensor product G H 2 and it has been discussed for special graphs like P n and Cn [5]. In this paper, we discuss G H 2 , where G and H are connected graphs. Mainly, we discuss connectedness of G H 2 and obtained distance between two vertices in it.
ANALYSIS OF MANUFACTURING OF VOLTAGE RESTORE TO INCREASE DENSITY OF ELEMENTS ...ijoejournal
We introduce an approach for increasing density of voltage restore elements. The approach based on
manufacturing of a heterostructure, which consist of a substrate and an epitaxial layer with special configuration.
Several required sections of the layer should be doped by diffusion or ion implantation. After
that dopants and/or radiation defects should be annealed.
A Convergence Theorem Associated With a Pair of Second Order Differential Equ...IOSR Journals
We consider the second order matrix differential equation
M 0, 0 x Where M is a second-order matrix differential operator and is a vector having two components. In this
paper we prove a convergence theorem for the vector function 1 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) f x f x f x which is continuous in
0 x and of bounded variation in 0 x , when p(x) and q(x) tend to as x tend to .
Overview of the solution for Josephus problem where every third person is eliminated, followed by a solution for the general case (arbitrary "q" where every q'th person is eliminated).
In addition a short discussion of interesting problem deriving from Josephus Problem.
A class of three stage implicit rational runge kutta schemes for approximatio...Alexander Decker
This document describes the derivation of a 3-stage implicit rational Runge-Kutta method for approximating solutions to second-order ordinary differential equations. It begins by reviewing existing Runge-Kutta methods for solving first and second-order ODEs. It then presents the general form of a 3-stage implicit rational Runge-Kutta scheme using Taylor series expansions. Expressions for the coefficients of the method are obtained by matching terms in the Taylor series expansions. The properties of the derived method are investigated, finding it to be consistent and convergent. Numerical examples demonstrate it gives better approximations than existing methods.
This document discusses Green's functions and their use in solving boundary value problems (BVPs) for ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It begins by defining linear BVPs and discussing how solutions can be constructed by decomposing the problem into simpler parts that are then reassembled. It then introduces Green's functions, which are solutions to associated BVPs with homogeneous boundary conditions and a Dirac delta function as the forcing term. The document shows that Green's functions can be used to find the general solution to an inhomogeneous BVP, and provides an example of deriving the Green's function for the ODE d2u/dx2 = f(x) on the interval [0,1] with boundary conditions
This document discusses the formulation of fractional supersymmetric theories in one dimension. It begins by presenting fractional superspace and fractional supersymmetry of order F=3, including the fractional supersymmetry transformations. It then derives the fractional supercharges and Euler-Lagrange equations for F=3. Finally, it generalizes the formulation to arbitrary fractional order F ≥ 3 by introducing fractional superspace and supersymmetry transformations of order F, as well as an action invariant under such transformations.
Regularity and complexity in dynamical systemsSpringer
This chapter discusses nonlinear discrete dynamical systems. It introduces key concepts such as fixed points and their stability. Fixed points are points where the system map returns the same value. The stability of fixed points is determined by analyzing the eigenvalues of the linearized system map at the fixed point. Stable fixed points have eigenvalues with magnitude less than 1, while unstable fixed points have eigenvalues with magnitude greater than 1. The chapter will cover local and global stability theory, bifurcations, routes to chaos, and other topics.
JEE Mathematics/ Lakshmikanta Satapathy/ Indefinite Integration part 18/ Integration by parts 5/ Method involving product of exponential function with sum of two functions
Regular Left Derivations on P Semisimple Bcik AlgebrasYogeshIJTSRD
In the present paper, we introduced the notion of left derivation of a BCIK – algebra and investigate some related properties. Using the idea of regular left derivation of a BCIK algebra and investigate p semi simple BCIK algebra related properties. Using regular left derivation, we give characterizations of a regular left derivation on p semi simple BCIK algebra.In the present paper, we introduced the notion of left derivation of a BCIK – algebra and investigate some related properties. Using the idea of regular left derivation of a BCIK algebra and investigate p semi simple BCIK algebra related properties. Using regular left derivation, we give characterizations of a regular left derivation on p semi simple BCIK algebra. S Rethina Kumar "Regular Left Derivations on P-Semisimple Bcik-Algebras" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39883.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/algebra/39883/regular-left-derivations-on-psemisimple-bcikalgebras/s-rethina-kumar
Neutrosophic Soft Topological Spaces on New OperationsIJSRED
The document summarizes a research paper on neutrosophic soft topological spaces based on new operations defined for neutrosophic soft sets. It introduces neutrosophic soft sets and operations such as union, intersection, complement, and subset. It then defines new operations for union, intersection, and difference of neutrosophic soft sets. Finally, it defines the union and intersection of a family of neutrosophic soft sets and explores properties of the new operations.
