This study evaluated different sanitation methods on the quality of fresh cherry and plum salad over 10 days of storage at 4°C. The fruit was minimally processed and packaged under modified atmosphere. Using UV-C radiation and 10g/L ascorbic acid (Treatment 2) was most effective in reducing microbial growth, maintaining antioxidant compounds and sensory quality compared to water (Control) or ascorbic acid alone. Treatment 2 reduced mesophilic bacteria by 1.15 log CFU/g and psychrotrophic bacteria by 1 log CFU/g versus the Control after 10 days. It also better preserved color, phenolic content, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity over time. This combinated treatment shows potential as an environment
Morphological characterization and quality evaluation of some cultivated papr...Alexander Decker
The document analyzed 11 different morphological variants of paprika grown in Morocco. Significant differences were found among the variants for all fruit characteristics studied, including fresh and dry weight, length, seed traits, and density. Morphotype 1 had traits most desired commercially such as high ASTA value, high dry-to-fresh weight ratio, and low pungency. The results provide information that can be used to establish a paprika breeding program to develop new commercial hybrids with enriched desirable traits.
This document summarizes research evaluating the trypanocidal activity of plant extracts and identifying active constituents from Persea americana seeds. Crude extracts from 65 Mexican plant species were screened, with 39 showing activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The avocado seed methanol extract showed moderate activity, and fractionation yielded 8 trihydroxyheptadecane/nonadecane derivatives as the active compounds. These displayed similar activity against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes, in contrast to other compounds that are more active against trypomastigotes.
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing Calophyllum brasiliense extracts from two regions in Chiapas, Mexico for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). The hexane extracts from both regions showed potent inhibition of HIV-1 RT in vitro, with IC50 values of 20.2 μg/ml for the Soconusco region extract. This extract was further analyzed by HPLC and found to contain calanolides B and C and apetalic acid. The extract was not toxic to mice up to a dose of 1.99 g/kg. Histological analysis of mouse tissues showed no alterations. The results suggest this extract is suitable for further studies developing an anti-HIV
This document summarizes a study on the effects of various pretreatments and cold storage on the quality of minimally processed ambarella (Spondias dulcis) and a mixed load of ambarella and pineapple (Ananas comosus). Samples were treated with solutions like sodium chloride, calcium chloride, ascorbic acid, citric acid, or chitosan and stored at 5-7°C for 7 days. Pretreatments did not significantly affect physicochemical properties but helped maintain sensory quality and low microbial counts within safe limits throughout storage. Thus, the study concluded that minimally processed ambarella and the mixed load processed in this way could be recommended for supermarket sale with cold storage.
Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1 of dry basis (db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13% db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids. The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1 of ethanol. In conclusion, D. tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
This document summarizes the isolation and identification of trypanocidal constituents from Garcinia intermedia leaves and Calophyllum brasiliense heartwood. Guttiferone A and 8-desoxygartanin were isolated from G. intermedia, while jacareubin, 6-deoxyjacareubin, and two tetrahydroxyxanthones were obtained from C. brasiliense. These compounds showed trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease. The activity against infective trypomastigotes was also examined and compared to gossypol, berberine chloride, and harmine.
Bioactive components and antioxidant activity of moroccan paprika (capsicum a...Alexander Decker
This document examines the bioactive components and antioxidant activity of Moroccan paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) harvested and processed at different times. The study found:
1) Paprika produced in November had the highest levels of total phenols (1360 mg/100g DW), carotenoids (3727.54 mg/kg DW), and ASTA color value (167.15 units), and exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity in DPPH assays.
2) Total flavonol and flavonoid contents varied slightly depending on harvest and processing time.
