Ab Lec1
•Download as PPT, PDF•
1 like•715 views
Acids and bases can be defined operationally based on experimental observations or conceptually based on theories. Operationally, acids are sour electrolytes that turn litmus red and react with metals, while bases are bitter electrolytes that turn litmus blue. Conceptually, acids are proton donors according to Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry, or electron pair acceptors according to Lewis. Conjugate acid-base pairs involve the transfer of a proton between an acid and its conjugate base. The strength of an acid or base depends on its tendency to donate or accept protons.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Chapter 16 Lecture- Acid/Base Equilibrium
This document provides an overview of acid-base theories and key concepts such as:
[1] Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry definitions of acids and bases. Acids donate protons while bases accept protons.
[2] Water can act as both an acid and a base in different reactions due to its amphiprotic nature.
[3] Equilibria involving proton transfers favor the reaction where the proton moves to the stronger base. The position of equilibrium is determined by relative acid and base strengths.
Ionic Equilibria
1. The document discusses ionic equilibria, including acids and bases, and how to identify strong and weak acids/bases. It also discusses calculating pH and pOH values.
2. It explains how to determine if a salt is neutral, acidic, or basic based on whether the cation or anion comes from a strong or weak acid/base.
3. For sparingly soluble salts, it discusses using Ksp expressions and concentrations to determine if a precipitate will form from mixing solutions of ions.
acids _bases
This document provides an overview of acid-base theories and chemistry. It defines acids and bases according to three main theories:
1) Arrhenius theory defines acids as substances that donate H+ ions in water and bases as those that donate OH- ions.
2) Bronsted-Lowry theory defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors, providing a better explanation of substances like ammonia.
3) Lewis theory defines acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors, explaining both traditional acids/bases and coordination compounds.
The document then discusses acid/base reactions and equilibrium expressions, relative acid/base strengths, and the differences between strong vs. weak acids and
Chemistry zimsec chapter 22 ionic equilibria
This document provides an overview of Chapter 22 from a chemistry textbook, which covers topics related to ionic equilibria including:
- pH, Ka, pKa and Kw values and their use in calculations involving strong and weak acids and bases.
- Acid-base titration curves and how they differ for strong-strong, strong-weak, weak-strong, and weak-weak acid-base titrations.
- How acid-base indicators work and their use in determining the endpoint of a titration.
It also lists learning outcomes for understanding these concepts and performing related calculations.
B sc_I_General chemistry U-II Ionic equilibria in aqueous solution
This document provides an overview of acids, bases, and pH. It defines acids and bases according to Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. Acids are substances that produce H+ ions in water or donate protons in reactions, while bases produce OH- ions or accept protons. The document also discusses acid and base strength, pH, self-ionization of water, and using pH to calculate hydrogen or hydroxide ion concentrations. Common examples like acids in orange juice and blood pH are provided.
Ionic equilibrium chapter 3(12th HSC Maharashtra state board)
The document discusses ionic equilibrium and acid-base theories. It provides examples of different types of salts based on the strength of acids and bases involved:
1) Salts of strong acids and bases, like NaCl, are neutral as they do not undergo hydrolysis.
2) Salts of strong acids and weak bases, like CuSO4, are acidic due to hydrolysis of the metal cation.
3) Salts of weak acids and strong bases, like CH3COONa, are basic due to hydrolysis of the anion.
4) Salts of weak acids and weak bases can be acidic, basic or neutral depending on whether the Ka or Kb is greater and the extent of hydro
Chapter 15.2 Acid-Base Theories
The document discusses acid-base theories including Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases, Lewis acids and bases, and monoprotic and polyprotic acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry definition, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor in a proton transfer reaction. A Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor that forms a covalent bond, while a Lewis base is an electron pair donor. Monoprotic acids donate one proton, while polyprotic acids like sulfuric acid can donate multiple protons in successive reactions.
4 ionic solutions
This document discusses various concepts related to ionic equilibrium in solution including strong and weak electrolytes, acid-base theories of Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis. It defines strong electrolytes as completely dissociating in water and weak electrolytes as achieving an equilibrium between dissociated and undissociated molecules. Acids are defined as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors under the Bronsted-Lowry theory. The Lewis theory further defines acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors. Dissociation constants and factors affecting acid strength are also covered.
Recommended
Chapter 16 Lecture- Acid/Base Equilibrium
This document provides an overview of acid-base theories and key concepts such as:
[1] Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry definitions of acids and bases. Acids donate protons while bases accept protons.
[2] Water can act as both an acid and a base in different reactions due to its amphiprotic nature.
[3] Equilibria involving proton transfers favor the reaction where the proton moves to the stronger base. The position of equilibrium is determined by relative acid and base strengths.
Ionic Equilibria
1. The document discusses ionic equilibria, including acids and bases, and how to identify strong and weak acids/bases. It also discusses calculating pH and pOH values.
2. It explains how to determine if a salt is neutral, acidic, or basic based on whether the cation or anion comes from a strong or weak acid/base.
3. For sparingly soluble salts, it discusses using Ksp expressions and concentrations to determine if a precipitate will form from mixing solutions of ions.
acids _bases
This document provides an overview of acid-base theories and chemistry. It defines acids and bases according to three main theories:
1) Arrhenius theory defines acids as substances that donate H+ ions in water and bases as those that donate OH- ions.
2) Bronsted-Lowry theory defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors, providing a better explanation of substances like ammonia.
3) Lewis theory defines acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors, explaining both traditional acids/bases and coordination compounds.