The document discusses hypothesis testing procedures. It describes the 7 steps of hypothesis testing which include setting the null and alternative hypotheses, choosing a statistical test, setting the significance level, establishing decision rules, collecting sample data, analyzing the data, and arriving at a statistical conclusion. Common statistical tests mentioned are F-tests, t-tests, and z-tests. The F-test compares variances by taking the ratio and uses sums of squares to develop statistics. The document provides an example of a company collecting potential customer spending data on flats in two areas to estimate differences in population means.
A research hypothesis is a predictive statement that can be tested through experimentation or further observation. It should be clearly stated, precisely defined, and limited in scope. Research involves testing hypotheses through both experimental and non-experimental methods. Experimental research compares an experimental group exposed to usual conditions to a control group exposed to special conditions to determine the effect of treatments or conditions on the outcome.
Hypothesis testing is a systematic procedure used to determine if sample data supports a theory about a population. It involves stating the null and alternative hypotheses, determining significance levels, computing test statistics, and making a decision to reject or retain the null hypothesis based on the results.
An example tested the relationship between student performance on psychology tests and their attitude towards psychology. Hypothesis testing steps were followed: the null hypothesis stated no relationship, the alternative stated a relationship; significance was set at 5%; degrees of freedom and critical values were calculated; the computed test statistic was less than critical so the null hypothesis of no relationship was retained.
Hypothesis testing helps researchers make decisions about data while accounting for probability of decision
This document provides a summary of key concepts in supply chain management. It discusses supply chains, supply chain management, value chain management, operations management, logistics management, lean supply chains, agile supply chains, and the objectives and decision phases of supply chains. It also covers integrated supply chain management, barriers to supply chain management implementation, attributes affecting implementation like technology and communication, and reasons for many versus few suppliers in a supply chain.
The document outlines the procedure for hypothesis testing which includes setting up the null and alternative hypotheses, determining the test statistic, critical region, and making a decision. It then provides an example of testing whether the mean longevity of lightbulbs from a sample of 90 bulbs is equal to the manufacturer's claim of 4 years using a 5% significance level. Finally, it presents a problem about testing if a sample of 60 MBA students with a mean score of 2.8 came from a population with a mean of 2.4 and constructing a 99% confidence interval.
The document provides an overview of chi-square tests, including chi-square tests for goodness of fit and tests of independence. It explains that chi-square tests are used with categorical or classified data rather than numerical data. For a chi-square test of goodness of fit, the null hypothesis specifies the expected proportions in different categories. Observed and expected frequencies are calculated and compared using the chi-square statistic. A chi-square test of independence examines whether two categorical variables are related by comparing observed and expected joint frequencies.
1. The document describes various statistical tests that can be used to test hypotheses about differences between groups, including t-tests to compare means and proportions, and chi-square analysis to examine relationships between categorical variables.
2. Three hypotheses about differences between male and female graduates were tested: income, years of work experience, and proportion working in government. T-tests revealed significant differences in income and experience but not government employment.
3. A chi-square test showed no significant relationship between gender and sector of employment (government or private).
1. The document discusses the chi-square test, which is used to determine if there is a relationship between two categorical variables.
2. A contingency table is constructed with observed frequencies to calculate expected frequencies under the null hypothesis of no relationship.
3. The chi-square test statistic is calculated by summing the squared differences between observed and expected frequencies divided by the expected frequencies.