3) Total phenolic content and total carotenoid content were highly correlated with DPPH radical scavenging activity
In a pot culture (2011), aerosols of oxidized nitrogen (NaNO2) @20kgha-1yr-1 (≈200 ppm), reduced nitrogen (NH4Cl) @10kg-1hayr-1 (≈100 ppm) and distilled water (control) were sprayed (1500 cm3plant-1) weekly at different days after sowing (DAS) to study their impacts on physiology of rice varieties (Bishnuprasad, Kanaklata, Joymati, Jyotiprasad and Mulagavaru). In a field trial (2012), the simulated N-aerosols @ 20 & 40 kg ha-1y-1 of each (1000 cm3m-2) along with a control were misted to population of the rice variety, Kanaklata at four different growth stages viz., germination and tillering (0-30 DAS), maximum tillering, (30-60 DAS), panicle initiation (60-90 DAS) and reproductive development (90-120 DAS). In both pot and field experiments, the N- aerosols brought about wide differences in net photosynthesis rates, nitrate reductase activity, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), membrane permeability in the crop. The aerosols with lower doses at earlier growth stages influenced NUE and economic yield of the crop varieties. Mechanisms of altering membrane permeability either by depletion of Ca2+, or acceleration of peroxidase activity of cell in presence of the aerosols have been elucidated.
Morphological characterization and quality evaluation of some cultivated papr...Alexander Decker
The document analyzed 11 different morphological variants of paprika grown in Morocco. Significant differences were found among the variants for all fruit characteristics studied, including fresh and dry weight, length, seed traits, and density. Morphotype 1 had traits most desired commercially such as high ASTA value, high dry-to-fresh weight ratio, and low pungency. The results provide information that can be used to establish a paprika breeding program to develop new commercial hybrids with enriched desirable traits.
This document summarizes research evaluating the trypanocidal activity of plant extracts and identifying active constituents from Persea americana seeds. Crude extracts from 65 Mexican plant species were screened, with 39 showing activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The avocado seed methanol extract showed moderate activity, and fractionation yielded 8 trihydroxyheptadecane/nonadecane derivatives as the active compounds. These displayed similar activity against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes, in contrast to other compounds that are more active against trypomastigotes.
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing Calophyllum brasiliense extracts from two regions in Chiapas, Mexico for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). The hexane extracts from both regions showed potent inhibition of HIV-1 RT in vitro, with IC50 values of 20.2 μg/ml for the Soconusco region extract. This extract was further analyzed by HPLC and found to contain calanolides B and C and apetalic acid. The extract was not toxic to mice up to a dose of 1.99 g/kg. Histological analysis of mouse tissues showed no alterations. The results suggest this extract is suitable for further studies developing an anti-HIV
This document summarizes a study on the effects of various pretreatments and cold storage on the quality of minimally processed ambarella (Spondias dulcis) and a mixed load of ambarella and pineapple (Ananas comosus). Samples were treated with solutions like sodium chloride, calcium chloride, ascorbic acid, citric acid, or chitosan and stored at 5-7°C for 7 days. Pretreatments did not significantly affect physicochemical properties but helped maintain sensory quality and low microbial counts within safe limits throughout storage. Thus, the study concluded that minimally processed ambarella and the mixed load processed in this way could be recommended for supermarket sale with cold storage.
Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1 of dry basis (db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13% db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids. The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1 of ethanol. In conclusion, D. tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
This document summarizes the isolation and identification of trypanocidal constituents from Garcinia intermedia leaves and Calophyllum brasiliense heartwood. Guttiferone A and 8-desoxygartanin were isolated from G. intermedia, while jacareubin, 6-deoxyjacareubin, and two tetrahydroxyxanthones were obtained from C. brasiliense. These compounds showed trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease. The activity against infective trypomastigotes was also examined and compared to gossypol, berberine chloride, and harmine.
Bioactive components and antioxidant activity of moroccan paprika (capsicum a...Alexander Decker
This document examines the bioactive components and antioxidant activity of Moroccan paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) harvested and processed at different times. The study found:
1) Paprika produced in November had the highest levels of total phenols (1360 mg/100g DW), carotenoids (3727.54 mg/kg DW), and ASTA color value (167.15 units), and exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity in DPPH assays.