The document then discusses acid/base reactions and equilibrium expressions, relative acid/base strengths, and the differences between strong vs. weak acids and
Chemistry zimsec chapter 22 ionic equilibria
This document provides an overview of Chapter 22 from a chemistry textbook, which covers topics related to ionic equilibria including:
- pH, Ka, pKa and Kw values and their use in calculations involving strong and weak acids and bases.
- Acid-base titration curves and how they differ for strong-strong, strong-weak, weak-strong, and weak-weak acid-base titrations.
- How acid-base indicators work and their use in determining the endpoint of a titration.
It also lists learning outcomes for understanding these concepts and performing related calculations.
B sc_I_General chemistry U-II Ionic equilibria in aqueous solution
This document provides an overview of acids, bases, and pH. It defines acids and bases according to Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. Acids are substances that produce H+ ions in water or donate protons in reactions, while bases produce OH- ions or accept protons. The document also discusses acid and base strength, pH, self-ionization of water, and using pH to calculate hydrogen or hydroxide ion concentrations. Common examples like acids in orange juice and blood pH are provided.
Ionic equilibrium chapter 3(12th HSC Maharashtra state board)
The document discusses ionic equilibrium and acid-base theories. It provides examples of different types of salts based on the strength of acids and bases involved:
1) Salts of strong acids and bases, like NaCl, are neutral as they do not undergo hydrolysis.
2) Salts of strong acids and weak bases, like CuSO4, are acidic due to hydrolysis of the metal cation.
3) Salts of weak acids and strong bases, like CH3COONa, are basic due to hydrolysis of the anion.
4) Salts of weak acids and weak bases can be acidic, basic or neutral depending on whether the Ka or Kb is greater and the extent of hydro
Chapter 15.2 Acid-Base Theories
The document discusses acid-base theories including Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases, Lewis acids and bases, and monoprotic and polyprotic acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry definition, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor in a proton transfer reaction. A Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor that forms a covalent bond, while a Lewis base is an electron pair donor. Monoprotic acids donate one proton, while polyprotic acids like sulfuric acid can donate multiple protons in successive reactions.
4 ionic solutions
This document discusses various concepts related to ionic equilibrium in solution including strong and weak electrolytes, acid-base theories of Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis. It defines strong electrolytes as completely dissociating in water and weak electrolytes as achieving an equilibrium between dissociated and undissociated molecules. Acids are defined as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors under the Bronsted-Lowry theory. The Lewis theory further defines acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors. Dissociation constants and factors affecting acid strength are also covered.
Acid and base
The document discusses several theories of acids and bases that developed over time:
- Lavoisier's original oxygen theory defined acids as containing oxygen (1776). This was disproven by Davy in 1810.
- Liebig proposed in 1838 that acids contain replaceable hydrogen.
- Arrhenius' 1884 definition defined acids as producing hydrogen ions (H+) and bases as producing hydroxide ions (OH-) in aqueous solutions, which became the standard definition.
- Lewis in 1923 expanded the definition to electron pair transfers between any acids and bases, not just involving hydrogen.
- Other theories such as Lux-Flood's oxygen theory of 1939 and Pearson's hard/soft acid base principle
Ionic equilibria two
This document discusses weak bases and how they react with water to form the conjugate acid and hydroxide ions. It defines the base dissociation constant Kb and explains how it refers to the equilibrium of a base reacting with water. It provides examples of calculating the concentration of hydroxide ions produced from a weak base solution and calculating Kb or Ka values for conjugate acid-base pairs using known constants. The document also discusses how the properties of salt solutions are determined by the constituent ions and how buffers resist changes in pH upon addition of acids or bases.
Ionic Equilibria
1. The document discusses ionic equilibria, specifically acids and bases, and how to identify and classify them.
2. It also discusses how to determine if a salt is neutral, acidic, or basic based on the acid and base ions that make it up.
3. The document provides methods for calculating pH and determining precipitation for salt solutions, sparingly soluble salts, and acid-base reactions.
ACID BASE THEORY
This document discusses different definitions of acids and bases that were proposed over time:
1. Lavoisier defined acids as containing oxygen. Liebig later defined acids as containing hydrogen that can be replaced by a metal.
2. Arrhenius defined acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution and bases as substances that produce hydroxide (OH-) ions.
3. Brønsted and Lowry defined acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors in acid-base reactions, forming conjugate acid-base pairs.
4. Lewis expanded the definition to include electron pair donors and acceptors in both aqueous and non-aqueous reactions.
It also discusses
Lewis acid base
This document discusses Lewis acid-base theory. It defines a Lewis acid as a substance that can accept an electron pair to form a covalent bond, while a Lewis base is a substance that can donate an electron pair to form a covalent bond. The Lewis definitions include all Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases. According to Lewis, an acid accepts an electron pair during a reaction and a base donates an electron pair.
Solvent system definition of acids and bases
This PPT is about the solvent system definition of acids and bases in inorganic chemistry . This power point is useful to those who study chemistry in college and also useful for University students and also for PhD students
Acids & Bases
This document discusses acids and bases. It introduces some of their key properties including turning litmus red or blue and reacting with metals. It then discusses several theories of acids and bases:
1. Arrhenius theory which defined acids as producing H+ ions and bases as producing OH- ions in aqueous solutions.
2. Bronsted-Lowry theory which defined acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors. This new definition accounted for exceptions to Arrhenius theory.
3. Acids and bases are described further as conjugate acid-base pairs, amphoteric substances that can be acids or bases, and polyprotic acids that donate more than one H+.