4. The calculated chi-square value is then compared to a critical value from the chi-square distribution to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Here are the 5 steps to solve this hypothesis testing problem:
1. State the null (H0) and alternative (H1) hypotheses:
H0: μ = 80
H1: μ ≠ 80
2. Choose the significance level: α = 0.05
3. Identify the test statistic and its distribution:
Test statistic is z-score = (Sample Mean - Population Mean) / Standard Error
Distribution is standard normal
4. Calculate the test statistic value:
z = (84 - 80) / (10/√39) = 0.4/1.26 = 0.316
5. Make a decision:
For a two-tailed test, reject
Hypothesis testing is an important tool in research. A hypothesis is a statement or proposition that can be tested through scientific investigation. The null hypothesis represents the default position that there is no relationship between variables or no difference among groups. The alternative hypothesis is what the researcher aims to prove. Through hypothesis testing, researchers aim to reject the null hypothesis by collecting data and calculating the probability of the results if the null hypothesis were true. This probability is then compared to the pre-determined significance level, often 5%, to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. Proper hypothesis testing involves clearly stating the hypotheses, selecting a random sample, determining the appropriate statistical test based on the data, and interpreting the results.
Hypothesis testing involves 4 steps: 1) stating the null and alternative hypotheses, 2) setting the significance level criteria, 3) computing a test statistic to evaluate the hypotheses, and 4) making a decision to either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on the significance level and test statistic. The goal is to correctly identify true null hypotheses while minimizing errors like falsely rejecting a true null hypothesis (Type I error) or retaining a false null hypothesis (Type II error).
Introduction to hypothesis testing ppt @ bec domsBabasab Patil
This document introduces hypothesis testing, including:
- Formulating null and alternative hypotheses for tests involving population means and proportions
- Using test statistics, critical values, and p-values to test hypotheses
- Defining Type I and Type II errors and their probabilities
- Examples of hypothesis tests for means (using z-tests and t-tests) and proportions (using z-tests) are provided to illustrate the concepts.
This document outlines the key steps and concepts in hypothesis testing. It introduces hypothesis testing as a method to test conjectures about population parameters. The null hypothesis states that there is no difference or effect, while the alternative hypothesis specifies an expected difference or effect. Steps in hypothesis testing include stating hypotheses, determining critical values, defining critical and noncritical regions, and making a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. Type I and type II errors are also defined. The document provides examples and outlines objectives for understanding hypothesis testing of means, proportions, variances and using confidence intervals.
This document provides an overview of hypotheses for a presentation. It begins with learning outcomes which are to explain the meaning and significance of hypotheses, identify types of hypotheses, and illustrate why hypotheses are needed.
The presentation will cover the scientific method, meaning and types of variables, characteristics of good hypotheses, categories of hypotheses including null and alternative, and how to form and test hypotheses. Hypotheses are defined as educated guesses that relate variables and guide research. They must be testable, falsifiable, and contribute to theory. Hypotheses can be categorized by their formulation as null or alternative, by direction as directional or non-directional, and by their derivation as inductive or deductive.
This document provides an overview of hypothesis testing including:
- Defining null and alternative hypotheses
- Types of errors like Type I and Type II
- Test statistics and significance levels for comparing means, proportions, and standard deviations of one and two populations
- Examples are given for hypothesis tests on population means, proportions, and comparing two population means.
The document discusses hypothesis testing in research. It defines a hypothesis as a proposition that can be tested scientifically. The key points are:
- A hypothesis aims to explain a phenomenon and can be tested objectively. Common hypotheses compare two groups or variables.
- Statistical hypothesis testing involves a null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (Ha). H0 is the initial assumption being tested, while Ha is what would be accepted if H0 is rejected.
- Type I errors incorrectly reject a true null hypothesis. Type II errors fail to reject a false null hypothesis. Hypothesis tests aim to control the probability of type I errors.
- The significance level is the probability of a type I error,
This document provides an overview of hypothesis testing in inferential statistics. It defines a hypothesis as a statement or assumption about relationships between variables or tentative explanations for events. There are two main types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis (H0), which is the default position that is tested, and the alternative hypothesis (Ha or H1). Steps in hypothesis testing include establishing the null and alternative hypotheses, selecting a suitable test of significance or test statistic based on sample characteristics, formulating a decision rule to either accept or reject the null hypothesis based on where the test statistic value falls, and understanding the potential for errors. Key criteria for constructing hypotheses and selecting appropriate statistical tests are also outlined.