2) Total flavonol and flavonoid contents varied slightly depending on harvest and processing time.
3) Total phenolic content and total carotenoid content were highly correlated with DPPH radical scavenging activity
In a pot culture (2011), aerosols of oxidized nitrogen (NaNO2) @20kgha-1yr-1 (≈200 ppm), reduced nitrogen (NH4Cl) @10kg-1hayr-1 (≈100 ppm) and distilled water (control) were sprayed (1500 cm3plant-1) weekly at different days after sowing (DAS) to study their impacts on physiology of rice varieties (Bishnuprasad, Kanaklata, Joymati, Jyotiprasad and Mulagavaru). In a field trial (2012), the simulated N-aerosols @ 20 & 40 kg ha-1y-1 of each (1000 cm3m-2) along with a control were misted to population of the rice variety, Kanaklata at four different growth stages viz., germination and tillering (0-30 DAS), maximum tillering, (30-60 DAS), panicle initiation (60-90 DAS) and reproductive development (90-120 DAS). In both pot and field experiments, the N- aerosols brought about wide differences in net photosynthesis rates, nitrate reductase activity, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), membrane permeability in the crop. The aerosols with lower doses at earlier growth stages influenced NUE and economic yield of the crop varieties. Mechanisms of altering membrane permeability either by depletion of Ca2+, or acceleration of peroxidase activity of cell in presence of the aerosols have been elucidated.
Antioxidant activity against methanol extraction of eucheuma cotonii and e. s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that tested the antioxidant activity of Eucheuma cotonii and E. spinosum collected from North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fresh and dry samples of both algae were extracted using 60%, 70%, and 80% methanol solvent. Tests measured total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP antioxidant power, and total carotene. The highest values were found in fresh E. spinosum extracted with 60% methanol, indicating it had the strongest antioxidant activity among the samples tested.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) on the total antioxidant capacity, phenols, and flavonoids of guava fruit cultivar Lucknow-49 during storage. The study found that total antioxidant capacity and total flavonoids increased during ripening and were highest in 1-MCP treated fruits stored at room temperature. Total phenolic content decreased during ripening and was highest in untreated fruits followed by 1-MCP treated fruits. The results indicate that 1-MCP treatment can help extend shelf life and maintain quality by retaining higher antioxidant levels in stored guava fruits.
INVESTIGATION OF IN-VITRO ANTHELMINTIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF ARTABOTRYS...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The methanolic extract of bark of Artabotrys hexapetalus were investigated for in-vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity was done using the brine shrimp lethality bio-assay. The crude methanolic extract showed significant cytotoxic potential (LC50 value of 7.688 μg/ml) comparing with that of standard vincristine (0.839 μg/ml). The other study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity where albendazole was used as reference standard. Methanolic extract of barks (50 mg/ml) caused paralysis of the worms at 68.33 minutes and death at 84.0 minutes while albendazole (positive control) paralyzed and killed the worms at 17 minutes and 48 minutes respectively at the concentration of 10 mg/ml. The study confirms the significant anthelmintic activities of bark extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus and therefore demands the isolation of active principles through bioassay.
This document discusses the antibacterial activity of honey. It begins by providing background on honey's increasing acceptance in medicine to treat infections. It then summarizes key points from the document, including that there is significant variation in the antibacterial potency of different honeys depending on factors like floral source and handling. The document also notes that honey is a complex substance with various chemical, physical and biological properties that contribute to its antibacterial effects and potential medical applications.
Protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas' disease in Latin America. The methanol extract of roots of Aristolochia taliscana showed trypanocidal activity against T. cruzi. Six compounds were isolated from the extract, including four neolignans and two lignans. Compounds 1-4 immobilized the epimastigotes of T. cruzi at concentrations of 15-75 μg/ml, while compounds 5 and 6 were inactive. The isolated compounds showed higher trypanocidal activity than gossypol, berberine chloride, and harmine.