Chapter15
This document provides an overview of chapter 15 on acids and bases. It begins with an outline of the key concepts and sections to be covered, including the Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions of acids and bases. It then discusses acid and base strengths, factors that influence strength, and the concepts of conjugate acid-base pairs and amphiprotic species. Another section covers self-ionization of water and how pH is defined and calculated. Learning objectives are provided for each major topic.
Ionic Equilibrium
This document discusses ionic equilibrium and electrolytes. It defines electrolytes as substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water by dissociating into ions. Electrolytes are divided into strong and weak based on their degree of ionization. Strong electrolytes almost completely ionize while weak electrolytes ionize only partially. The document discusses Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation and factors that affect the degree of ionization like concentration, temperature, and presence of a common ion. It also defines concepts like isohydric solutions and dissociation constants.
Acid base
The document discusses Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory, which defines acids as substances that can donate protons and bases as those that can accept protons. An acid-base reaction requires one reactant to donate a proton while another accepts it. Conjugate acid-base pairs are formed when a proton is transferred between two molecules, producing a conjugate acid and conjugate base. Examples are provided of identifying the acid, base, conjugate acid and conjugate base in reactions.
acids and bases
The document discusses key concepts regarding acids and bases including: Bronsted-Lowery acids and bases, conjugate acid-base pairs, the pH scale, strong and weak acids and bases, acid-base properties of salts, and Lewis acids and bases. Key equations discussed include the ionization of water and the autoionization constant Kw. Sample problems are provided for calculating pH, percentage of ionization, and acid and base dissociation constants.
Acid and base
Acids and bases can be classified based on their strength. Strong acids and bases fully dissociate in solution, while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate. The strength of an acid or base depends on factors like the polarity and stability of the conjugate ions. Acid-base reactions involve the transfer of protons between substances. The pH scale quantifies the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, relating acidity to the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. Salts are formed by the neutralization of acids and bases.
Acid Base Equilibrium
The PowerPoint Presentation is a set of slides associated with a discussion on Acid-Base Equilibrium.
Acids andbases cheat sheet
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to acids and bases in chemistry. It defines different types of acids and bases according to several theories. It also discusses properties of acids and bases such as tastes and colors of litmus paper. Strong and weak acids and bases are compared. Buffers are described as mixtures of weak acids and bases that resist pH change. The pH scale is introduced and methods for solving pH problems are outlined, including using Ka, Kb, and Kw values and ICE charts. Acid-base properties of salts and the principles of titrations are also summarized.
Hard soft acid-base theory
The document discusses hard and soft acid-base (HSAB) theory, which classifies acids and bases as either hard or soft based on their size, charge density, and polarizability. Hard acids and bases are small and nonpolarizable, preferring to interact with each other. Soft acids and bases are larger and more polarizable, preferring to interact with each other. This preferential hard-hard and soft-soft interaction leads to differences in properties like solubility, coordination preferences, and reaction kinetics. The theory has applications in understanding solubility trends, ligand substitution reactions, and the geochemical partitioning of elements.
New chm 152 unit 3 power points sp13
This document provides information on acids and bases, including:
- The Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories of acids and bases.
- Classification of acids and bases as strong or weak based on degree of ionization.
- Conjugate acid-base pairs and how they are involved in acid-base reactions.
- The pH scale and relationships between [H+], [OH-], pH, pOH, and pKw.
- Key acid-base concepts such as autoionization of water, amphoteric nature of water, and using Ka/pKa values to determine acid strength.
Grade 10 acids and bases
The definition of Acids and Bases based on Bronsted-Lowery Model. It describes the fundamental properties of both the acids and the bases.
Acids, bases and salt
This document defines acids, bases, and salts according to three theories:
1) Arrhenius defines acids as substances that yield hydrogen ions in water and bases as substances that yield hydroxide ions in water. Neutralization produces salt and water.
2) Bronsted-Lowry defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors. Neutralization involves the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base.
3) Lewis defines acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors. Neutralization involves the sharing of an electron pair between an acid and base.
Apchemunit14presentationpart2 120227191453-phpapp02
This document discusses various properties of bases and salts. It explains that Group 1 and 2 hydroxides are strong bases, while NaOH and KOH are common laboratory reagents. Weak bases produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water through reactions. Salts can behave as acids or bases depending on whether their ions are from conjugate acid-base pairs. The pH of solutions can be predicted based on comparing Ka and Kb values of constituent ions. Acid-base behavior is also influenced by structural factors like electronegativity and number of oxygen atoms.
Ainun dan winda
This document discusses acid-base theories and reactions. It begins with a brief history of acids and bases, noting they were originally defined based on their sour taste. It then focuses on three main acid-base theories:
1) Arrhenius theory defines acids as producing H+ ions in water and bases as producing OH- ions.
2) Brønsted-Lowry theory provides a more general definition, with acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors that form conjugate acid-base pairs.
3) Lewis theory defines acids and bases based on their ability to accept or donate electron pairs in chemical bonds.
The document goes on to discuss the properties of acids and bases, ion
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 1.2- ACIDS,BASES AND SALTS
This document discusses acids, bases, and pH. It defines acids and bases according to Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. The key points are:
1) Arrhenius defined acids as producing H+ ions in water and bases as producing OH- ions. Bronsted-Lowry expanded this to include proton donors and acceptors in any solvent.
2) Lewis defined acids and bases in terms of electron pair acceptance and donation.
3) Conjugate acid-base pairs are related - the conjugate base of an acid is its corresponding base, and vice versa.
4) pH measures hydrogen ion concentration on a logarithmic scale from 0-14.