The document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses help translate research problems into clear predictions and guide investigation. They provide objectivity, direction for data collection, and goals for researchers. Well-stated hypotheses are testable, consistent with existing knowledge, and help establish a link between theory and empirical research. Different types of hypotheses, such as simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, and null hypotheses are described. Sources for developing hypotheses include theoretical frameworks, previous research findings, literature, and experiences.
Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research and quality control. Its main function is to suggest new experiments and observations. In fact, many experiments are carried out with the deliberate object of testing hypothesis. Decision makers often face situations wherein they are interested in testing hypothesis on the basis of available information and then take decisions on the basis of such testing. In Six –Sigma methodology, hypothesis testing is a tool of substance and used in analysis phase of the six sigma project so that improvement can be done in right direction
EXPECTED NUMBER OF LEVEL CROSSINGS OF A RANDOM TRIGONOMETRIC POLYNOMIALJournal For Research
This document presents research on the expected number of level crossings of random trigonometric polynomials. It begins with an abstract summarizing the background and objectives. The main results are then presented. It is shown that for random trigonometric polynomials of a certain form, with coefficients following a normal distribution, the expected number of real zeros in the interval from 0 to 2π is asymptotically equal to a particular expression involving n, as n becomes large. This expression is derived through applying the Kac-Rice formula and estimating a certain integral. The research builds on previous related works and clarifies results from one of those papers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses inequalities, graphs, and proofs by induction. It contains:
1) Examples of solving inequalities and finding oblique asymptotes of graphs.
2) Considering the graph of y=x and showing various properties, including that it is always increasing and its derivative is always positive.
3) Using integrals to show that the area under the curve is greater than or equal to x.
4) Proving by induction that the sum of the first n positive integers is always between (n^2 + n)/2 and n^2.
So in summary, it covers solving inequalities graphically, properties of the line y=x, area under curves, and proofs
This document presents concepts related to the convergence of the Bernoulli distribution to other probability distributions. It begins with definitions of the Bernoulli distribution and introduces binomial, Poisson, and Gaussian distributions. It then presents three lemmas to be used in proofs in the next section. The lemmas cover the limiting behavior of exponential terms, factorials, and an approximation for large factorials. The document aims to directly prove convergence results, unlike most previous works that used an indirect approach via moment generating functions.
This document presents concepts related to the convergence of the Bernoulli distribution to other probability distributions. It begins with definitions of the Bernoulli distribution and introduces binomial, Poisson, and Gaussian distributions. It then presents three lemmas to be used in proofs in the next section. The lemmas cover the limiting behavior of exponential terms, factorials, and an approximation for large factorials. The document aims to directly prove convergence results, unlike most previous works that used an indirect approach via moment generating functions.
In this paper, we consider the scaling invariant spaces for fractional Navier-Stokes in the
Lebesgue spaces ( ) p n L R and homogeneous Besov spaces
, ( ) s n
p q B R respectively.
Beta and gamma are the two most popular functions in mathematics. Gamma is a single variable function, whereas Beta is a two-variable function. The relation between beta and gamma function will help to solve many problems in physics and mathematics.
This paper presents concepts of Bernoulli distribution, and how it can be used as an approximation of Binomial, Poisson, and Gaussian distributions with a different approach from earlier existing literature. Due to discrete nature of the random variable X, a more appropriate method of the principle of mathematical induction (PMI) is used as an alternative approach to limiting behavior of the binomial random variable. The study proved de Moivre–Laplace theorem (convergence of binomial distribution to Gaussian distribution) to all values of p such that p ≠ 0 and p ≠ 1 using a direct approach which opposes the popular and most widely used indirect method of moment generating function.
The 1741 Goldbach [1] made his most famous contribution to mathematics with the conjecture that all even numbers can be expressed as the sum of the two primes (currently Conjecture) referred to as “all even numbers greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum-two primes” (DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.32893.69600/1)
This document discusses different types of difference operators and interpolation methods in numerical analysis. It defines forward, backward, and central difference operators, which calculate the difference between successive values of a function. It also introduces shifting, averaging, differential, and unit operators. The document then explains how to calculate first, second, and higher order forward, backward, and central differences. It discusses interpolation as estimating unknown function values using known data points. The key interpolation methods covered are Newton's forward formula for equal intervals and interpolation formulae for unequal and central differences.