Essential oil of Baccharis as a sustainable alternative for small farmers in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This work aimed at evaluating the insecticidal and repellent effect of essential oils of Baccharis trimera and Baccharis articulate leaves against the maize weevil in maize grains. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition showed that the major constituent was the carquejil acetate (73.6%) for B. trimera and β-pinene (22.3%) and β-cariofilene (21.5%) for B. articulate. Our results show that B. trimera oil was insecticidal and repellent to maize weevil. About 100% of mortality was achieved using concentrations of 0.32 μL.cm-2, after 24 h of exposure and the lower concentration 0.065 µL.cm-2 obtained similar results in 96 h. The LD50 value for B. trimera essential oil was 8.4 μL/ Petri dishes or 0.05 µL.cm-2. The results obtained indicate that the effect insecticidal of the essential oil of B. trimera is probably because of the presence of carquejil acetate. B. articulate showed low insecticidal activity. The values of the Preference level varied from -0.6 (0.065 μL.cm-2) to -0.9 (0.65 μL.cm-2) for B. trimera oil and -0.4 (0.065 μL.cm-2) to -0.7 (0.65 μL.cm-2) for B. articulata oil, being lower than -0.10. The minimum limit to consider that a plant has repellency activity, demonstrating that the both plants oils presents repellency activity. Although from an economical point of view synthetic chemicals are still more frequently used as repellents, we find the essential oil of B. trimera have potential to be used sustainably as bioinseticide by the small farmers.
RED GRAPE WASTES TO ELABORATE A FUNCTIONAL BEVERAGE: BIOACTIVE AND SENSORY PROFILE
Agroindustrial Engineering Program, Universidad Privada del Norte (UPN)
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties of two plants: Otostegia limbata L. and Ajuga bracteosa L. Methanol extracts of leaves from these plants were tested against bacteria, fungi, and free radicals. Against bacteria, the O. limbata extract showed maximum inhibition zones of 30 mm, while the A. bracteosa extract showed maximum zones of 25 mm. Both plant extracts were effective against the fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. In antioxidant assays, the extracts showed radical scavenging activity. The study demonstrates the ethnomedical uses of these plants and their potential for developing novel antim
Distribution of enzymes (rhodanese, 3 mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase, ar...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the activities of four enzymes (Rhodanese, 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulphurtransferase, Arginase, and Thiaminase) in nine commonly consumed plant tubers in Nigeria. It finds that all four enzymes exhibited activity in the plant tubers. 3-MST activity varied significantly between tubers, with white yam showing the highest. Arginase activity also varied significantly, with Irish potato having the highest and cassava the lowest. Thiaminase activity varied as well, with cassava stem the highest and bitter yam peel the lowest. The study confirms the presence and nutritional value of these enzymes in commonly consumed plant tubers.
1. The study investigated the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of geopropolis produced by Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides.
2. Analysis found the geopropolis contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, diterpenes, and triterpenes.
3. The hydroethanolic extract of the geopropolis (HEG) showed antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities through various in vitro assays.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the toxicity of five compounds - pentachlorophenol, trimethyltin, dibutyltin, nickel, and cyanide - on brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana). Trimethyltin proved the most toxic, while nickel was the least. Cyanides showed moderate toxicity, and pentachlorophenol toxicity was similar to dibutyltin. Tests found synergistic interactive effects between pentachlorophenol and each organotin, while the organotins showed antagonistic interaction. Finally, exposure to all three compounds together produced synergistic mortality.