More Related Content
What's hot
Acid and base
The document discusses several theories of acids and bases that developed over time:
- Lavoisier's original oxygen theory defined acids as containing oxygen (1776). This was disproven by Davy in 1810.
- Liebig proposed in 1838 that acids contain replaceable hydrogen.
- Arrhenius' 1884 definition defined acids as producing hydrogen ions (H+) and bases as producing hydroxide ions (OH-) in aqueous solutions, which became the standard definition.
- Lewis in 1923 expanded the definition to electron pair transfers between any acids and bases, not just involving hydrogen.
- Other theories such as Lux-Flood's oxygen theory of 1939 and Pearson's hard/soft acid base principle
Ionic equilibria two
This document discusses weak bases and how they react with water to form the conjugate acid and hydroxide ions. It defines the base dissociation constant Kb and explains how it refers to the equilibrium of a base reacting with water. It provides examples of calculating the concentration of hydroxide ions produced from a weak base solution and calculating Kb or Ka values for conjugate acid-base pairs using known constants. The document also discusses how the properties of salt solutions are determined by the constituent ions and how buffers resist changes in pH upon addition of acids or bases.
Ionic Equilibria
1. The document discusses ionic equilibria, specifically acids and bases, and how to identify and classify them.
2. It also discusses how to determine if a salt is neutral, acidic, or basic based on the acid and base ions that make it up.
3. The document provides methods for calculating pH and determining precipitation for salt solutions, sparingly soluble salts, and acid-base reactions.
ACID BASE THEORY
This document discusses different definitions of acids and bases that were proposed over time:
1. Lavoisier defined acids as containing oxygen. Liebig later defined acids as containing hydrogen that can be replaced by a metal.
2. Arrhenius defined acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution and bases as substances that produce hydroxide (OH-) ions.
3. Brønsted and Lowry defined acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors in acid-base reactions, forming conjugate acid-base pairs.
4. Lewis expanded the definition to include electron pair donors and acceptors in both aqueous and non-aqueous reactions.
It also discusses
Lewis acid base
This document discusses Lewis acid-base theory. It defines a Lewis acid as a substance that can accept an electron pair to form a covalent bond, while a Lewis base is a substance that can donate an electron pair to form a covalent bond. The Lewis definitions include all Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases. According to Lewis, an acid accepts an electron pair during a reaction and a base donates an electron pair.
Solvent system definition of acids and bases
This PPT is about the solvent system definition of acids and bases in inorganic chemistry . This power point is useful to those who study chemistry in college and also useful for University students and also for PhD students
Acids & Bases
This document discusses acids and bases. It introduces some of their key properties including turning litmus red or blue and reacting with metals. It then discusses several theories of acids and bases:
1. Arrhenius theory which defined acids as producing H+ ions and bases as producing OH- ions in aqueous solutions.
2. Bronsted-Lowry theory which defined acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors. This new definition accounted for exceptions to Arrhenius theory.
3. Acids and bases are described further as conjugate acid-base pairs, amphoteric substances that can be acids or bases, and polyprotic acids that donate more than one H+.
Chapter15
This document provides an overview of chapter 15 on acids and bases. It begins with an outline of the key concepts and sections to be covered, including the Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions of acids and bases. It then discusses acid and base strengths, factors that influence strength, and the concepts of conjugate acid-base pairs and amphiprotic species. Another section covers self-ionization of water and how pH is defined and calculated. Learning objectives are provided for each major topic.
Ionic Equilibrium
This document discusses ionic equilibrium and electrolytes. It defines electrolytes as substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water by dissociating into ions. Electrolytes are divided into strong and weak based on their degree of ionization. Strong electrolytes almost completely ionize while weak electrolytes ionize only partially. The document discusses Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation and factors that affect the degree of ionization like concentration, temperature, and presence of a common ion. It also defines concepts like isohydric solutions and dissociation constants.
Acid base
The document discusses Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory, which defines acids as substances that can donate protons and bases as those that can accept protons. An acid-base reaction requires one reactant to donate a proton while another accepts it. Conjugate acid-base pairs are formed when a proton is transferred between two molecules, producing a conjugate acid and conjugate base. Examples are provided of identifying the acid, base, conjugate acid and conjugate base in reactions.
acids and bases
The document discusses key concepts regarding acids and bases including: Bronsted-Lowery acids and bases, conjugate acid-base pairs, the pH scale, strong and weak acids and bases, acid-base properties of salts, and Lewis acids and bases. Key equations discussed include the ionization of water and the autoionization constant Kw. Sample problems are provided for calculating pH, percentage of ionization, and acid and base dissociation constants.
Acid and base
Acids and bases can be classified based on their strength. Strong acids and bases fully dissociate in solution, while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate. The strength of an acid or base depends on factors like the polarity and stability of the conjugate ions. Acid-base reactions involve the transfer of protons between substances. The pH scale quantifies the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, relating acidity to the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. Salts are formed by the neutralization of acids and bases.
Acid Base Equilibrium
The PowerPoint Presentation is a set of slides associated with a discussion on Acid-Base Equilibrium.
Acids andbases cheat sheet
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to acids and bases in chemistry. It defines different types of acids and bases according to several theories. It also discusses properties of acids and bases such as tastes and colors of litmus paper. Strong and weak acids and bases are compared. Buffers are described as mixtures of weak acids and bases that resist pH change. The pH scale is introduced and methods for solving pH problems are outlined, including using Ka, Kb, and Kw values and ICE charts. Acid-base properties of salts and the principles of titrations are also summarized.