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Introduction to probability solutions manualKibria Prangon
This summary provides the key information from the document in 3 sentences:
The document summarizes solutions to exercises from the textbook "Introduction to Probability" by Charles M. Grinstead and J. Laurie Snell. The exercises cover topics like coin flips, probability distributions, combinations, and other probability concepts. The solutions involve calculations, proofs, and explanations of probability scenarios to demonstrate understanding of the course material.
The document discusses techniques for differentiation, which is the process of finding the rate of change of a quantity. It provides examples of how to take the derivative of various elementary functions with respect to x, including constants, polynomials, trigonometric functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic functions. It also gives examples of finding the derivative of composite functions.
The document discusses the binomial theorem, which provides a formula for expanding binomial expressions of the form (a + b)^n. It explains that the theorem allows calculating terms of the expansion without using repeated FOIL multiplication. Pascal's triangle is introduced as a way to determine the coefficients of each term. The key points of the binomial theorem are defined, including that the sum of the exponents in each term equals n. An example expansion is shown. Proofs of properties like the coefficients when r=0, 1, n-1, n are provided.
This document provides an introduction to large deviations theory through examples and theorems. It begins with coin tossing experiments and computes the decay of probabilities that the empirical mean differs from the expected value. Specifically, it shows the limit of the log probability approaches a rate function I(x) defined piecewise. The document then considers sums of independent normal and Bernoulli random variables. Finally, it introduces Cramer's theorem, which generalizes the results to any independent identically distributed random variables using the cumulant generating function.
- The document discusses different notations used to represent sums, including three-dot notation, sigma notation, and delimited form.
- It explains how to manipulate sums by changing indices or parameters and compares the ease of manipulation between sigma notation and delimited form.
- The key relationship discussed is that sums and recurrences are intrinsically related, as sums can often be written as recurrences and vice versa. Methods to transform between the two representations are presented.
Mixed Spectra for Stable Signals from Discrete Observationssipij
This paper concerns the continuous-time stable alpha symmetric processes which are inivitable in the
modeling of certain signals with indefinitely increasing variance. Particularly the case where the spectral
measurement is mixed: sum of a continuous measurement and a discrete measurement. Our goal is to
estimate the spectral density of the continuous part by observing the signal in a discrete way. For that, we
propose a method which consists in sampling the signal at periodic instants. We use Jackson's polynomial
kernel to build a periodogram which we then smooth by two spectral windows taking into account the
width of the interval where the spectral density is non-zero. Thus, we bypass the phenomenon of aliasing
often encountered in the case of estimation from discrete observations of a continuous time process.
Mixed Spectra for Stable Signals from Discrete Observationssipij
This paper concerns the continuous-time stable alpha symmetric processes which are inivitable in the
modeling of certain signals with indefinitely increasing variance. Particularly the case where the spectral
measurement is mixed: sum of a continuous measurement and a discrete measurement. Our goal is to
estimate the spectral density of the continuous part by observing the signal in a discrete way. For that, we
propose a method which consists in sampling the signal at periodic instants. We use Jackson's polynomial
kernel to build a periodogram which we then smooth by two spectral windows taking into account the
width of the interval where the spectral density is non-zero. Thus, we bypass the phenomenon of aliasing
often encountered in the case of estimation from discrete observations of a continuous time process.
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About testing the hypothesis of equality of two bernoulli
1. Mathematical Theory and Modeling www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online)
Vol.4, No.9, 2014
About Testing the Hypothesis of Equality of Two Bernoulli
Regression Curves
Petre Babilua (Corresponding author)
Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
2 University St., Tbilisi 0186, Georgia
Tel: +995599408383 E-mail: petre.babilua@tsu.ge
Elizbar Nadaraya
Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
2 University St., Tbilisi 0186, Georgia
Tel: +995599570555 E-mail: elizabar.nadaraya@tsu.ge
Grigol Sokhadze
I. Vekua Institute of Applied Mathematics of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
2 University St., Tbilisi 0186, Georgia
Tel: +995591313197 E-mail: grigol.sokhadze@tsu.ge
Abstract
The limiting distribution of an integral square deviation between two kernel type estimators of Bernoulli
regression functions is established in the case of two independent samples. The criterion of testing is constructed
for both simple and composite hypotheses of equality of two Bernoulli regression functions. The question of
consistency is studied. The asymptotics of behavior of the power of test is investigated for some close
alternatives.