This document describes the isolation and identification of compounds from the fruits of Lagenaria siceraria. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol soluble fractions of the methanol extract were subjected to column chromatography which resulted in the isolation of two flavonoids, one triterpenoid, and a mixture of sterols. Spectroscopic analysis identified the compounds as oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol, campesterol, isoquercitrin, and kaempferol. This is the first report of the isolation of oleanolic acid, kaempferol, and isoquercitrin from Lagenaria siceraria fruits. These compounds may be responsible for the traditional medicinal uses
Gamma radiation was used on peaches to extend their shelf life. Peaches were irradiated with doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 kGy and stored at refrigerated temperatures. Nutritional parameters like moisture, acidity, sugars, and sensory attributes were analyzed over 3 weeks. The 0.75 kGy dose was found to be most effective at increasing shelf life to 3 weeks while maintaining quality. Irradiation helped reduce post-harvest losses and could overcome quarantine barriers by extending the lifespan of peaches, benefiting the economy.
Detection of Slime-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Food...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of organic extracts from Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii plants against Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from foods. Four S. aureus strains produced biofilm as detected by two methods. Extracts showed antibacterial activity against tested S. aureus strains, with M. echegarayii 30:70% AcOEt:HEX extract exhibiting the strongest inhibition at 1000 μg/ml. This extract was also effective against the non-biofilm producing control strain. In general, MBC values were slightly higher than MIC values. The results suggest these plant extracts may provide natural alternatives for controlling biofilm-producing S. aureus in the food industry.
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Biochemical components of three marine macroalgae (Padina pavonica, Ulva lact...Innspub Net
Green macroalgae Ulva lactuca, brown macroalgae Taonia atomaria and Padina pavonica are spread in the Turkish Levantine Sea. There is limited information about antioxidant activities and fatty acid composition of these species from Levantine Sea. In this study was to determine and compare antioxidant activities, vitamin and fatty acid (FA) composition of U. lactuca, T. atomaria and P. pavonica. The analysis was made with HPLC and GC device. g. Then, the results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed; palmitic acid (C16:0) as the most abundant saturate fatty acid (21-41%). The green algae was rich palmitic acid (C16:0) (41.68%). Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were major components (39.81–42.89%). The total MUFA content for U. lactuca was 40.63%, P. pavonica 42.89% and for T. atomaria 38.81%. Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) was the most abundant MUFA in all the species analyzed. Eicosapentaenoic acid ( C20:5 n-3) and arahidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) were found in significant levels in T. atomaria. P. pavonica and T. atomaria showed similar amounts of C18 and C20 PUFAs contents. In T. atomaria eicosopentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) accounted 4.78% of total fatty acids. PUFA/SFA ratio in T. atomaria was 1.10%, U. lactuca; 0.26% and for P. pavonica 0.68%.The total phenolic contents ranged from 0.96 to 2.22 mg gallic acid equivalents per 1 g of dry macroalgae material. Phenolic content of the water extract of T. atomaria (2.22 mg GAE /g) was higher than that of the water extract of P. pavonica and U. lactuca. It has been thought that the amount of α-tocoferol was higher than the other lipophilic vitamins in all the three species tested. In Conclusion; these species can be used as food and in food industry.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of different home storage conditions and preservation techniques on the chemical constituents of tomatoes. Tomatoes were subjected to three post-harvest treatments: without preservative (control), preserved with groundnut oil, and preserved with salt. The samples were then stored under different conditions for 8 weeks. Chemical analyses found that the total soluble solids, insoluble solids, pH, sugar, salt, ascorbic acid and ash contents decreased in fresh and dehydrated samples over time, while acidity increased. Powdered tomato samples maintained their chemical constituents best over the 8-week period. The results suggest that powdering is an effective preservation technique worthy of further investigation.
The document describes the design of an energy meter that calculates energy using a one second logic for improved accuracy. The meter samples voltage and current values using an ADC synchronized to the line frequency via PLL. It calculates active and reactive power by averaging the sampled values over each second. The accumulated active power for each second is multiplied by one second to calculate energy, which is accumulated and converted to kWh. Test results showed the meter achieved an error of 0.3%, within the acceptable limit for class 1 meters. Considering energy over longer durations like one second helps reduce percentage error in the calculation.