Hard soft acid-base theory
The document discusses hard and soft acid-base (HSAB) theory, which classifies acids and bases as either hard or soft based on their size, charge density, and polarizability. Hard acids and bases are small and nonpolarizable, preferring to interact with each other. Soft acids and bases are larger and more polarizable, preferring to interact with each other. This preferential hard-hard and soft-soft interaction leads to differences in properties like solubility, coordination preferences, and reaction kinetics. The theory has applications in understanding solubility trends, ligand substitution reactions, and the geochemical partitioning of elements.
New chm 152 unit 3 power points sp13
This document provides information on acids and bases, including:
- The Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories of acids and bases.
- Classification of acids and bases as strong or weak based on degree of ionization.
- Conjugate acid-base pairs and how they are involved in acid-base reactions.
- The pH scale and relationships between [H+], [OH-], pH, pOH, and pKw.
- Key acid-base concepts such as autoionization of water, amphoteric nature of water, and using Ka/pKa values to determine acid strength.
Grade 10 acids and bases
The definition of Acids and Bases based on Bronsted-Lowery Model. It describes the fundamental properties of both the acids and the bases.
What's hot (17)
Similar to Ab Lec1
Acids, bases and salt
This document defines acids, bases, and salts according to three theories:
1) Arrhenius defines acids as substances that yield hydrogen ions in water and bases as substances that yield hydroxide ions in water. Neutralization produces salt and water.
2) Bronsted-Lowry defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors. Neutralization involves the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base.
3) Lewis defines acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors. Neutralization involves the sharing of an electron pair between an acid and base.
Apchemunit14presentationpart2 120227191453-phpapp02
This document discusses various properties of bases and salts. It explains that Group 1 and 2 hydroxides are strong bases, while NaOH and KOH are common laboratory reagents. Weak bases produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water through reactions. Salts can behave as acids or bases depending on whether their ions are from conjugate acid-base pairs. The pH of solutions can be predicted based on comparing Ka and Kb values of constituent ions. Acid-base behavior is also influenced by structural factors like electronegativity and number of oxygen atoms.
Ainun dan winda
This document discusses acid-base theories and reactions. It begins with a brief history of acids and bases, noting they were originally defined based on their sour taste. It then focuses on three main acid-base theories:
1) Arrhenius theory defines acids as producing H+ ions in water and bases as producing OH- ions.
2) Brønsted-Lowry theory provides a more general definition, with acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors that form conjugate acid-base pairs.
3) Lewis theory defines acids and bases based on their ability to accept or donate electron pairs in chemical bonds.
The document goes on to discuss the properties of acids and bases, ion
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 1.2- ACIDS,BASES AND SALTS
This document discusses acids, bases, and pH. It defines acids and bases according to Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. The key points are:
1) Arrhenius defined acids as producing H+ ions in water and bases as producing OH- ions. Bronsted-Lowry expanded this to include proton donors and acceptors in any solvent.
2) Lewis defined acids and bases in terms of electron pair acceptance and donation.
3) Conjugate acid-base pairs are related - the conjugate base of an acid is its corresponding base, and vice versa.
4) pH measures hydrogen ion concentration on a logarithmic scale from 0-14.
Mec chapter 8
This document provides an overview of acids and bases including:
1) It describes the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories of acids and bases, defining acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.
2) It discusses strong vs. weak acids and bases based on their degree of dissociation in water, and introduces conjugate acid-base pairs.
3) It explains that water can act as both an acid and base, and discusses the autoionization of water and the definition of pH in terms of the hydronium ion concentration.
Mec chapter 8
This document provides an overview of acids and bases including:
1) It describes the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories of acids and bases, defining acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.
2) It discusses strong vs. weak acids and bases based on their degree of dissociation in water, and introduces conjugate acid-base pairs.
3) It explains that water can act as both an acid and base, and discusses the autoionization of water and the definition of pH in terms of the hydronium ion concentration.
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases are defined by Four main theories,
1.Traditional theory / concept
2.Arrhenius theory
3.Bronsted and Lowry theory
4.Lewis theory
Importance of acids and bases in pharmacy
Buffers: Buffer action
Buffer capacity Buffers system
Types of Buffers : Generally buffers are of two types:
1. Acidic buffers
2. Basic buffers
There are some other buffer system:
3. Two salts acts as acid-base pair. Ex- Potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
4. Amphoteric electrolyte. Ex- Solution of glycine.
5. Solution of strong acid and solution of strong base. Ex- Strong HCl with KCl Mechanism of Buffer action: Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers: Buffer equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
Standard Buffer Solutions Preparation of Buffer Solutions: Buffers in pharmaceutical systems or Application of buffer: Stability of buffers Buffered isotonic solution Types of Buffer Isotonic solution
1. Isotonic Solutions:
2. Hypertonic Solutions:
3. Hypotonic Solution:
Measurement of Tonicity: 1. Hemolytic method: 2. Cryoscopic method or depression of freezing point:
Methods of adjusting the tonicity:
Class I methods:
In this type, sodium chloride or other substances are added to the solution in sufficient quantity to make it isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its final volume withan isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
Cryoscopic method
Sodium chloride equivalent method.
Class II methods:
In this type, water is added in sufficient quantity make the preparation isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its volume with an isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
White-Vincent method
Sprowls method.
B sc i chemistry i u ii ionic equilibria in aqueous solution a
This document provides an overview of acids, bases, and pH. It defines acids and bases according to Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. Acids are substances that produce H+ ions in water or donate protons in reactions, while bases produce OH- ions or accept protons. The document also discusses acid and base strength, pH, self-ionization of water, and examples of calculating pH from H+ concentration and vice versa. Common acids, bases, and pH indicators are listed.