Keywords: Bernoulli Regression Function, Power of Test, Consistency, Composite Hypothesis
t j n
142
1. Introduction
Let random variables
i Y , i =1,2, take two values 1 and 0 with probabilities i p (succes) and i 1 p ,
i =1,2 (failure), respectively. Assume that the probability of success i p is the function of an independent
variable x0,1 , i.e. p p x Y x i
i i = = P =1| i 1,2 (see [1]-[3]). Let j t , j =1,,n , be the
devision points of the interval 0,1:
j
2 1
= , =1, , .
2 j
n
Let further
1
i Y and
2
i Y , i =1,,n , be mutually independent random Bernoulli variables with
i k i
k
i P Y =1| t = p t ,
i k i
k
i P Y = 0 | t = 1 p t , i =1,,n , k =1,2 . Using the samples
1 1
1 , , n Y Y
and
2 2
1 , , n Y Y we want to chek the hypothesis
: = = , 0,1 0 1 2 H p x p x p x x ,
against the sequence of “close” alternatives of the form
: = , =1,2. 1 H p x p x u x o k n k n k n
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Vol.4, No.9, 2014
where 0 n relevantly, u x u x 1 2 , x0,1 and n o uniformly in x0,1.
The problem of comparing two Bernoulli regression functions arises in some applications, for example in
quantal biossays in pharmacology. There x denotes the dose of a drung and p x the probability of response
1 垐2 1 2 2
,
2 2
T nb p x p x p x dx nb p x p x dx
n n 1 n 2 n n n 1 n 2
n
n n
b b
ˆ ,
p x p x p x
x t
p x K Y i
in j
nb b
n j n
x t
nb b
1
= , = , = 1, , ,
T nb p x p x dx p x p x Ep x i n
n n n n in in in
Q t t
u v K K dx
n
d d Q d d t p t p t
1
n
x t y t x u y u
1 1 1
K K p t K K p u du O
nb b b b b b nb
n i n n n n n n
143
to the dose x .
We consider the crietrion of testing the hypothesis 0 H based on the statistic
= , 1 , 0,
n n n
where
in in n
n
1
1
n
p x K
1
1
j i
= , = 1,2,
1
i
= ,
n
n i
n
Kx is some distribution density and 0 n b is a sequence of positive numbers, p x in ˆ is the kernel
estimator of the regression function (see [4], [5]).
2. Assumptions and Notation
We assume that a kernel Kx 0 is chosen so that it is a function of bounded variation and satisfies the
conditions: Kx= K x , Kx= 0 for x > 0 , Kxdx 1 . The class of such functions is denoted by
H .
We also introduce the notation:
n
ij n i j n
x u x v
b b
n n
1 2
1 2
1 2
n k
2 2
2
2 1 1
2
= , , , = ,
1
= , = = 1 .
n k i ik i i k i k i
nb
n k i k
3. Auxiliary Assertions
Lemma 1 ([6]). Let K xH and p x , x0,1 , be a function of bounded variation. If n nb ,
then
1 i 2 i
3 =
1 2 3
i
1 0
uniformly in x, y0,1, where N 0 i , i =1,2,3.
Lemma 2. Let KxH , 0,1 1 p x C and u x 1 , u x 2 be continuous functions on 0,1 . If
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Vol.4, No.9, 2014
2
n nb and 0 1/2
n n b , then for the hypothesis n H1
b p p x p x dx K x dx
2 1 n n
(1)
ET p p x p x dx K u du
= , = 1 ,
K K K is the convolution operator
n n
1 1 1
2 2 2 2
d d Q d Q A n A n
(3)
n i k ik i ii
n
1 1
2
. (5)
1
= 2 1 ,
2
n n n n n
x n n
b
144
1
1 2 2 2 2 2
0
x
0 2
and
1/2 1/2 1/2
1
3/2
= n n n n n
n
b p O b O b O
nb
, (2)
where
1
1 2
x
0 | |
n n
0
= ,
.
Proof. We have
2 1 2
, 1 1
=
2 2
nb
n i k i
where
1 1 2 2 1 1 , 1, , , k k k k k k d d t p t p t p t p t k n
= 2 1 , 1,2 k k k n d p t p t O k , (4)
uniformly in [0,1] k t .