This document presents a two-stage method for solving fuzzy transportation problems where the costs, supplies, and demands are represented by symmetric trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. In the first stage, the problem is solved to satisfy minimum demand requirements. Remaining supplies are then distributed in the second stage to further minimize costs. A numerical example demonstrates using robust ranking techniques to convert the fuzzy problem into a crisp one, which is then solved using a zero suffix method. The total optimal costs from both stages provide the solution to the original fuzzy transportation problem.
The document describes improvements made to a friction testing machine. A stepper motor and PLC control system were added to automatically vary the load on friction pairs, replacing the manual method. Tests using the improved machine found that the friction coefficient decreases as the load increases, and that abrasive and adhesive wear increased with higher loads. The improved machine allows more accurate and convenient testing of friction pairs under varying load conditions.
This document summarizes an algebraic approach to proving that the complete graph on 9 vertices (K9) is non-coplanar. It begins by providing background on previous proofs that K9 is not biplanar. It then defines relevant terminology like coplanar graphs, triangulations, and minimal lower coplanar graphs. The main part of the document presents four lemmas. The lemmas show that in any triangulation on n vertices where n ≥ 6, each edge of the minimal lower coplanar graph can be mapped to a pair of vertex-disjoint triangles in the triangulation. This mapping is used to prove K9 is non-coplanar.
Antioxidant activity against methanol extraction of eucheuma cotonii and e. s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that tested the antioxidant activity of Eucheuma cotonii and E. spinosum collected from North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fresh and dry samples of both algae were extracted using 60%, 70%, and 80% methanol solvent. Tests measured total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP antioxidant power, and total carotene. The highest values were found in fresh E. spinosum extracted with 60% methanol, indicating it had the strongest antioxidant activity among the samples tested.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) on the total antioxidant capacity, phenols, and flavonoids of guava fruit cultivar Lucknow-49 during storage. The study found that total antioxidant capacity and total flavonoids increased during ripening and were highest in 1-MCP treated fruits stored at room temperature. Total phenolic content decreased during ripening and was highest in untreated fruits followed by 1-MCP treated fruits. The results indicate that 1-MCP treatment can help extend shelf life and maintain quality by retaining higher antioxidant levels in stored guava fruits.
INVESTIGATION OF IN-VITRO ANTHELMINTIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF ARTABOTRYS...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The methanolic extract of bark of Artabotrys hexapetalus were investigated for in-vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity was done using the brine shrimp lethality bio-assay. The crude methanolic extract showed significant cytotoxic potential (LC50 value of 7.688 μg/ml) comparing with that of standard vincristine (0.839 μg/ml). The other study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity where albendazole was used as reference standard. Methanolic extract of barks (50 mg/ml) caused paralysis of the worms at 68.33 minutes and death at 84.0 minutes while albendazole (positive control) paralyzed and killed the worms at 17 minutes and 48 minutes respectively at the concentration of 10 mg/ml. The study confirms the significant anthelmintic activities of bark extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus and therefore demands the isolation of active principles through bioassay.
This document discusses the antibacterial activity of honey. It begins by providing background on honey's increasing acceptance in medicine to treat infections. It then summarizes key points from the document, including that there is significant variation in the antibacterial potency of different honeys depending on factors like floral source and handling. The document also notes that honey is a complex substance with various chemical, physical and biological properties that contribute to its antibacterial effects and potential medical applications.
Protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas' disease in Latin America. The methanol extract of roots of Aristolochia taliscana showed trypanocidal activity against T. cruzi. Six compounds were isolated from the extract, including four neolignans and two lignans. Compounds 1-4 immobilized the epimastigotes of T. cruzi at concentrations of 15-75 μg/ml, while compounds 5 and 6 were inactive. The isolated compounds showed higher trypanocidal activity than gossypol, berberine chloride, and harmine.