Acidandbase chm141 thursday[1]goodday
This document discusses Lewis acids and bases, strong acids and bases, pH and pOH scales, autoionization of water, and buffer solutions. It provides definitions and examples of Arrhenius acids and bases, Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases, and Lewis acids and bases. It also discusses properties of strong acids and bases, calculating pH and pOH, and how buffer solutions resist changes in pH through acid-base equilibriums.
acids-and-bases-lecture.ppt
1. There are three classes of strong electrolytes: strong acids, strong bases, and most water soluble salts. Weak acids and bases only partially dissociate in water.
2. pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in a solution. Low pH indicates high [H+] and an acidic solution, while high pH indicates low [H+] and a basic solution. Household substances like coffee, milk, and baking soda have different pH values.
3. The acid dissociation constant Ka and base dissociation constant Kb are equilibrium constants that indicate the strength of an acid or base. Strong acids and bases fully dissociate while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate,
Acid base and acid base titration
This chapter discusses acids and bases according to the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry definitions. The Arrhenius definition states that acids are substances that produce hydronium ions (H3O+) in water and bases produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Brønsted-Lowry defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors. Both definitions are discussed along with their advantages and limitations. Strong and weak acids/bases are compared based on their extent of ionization in water. Neutralization reactions between acids and bases are outlined. Conjugate acid-base pairs are introduced in the context of Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reactions. Certain substances, called
Acid and bases
This document discusses various concepts of acids and bases. It begins by describing the early definitions of acids and bases based on their observable properties. It then discusses the Arrhenius theory which defined acids as substances that produce H+ ions in aqueous solution and bases as those that produce OH- ions. The Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis theories expanded these definitions to include proton transfer and electron pair donation/acceptance respectively. The document also discusses hard/soft acids and bases, buffers, and methods for adjusting tonicity and pH.
Netralization titration- Pharmaceutical Analysis
Acid base Theories
Role of the solvents
Acid base dissociation constant,
Relative strength of acids and bases
Distribution of acid base species with pH
Buffer solution
Henderson Hasselbalch equation,
Indicators, Mixed indicators
Different type of titrations (Neutralization curves)
Polyprotic systems,
Phosphoric acid system,
Polyamine and amino acid systems.
Titration of sodium carbonate
Lavoisier definition
Liebig definition
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base
Lewis Acid and Base
Solvent-system Concept
Lux-Flood Concept
Pearson’s Concept
Historically, the first of the scientific concepts of acids and bases was provided by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, circa 1776.
Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxyacids, which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, such as HNO3 and H2SO4, and he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids, HCl, HBr, and HI. From his limited knowledge,
He defined acids in terms of their content of oxygen, and he named oxygen from Greek words meaning "acid-former"
Acid and Base Definitions.ppt
This subject is known as chemistry which is a sub branch of science. The ppt is about acids and bases and there types, definitions and etc
Acidsandbasesreview
This document provides an overview of acids and bases. It discusses the early theories of Arrhenius and the refinements made by Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis in defining acids and bases. It also defines key terms like conjugate acids and bases, amphiprotic, and discusses how acid and base strength relates to the equilibrium constant. The document then covers acid-base reactions with hydroxides, metal oxides, ammonia, and carbonates. It concludes by discussing water equilibrium, calculations for strong acids and bases, and an invitation to learn more about calculations for weak acids/bases, buffers, and indicators.
Diploma_I_Applied science(chemistry)U-III Acid & bases
1) Acids cause substances like lemons and food to be sour and can damage materials like teeth and sculptures. Acids have positively charged hydrogen ions and turn litmus red.
2) Bases have negatively charged hydroxide ions, feel slippery, and turn litmus blue. Common bases include hand soaps and drain cleaners.
3) The Brønsted-Lowry concept defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors in reversible acid-base reactions. Both acids and bases can act as conjugates of each other by gaining or losing protons.
Chapter 4 Modern Theories of Acid and bases.pdf
For a species to act as a Brønsted base, it must be able to accept a proton (H+) from an acid in a chemical reaction. Atoms that possess a lone pair of electrons are able to accept the proton through formation of a new covalent bond between the proton and the atom with the lone pair. The lone pair provides the electrons needed to form this new bond, allowing the atom to take on the proton and act as a base according to Brønsted-Lowry theory. Therefore, the presence of a lone pair of electrons on an atom in a species is necessary for that species to function as a Brønsted base.
Acids and bases 13052020
This document provides an overview of acids and bases according to different theories:
1) Arrhenius concept defines acids and bases as compounds that release H+ and OH- ions in water.
2) Bronsted-Lowry concept defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors in any reaction.
3) Lewis concept defines acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors, forming coordinate covalent bonds.
Buffer solutions maintain pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base and are important in biological systems like blood plasma.
Apchemunit14presentationpart1 120226122440-phpapp02
This document provides an overview of acids and bases including:
- The Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis models of acids and bases
- Key concepts such as conjugate acid-base pairs, acid dissociation constants, and the pH scale
- How to calculate the pH of strong acid solutions, weak acid solutions, and solutions involving conjugate acid-base pairs
- Common strong/weak acids and bases and their properties
The document explains acid and base chemistry concepts thoroughly and provides practice problems to illustrate applications of these concepts.