It can be easily established that
2
1 2 3 2 2
2 1 2
1
i n
n n i
i n n n
n
x t
b A n n b d K dx c c
b nb nb
From the definition of ik Q and (4) follows
2
2
1
1
= .
n
n
i i
n i i n
i n n
n n n
x t y t
A n nb p t p t O K K dx dy
b b
Further, using Lemma 1 and also taking into account that
1
x
0,1 1 p x C and , ,
b
n n b
x
for all
n x , it is easy to show that
x
b
n
2 2 1 2 2 1/2
1 0 2
1
1
= 2 1 .
n
n
x y
b A n p x p x K dx dy O b O b O O
b nb
Thus
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Vol.4, No.9, 2014
b A n p x p x dx K x dx
2 1 n
. (6)
x t
ET nb K d t dx
b
K u p x b u p x b u du dx O O
p x p x dx K x dx O b O O
L nb p x p x Ep x Ep x dx
n n n n n n
L nb Ep x Ep x dx
n n n n
145
1
1 2 2 2
1 0
x
0 2
From (5) and (6) follows statement (1).
Further, using the above-mentioned method, we can write
1 1 2
1
n
2
n
1
1
2
0
1
= = =
2
1
= 1 =
nb
1
1 .
n
n
n
i
n n n i
i n
x
b
n n n
x n
b
n n
nb
x n
Thus
1/2 1/2 1/2
1
3/2
= n n n n n
n
b p O b O b O
nb
.
The lemma is proved.
Asymptotical Normality of the Statistic n T
We have the following assertion.
Theorem 1. Let KxH and
, , 0,1 1
1 2 p x u x u x C .
If 2
n nb , 0 1/2
n n b and 0
1/2 2 nb c n n , 0 < < 0 c , then for the hypothesis n H1
1/2 1 ,1 d
n n b T p p N a ,
where p and p 2 are defined in Lemma 2 and d denotes convergence in distribution and
Na,1 is a random variable having the standard normal distribution with parameters a,1 ,
1
0 2
1 2
0
=
2
c
a u x u x dx
p
.
Proof. We have
1 1 2 = n n n n T T L L ,
where
1
1 2 1 2
2 2
1 2
,
1
.
2
n
n
By the Lemma 1, it is clear
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Vol.4, No.9, 2014
1 1 1
n n 2 n n
. (7)
n n n n
1 1
2 n n n n n n
b L nb K t u x b t u x b t dt O dx
. (8)
1
c
1/2 2 0 2
b L u t u t dt . (9)
b L nb p x Ep x Ep x dx
E I E I nb E p x Ep x Ep x dx
n n n n n n
n
nb p x p x Ep x Ep x Ep x Ep x dx dx
n n n n n n n
t
x t x t
p x p x K K p t p t
nb b b
p x p x n b
n n n
K K p u p u du O
b b nb
146
2
1
1/2 2 1/2 2
1 2
0
x t
b L nb K u t u t dt O dx
b b nb
1
x
Since , ,
b
n n b
x
for all n x , then from (7) we find
2
1/2 2 1/2 2
1 2
nb
n
n
Further, since , 0,1 1
1 2 u x u x C , then from (8) we have
1 2
0 2 n n
Now, we show that 1/2 1 0 n n b L . We have
1
=
2 n n n n n n
1/2 1 1/2
1 1 2
n
1
2 n n n n
nb p x Ep x Ep x dx
1/2
2 1 2
n
1 2
n n I I . (10)
It is clear that
1
2
1/2
2
1/2
2
1 1 1/2
1 1 2
1/2
1/2
=
1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
1
cov , ,
2
= .
n
n n n
Easily verify, that
1 2
n
i i
1 1 1 2 2 1 1
1
1
cov , 1
n n i i
n i n n
and by Lemma 2 we can now write
1 2
1 1 1 2
1
x u x u
1 2
1 1 2
0
cov , =
1
1 .
n n n
Thus
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Vol.4, No.9, 2014
1 1 1
1
nb
.