Essential oil of Baccharis as a sustainable alternative for small farmers in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This work aimed at evaluating the insecticidal and repellent effect of essential oils of Baccharis trimera and Baccharis articulate leaves against the maize weevil in maize grains. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition showed that the major constituent was the carquejil acetate (73.6%) for B. trimera and β-pinene (22.3%) and β-cariofilene (21.5%) for B. articulate. Our results show that B. trimera oil was insecticidal and repellent to maize weevil. About 100% of mortality was achieved using concentrations of 0.32 μL.cm-2, after 24 h of exposure and the lower concentration 0.065 µL.cm-2 obtained similar results in 96 h. The LD50 value for B. trimera essential oil was 8.4 μL/ Petri dishes or 0.05 µL.cm-2. The results obtained indicate that the effect insecticidal of the essential oil of B. trimera is probably because of the presence of carquejil acetate. B. articulate showed low insecticidal activity. The values of the Preference level varied from -0.6 (0.065 μL.cm-2) to -0.9 (0.65 μL.cm-2) for B. trimera oil and -0.4 (0.065 μL.cm-2) to -0.7 (0.65 μL.cm-2) for B. articulata oil, being lower than -0.10. The minimum limit to consider that a plant has repellency activity, demonstrating that the both plants oils presents repellency activity. Although from an economical point of view synthetic chemicals are still more frequently used as repellents, we find the essential oil of B. trimera have potential to be used sustainably as bioinseticide by the small farmers.
RED GRAPE WASTES TO ELABORATE A FUNCTIONAL BEVERAGE: BIOACTIVE AND SENSORY PROFILE
Agroindustrial Engineering Program, Universidad Privada del Norte (UPN)
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties of two plants: Otostegia limbata L. and Ajuga bracteosa L. Methanol extracts of leaves from these plants were tested against bacteria, fungi, and free radicals. Against bacteria, the O. limbata extract showed maximum inhibition zones of 30 mm, while the A. bracteosa extract showed maximum zones of 25 mm. Both plant extracts were effective against the fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. In antioxidant assays, the extracts showed radical scavenging activity. The study demonstrates the ethnomedical uses of these plants and their potential for developing novel antim
Distribution of enzymes (rhodanese, 3 mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase, ar...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the activities of four enzymes (Rhodanese, 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulphurtransferase, Arginase, and Thiaminase) in nine commonly consumed plant tubers in Nigeria. It finds that all four enzymes exhibited activity in the plant tubers. 3-MST activity varied significantly between tubers, with white yam showing the highest. Arginase activity also varied significantly, with Irish potato having the highest and cassava the lowest. Thiaminase activity varied as well, with cassava stem the highest and bitter yam peel the lowest. The study confirms the presence and nutritional value of these enzymes in commonly consumed plant tubers.
1. The study investigated the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of geopropolis produced by Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides.
2. Analysis found the geopropolis contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, diterpenes, and triterpenes.
3. The hydroethanolic extract of the geopropolis (HEG) showed antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities through various in vitro assays.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the toxicity of five compounds - pentachlorophenol, trimethyltin, dibutyltin, nickel, and cyanide - on brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana). Trimethyltin proved the most toxic, while nickel was the least. Cyanides showed moderate toxicity, and pentachlorophenol toxicity was similar to dibutyltin. Tests found synergistic interactive effects between pentachlorophenol and each organotin, while the organotins showed antagonistic interaction. Finally, exposure to all three compounds together produced synergistic mortality.