Similar to Ab Lec1 (20)
Apchemunit14presentationpart2 120227191453-phpapp02
Apchemunit14presentationpart2 120227191453-phpapp02
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
B sc i chemistry i u ii ionic equilibria in aqueous solution a
B sc i chemistry i u ii ionic equilibria in aqueous solution a
Diploma_I_Applied science(chemistry)U-III Acid & bases
Diploma_I_Applied science(chemistry)U-III Acid & bases
Apchemunit14presentationpart1 120226122440-phpapp02
Apchemunit14presentationpart1 120226122440-phpapp02
More from teacher.mimi
First Sem Chem 3 Grade
This document appears to contain grade data for a first semester chemistry class of 30 students. It lists the percentage scores and letter grades for four topics: charm, electron, photon, and truth. The percentage scores range from 43.48% to 106% while the letter grades range from 1 to 4, with lower numbers indicating better performance. The data is presented numerically by student number for each of the four topics.
Lec Balancingredoxmrxn
This document describes two methods for balancing redox reactions:
1. The oxidation number method which involves assigning oxidation numbers, identifying the reducing and oxidizing agents, computing electrons lost and gained, and balancing the reaction.
2. The half-reaction/ion-electron method which involves breaking the reaction into half-reactions, balancing atoms other than oxygen and hydrogen, balancing charges by adding electrons, and combining the half-reactions.
Lec Redox
This document defines redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions as chemical reactions involving electron transfer. It identifies key redox terms like oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent, and reducing agent. It also explains how to determine the oxidation number or state of elements in compounds using 10 rules. The document asks the reader to identify the oxidation number of elements in various compounds and determine whether sample reactions are redox based on changes in oxidation number.
Ab Lec2
This document discusses autoionization of water and concepts related to acid-base chemistry including:
- In neutral solutions, the concentrations of H3O+ and OH- are equal to each other based on the water ion product constant.
- Solutions can be classified as neutral, acidic, or basic based on the relative concentrations of H3O+ and OH-.
- Strong acids and bases completely ionize in solution, allowing their concentrations to determine H3O+ or OH- concentrations.
- Weak acids and bases only partially ionize in solution, with their extent of dissociation determined by their acid or base ionization constant (Ka or Kb).
Risk and hazard
Risk refers to the chance that harm will occur from a hazard, requiring both a hazard and exposure to be present. Hazard refers to the intrinsic ability of a situation or substance to cause harm. For a risk to exist, there must be not only a hazard but also exposure to that hazard. An example is given of a dangerous animal that is a hazard when free but presents no risk when caged, since there is then no exposure. Risk assessment considers both the hazard and likelihood of exposure to determine if and how harm might occur from a given situation.
More from teacher.mimi (6)
Recently uploaded
欧洲杯投注-欧洲杯投注外围盘口-欧洲杯投注盘口app|【网址🎉ac22.net🎉】
【网址🎉ac22.net🎉】欧洲杯投注是体育博彩和在线赌场之一，得益于UKGC的三项许可。 成立之初是三名博彩公司将40家博彩商店的合并的结果，共同创建一家名为欧洲杯投注的公司。 欧洲杯投注在线赌场为游戏爱好者提供了300多种游戏，其中200多种老虎机，其他游戏包括二十一点，轮盘，真人荷官和真人赌场等。
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan panel Chart Indian Matka Dpbos...
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan panel Chart Indian Matka Dpbos...➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka
Sattamatka.satta.matka.satta matka.kalyan weekly chart.kalyan chart.kalyan jodi chart.kalyan penal chart.kalyan today.kalyan open.fix satta.fix fix fix Satta matka nambarThe Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb Platform
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SU
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Kirill Klip GEM Royalty TNR Gold Lithium Presentation
Lithium Will Power Us For The Next 50 Years And Then Robots: Kirill Klip GEM Royalty TNR Gold Lithium Presentation
Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Kalyan panel Chart
Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Kalyan panel Chart➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka
SATTA MATKA SATTA FAST RESULT KALYAN TOP MATKA RESULT KALYAN SATTA MATKA FAST RESULT MILAN RATAN RAJDHANI MAIN BAZAR MATKA FAST TIPS RESULT MATKA CHART JODI CHART PANEL CHART FREE FIX GAME SATTAMATKA ! MATKA MOBI SATTA 143 spboss.in TOP NO1 RESULT FULL RATE MATKA ONLINE GAME PLAY BY APP SPBOSSTIMES BPO: Business Plan For Startup Industry
Starting a business is like embarking on an unpredictable adventure. It’s a journey filled with highs and lows, victories and defeats. But what if I told you that those setbacks and failures could be the very stepping stones that lead you to fortune? Let’s explore how resilience, adaptability, and strategic thinking can transform adversity into opportunity.
Profiles of Iconic Fashion Personalities.pdf
The fashion industry is dynamic and ever-changing, continuously sculpted by trailblazing visionaries who challenge norms and redefine beauty. This document delves into the profiles of some of the most iconic fashion personalities whose impact has left a lasting impression on the industry. From timeless designers to modern-day influencers, each individual has uniquely woven their thread into the rich fabric of fashion history, contributing to its ongoing evolution.
Best Competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai - ☎ 9928909666
Stone Art Hub offers the best competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai, ensuring affordability without compromising quality. With a wide range of exquisite marble options to choose from, you can enhance your spaces with elegance and sophistication. For inquiries or orders, contact us at ☎ 9928909666. Experience luxury at unbeatable prices.
Discover the Beauty and Functionality of The Expert Remodeling Service
Unlock your kitchen's true potential with expert remodeling services from O'Brien Group Inc. Transform your space into a functional, modern, and luxurious haven with their experienced professionals. From layout reconfiguration to high-end upgrades, they deliver stunning results tailored to your style and needs. Visit obriengroupinc.com to elevate your kitchen's beauty and functionality today.