147
1
1 1/2 1 2
2 1 1 2
0
1 2
1/2 2
1/2
1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 3
2
= 0,
n
n n
n n n n
n n
n n n n n n
n
x u x u
E I nb K K p u p u du
nb b b nb
nb
Ep x Ep x Ep x Ep x dx dx c n b c
n
1/2 2 nb c n n , 0 < < 0 c and
since, by condition, 0
1/2 2
1/4 = n n
n
n
n
b
.
So, 1 0 n I . Analogously we can show that
2 0 n I .
Hence
1 0 n L . (11)
Further, to prove the theorem it remains to show
1
0,1 n n d
n
T
N
. (12)
Since the proof of (12) is similar to that of Theorem 1 from [7], we omit it.
Using the representation
1 1 2 = n n n n T T L L , Lemma 2, (9), (11) and (12), we find that
1
1/2 0 2
1 2
0
,1
2 ( )
n d
n
T p c
b N u x u x dx
p p
The theorem is proved.
The conditions of Theorem 1 for bn and n are fulfilled if we assume b b n n 0 = and 1 2 4
n 0n for
0 1 2 .
Corollary. Let KuH and 0,1 1 p x C . If 2
n nb , then for the hypothesis 0 H
1/2 1 0,1 d
n n b T p p N . (13)
4. Application of the Statistic n T for the Hypothesis Testing
As an important application of the result of the corollary let us construct the criterion of testing the simple
hypothesis 0 H : 1 2 p x = p x = p x (this is the case with given p x ); the critical domain is defined by
the inequality
1/2 = n n n T d p b p ,
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And from Theorem 1 we establish that the local behavior of the power H1n n n
T d
1 H n n n
p
A u u x u x dx u u u ,
x dx K x dx
x dx K x dx
b E p
n n
c b E p x Ep x dx E p x Ep x dx
n n n n n
n n
b Ep x p x dx b Ep x p x dx
1 1
b E p O O b O
n b nb
148
T d is as follows
A u
1
,
where
1
2
c
0
1 2 1 2
0
, ,
2
=1 , is a standard normal distribution.
Note note that in (13) the statistic function n T is normalized by the values p and 2 p which depend
on p x . If p x is not defined by a hypothesis, then the parameters p and 2 p should be replaced
respectively by
n n
2
n
2 2 2
0
2
,
2 ,
n
x
n n
x
1 1 2 2 = n n n n n n n x p x p x p x p x p x p x
and we show that
1/2 2 2 0, n n n b p p . (14)
Let us prove (14). Since
1
1 n
n
p x O
nb
uniformly in n x and in 4 p x c , x0,1 , i 1,2 ,
we obtain
1/2
1/2 1/2
1/2 2 2
5 1 1 2 2
1/2 1/2
1 2 .
n n n n
n n
x x
b b
Further, using Lemma 1 and and also taking into account that p x C 1 1
0,1 and , ,
n n
for all
n x , it is easy to see that
1/2 1/2
3/2
n n n
n
.
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Hence 1/2 0 n n b p . Analogously, it can be shown that 2 2
, j 1 , n, ,
H x h u du , hu is some known continuous distribution density o 0,1 . In this case, by a
149
n p .
Theorem 2. Let K xH and
1
1 2 p x = p x C 0,1 .
If 2
n nb , then for n
1/2 1 0,1 . d
n n n n b T N
Proof. Follows from (13) and (14).
Theorem 2 enables us to construct an asymptotical criterion of testing the composite hypothesis
0 1 2 H : p x = p x , x0,1 . The critical domain for testing this hypothesis is defined by the inequality
1/2 , 1 n n n n n T d b . (15)
Theorem 3. Let K xH , 1
1 2 p x , p x C 0,1 . If 2
n nb , then for n
1
1 H n n T d
Here the alternative hypothesis 1 H is any pair 1 2 p x , p x , 1
1 2 p x , p x C 0,1 , 0 1
p x ,
i
i 1,2 , such that 1 2 p x p x on the set of positive measure.
Proof. Is similar to the proof of Theorem 3 from [7].
Remark. Let i t be the division points of the interval 0,1 , which are chosen so that
j
2 1
2 j
H t
n
x
where
0
similar reasoning to the above one we can be generalize the results obtained in this paper.
Acknowledgement. The work is supported by Shota Rustaveli National Scientific Foundation, Project
No. PG/18/5-104/13
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Vol.4, No.9, 2014
150
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