欧洲杯赌球-欧洲杯赌球买球官方官网-欧洲杯赌球比赛投注官网|【网址🎉ac55.net🎉】
【网址🎉ac55.net🎉】欧洲杯赌球是世界上历史最悠久的博彩公司之一。其历史可以追溯到十九世纪末，确切时间是1886年。这家英国公司拥有超过15000名员工，是博彩行业规模最大的公司。欧洲杯赌球是英国最受欢迎的实体博彩公司之一，其排名仅次于欧洲杯赌球，旗下2800家投注站遍布全英国。
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....
“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
years in a row, the Labrador Retriever has dropped to second place
in the American Kennel Club's annual survey of the country's most
popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
United States as of 2022. The stylish puppy has ascended the
rankings in rapid time despite having health concerns and limited
color choices.”
Kirill Klip GEM Royalty TNR Gold Copper Presentation
Tesla Energy rEVolution And The Golden Age For Copper: Kirill Klip GEM Royalty TNR Gold Copper Presentation
Satta Matka Dpboss Kalyan Matka Results Kalyan Chart
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
一比一原版(QMUE毕业证书)英国爱丁堡玛格丽特女王大学毕业证文凭如何办理
永久可查学历认证【微信：A575476】【(QMUE毕业证书)英国爱丁堡玛格丽特女王大学毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Sustainable Logistics for Cost Reduction_ IPLTech Electric's Eco-Friendly Tra...
Sustainable Logistics for Cost Reduction_ IPLTech Electric's Eco-Friendly Transport Solution
Recently uploaded (20)
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan panel Chart Indian Matka Dpbos...
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan panel Chart Indian Matka Dpbos...
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb Platform
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb Platform
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SU
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SU
Kirill Klip GEM Royalty TNR Gold Lithium Presentation
Kirill Klip GEM Royalty TNR Gold Lithium Presentation
Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Kalyan panel Chart
Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Kalyan panel Chart
Best Competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai - ☎ 9928909666
Best Competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai - ☎ 9928909666
Discover the Beauty and Functionality of The Expert Remodeling Service
Discover the Beauty and Functionality of The Expert Remodeling Service
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....
Kirill Klip GEM Royalty TNR Gold Copper Presentation
Kirill Klip GEM Royalty TNR Gold Copper Presentation
Satta Matka Dpboss Kalyan Matka Results Kalyan Chart
Satta Matka Dpboss Kalyan Matka Results Kalyan Chart
Sustainable Logistics for Cost Reduction_ IPLTech Electric's Eco-Friendly Tra...
Sustainable Logistics for Cost Reduction_ IPLTech Electric's Eco-Friendly Tra...
Ab Lec1
- 1. ACIDS & BASES DEFINITIONS 1. Operational 2. Conceptual a. Arrhenius b. Bronsted-Lowry c. Lewis AMPHOTERISM 1. water and ammonia 8/19/2006 2. polyprotic acids /rmbb 1
- 2. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION based on experimental data - These are definitions using our senses with the help of colorimetric instruments such as indicators (litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, etc.). ACIDS BASES • Electrolytes* • Electrolytes* • Taste sour • With bitter taste • Turn blue litmus • Feel slippery red • Turn red litmus blue • React with metal to • Pink violet with form H2 gas phph • Colorless with phph • Yellow with methyl ectrolytes can bemethyl • Red with classified as weak or strong depending 2on it orange /rmbb
- 3. /rmbb 3
- 4. /rmbb 4
- 5. 8/19/2006 /rmbb 5
- 6. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION - These are definitions of acids and bases based on theories proposed by different scientists namely: Acid Base - yields - yields Arrhenius hydrogen ion (H+) hydroxide ion in aq’s solution (OH-) in aq’s solution - proton Bronsted & Lowry - proton donor acceptor Lewis - e- pair acceptor - e- pair donor /rmbb 6
- 7. Limitations of each definition: • H+ vs. H3O+ • inability of compounds without OH_ to be a base • hydrogen containing compounds that cannot donate H+ • inability of compounds without H+ to be an acid Example s: /rmbb 7
- 8. Examples of Arrhenius acids & bases 1) HCl → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) 2) NaOH → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) 3) CH3COOH → CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq) 4) H2SO4 → H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq) 5) Ba(OH)2 → Ba2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) 6) KOH → K+(aq) + OH-(aq) 7) NaCl → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) /rmbb 8
- 9. Conjugate Acids & Bases A conjugate pair is composed of one acid and one base. 1 2 1 2 Examples of Bronsted-Lowry acids & bases 8/19/2006 /rmbb 9
- 10. /rmbb 10
- 11. Relative Strengths of Bronsted-Lowry Acids & Bases According to this theory, the strength of an acid is measured by its tendency to donate a proton, while that of a base is measured by its tendency to accept a proton. RULE 1: The stronger an acid is, the weaker its conjugate base. The stronger the base is, the weaker its conjugate acid. RULE 2: Proton transfer reactions tend to favor the formation of the weaker acid and the weaker base. /rmbb 11
- 12. A. Complete and identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in the following reactions: 1. NH3 + HF ⇔ CN- + H2O ⇔ B. Complete the following acid-base reactions & predict the direction of the predominant proton transfer reaction and show it by the lengths of the arrows.: HCl + H2O → CH3COOH + H2O → /rmbb 12
- 13. Examples of Lewis acids & bases 1.Electron-deficient molecules 2.Cations 3.Super-octet molecules 4.Molecules with multiple bonds /rmbb 13