This document describes the isolation and identification of compounds from the fruits of Lagenaria siceraria. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol soluble fractions of the methanol extract were subjected to column chromatography which resulted in the isolation of two flavonoids, one triterpenoid, and a mixture of sterols. Spectroscopic analysis identified the compounds as oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol, campesterol, isoquercitrin, and kaempferol. This is the first report of the isolation of oleanolic acid, kaempferol, and isoquercitrin from Lagenaria siceraria fruits. These compounds may be responsible for the traditional medicinal uses
Gamma radiation was used on peaches to extend their shelf life. Peaches were irradiated with doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 kGy and stored at refrigerated temperatures. Nutritional parameters like moisture, acidity, sugars, and sensory attributes were analyzed over 3 weeks. The 0.75 kGy dose was found to be most effective at increasing shelf life to 3 weeks while maintaining quality. Irradiation helped reduce post-harvest losses and could overcome quarantine barriers by extending the lifespan of peaches, benefiting the economy.
Detection of Slime-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Food...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of organic extracts from Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii plants against Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from foods. Four S. aureus strains produced biofilm as detected by two methods. Extracts showed antibacterial activity against tested S. aureus strains, with M. echegarayii 30:70% AcOEt:HEX extract exhibiting the strongest inhibition at 1000 μg/ml. This extract was also effective against the non-biofilm producing control strain. In general, MBC values were slightly higher than MIC values. The results suggest these plant extracts may provide natural alternatives for controlling biofilm-producing S. aureus in the food industry.
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Biochemical components of three marine macroalgae (Padina pavonica, Ulva lact...Innspub Net
Green macroalgae Ulva lactuca, brown macroalgae Taonia atomaria and Padina pavonica are spread in the Turkish Levantine Sea. There is limited information about antioxidant activities and fatty acid composition of these species from Levantine Sea. In this study was to determine and compare antioxidant activities, vitamin and fatty acid (FA) composition of U. lactuca, T. atomaria and P. pavonica. The analysis was made with HPLC and GC device. g. Then, the results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed; palmitic acid (C16:0) as the most abundant saturate fatty acid (21-41%). The green algae was rich palmitic acid (C16:0) (41.68%). Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were major components (39.81–42.89%). The total MUFA content for U. lactuca was 40.63%, P. pavonica 42.89% and for T. atomaria 38.81%. Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) was the most abundant MUFA in all the species analyzed. Eicosapentaenoic acid ( C20:5 n-3) and arahidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) were found in significant levels in T. atomaria. P. pavonica and T. atomaria showed similar amounts of C18 and C20 PUFAs contents. In T. atomaria eicosopentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) accounted 4.78% of total fatty acids. PUFA/SFA ratio in T. atomaria was 1.10%, U. lactuca; 0.26% and for P. pavonica 0.68%.The total phenolic contents ranged from 0.96 to 2.22 mg gallic acid equivalents per 1 g of dry macroalgae material. Phenolic content of the water extract of T. atomaria (2.22 mg GAE /g) was higher than that of the water extract of P. pavonica and U. lactuca. It has been thought that the amount of α-tocoferol was higher than the other lipophilic vitamins in all the three species tested. In Conclusion; these species can be used as food and in food industry.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of different home storage conditions and preservation techniques on the chemical constituents of tomatoes. Tomatoes were subjected to three post-harvest treatments: without preservative (control), preserved with groundnut oil, and preserved with salt. The samples were then stored under different conditions for 8 weeks. Chemical analyses found that the total soluble solids, insoluble solids, pH, sugar, salt, ascorbic acid and ash contents decreased in fresh and dehydrated samples over time, while acidity increased. Powdered tomato samples maintained their chemical constituents best over the 8-week period. The results suggest that powdering is an effective preservation technique worthy of further investigation.
The document describes the design of an energy meter that calculates energy using a one second logic for improved accuracy. The meter samples voltage and current values using an ADC synchronized to the line frequency via PLL. It calculates active and reactive power by averaging the sampled values over each second. The accumulated active power for each second is multiplied by one second to calculate energy, which is accumulated and converted to kWh. Test results showed the meter achieved an error of 0.3%, within the acceptable limit for class 1 meters. Considering energy over longer durations like one second helps reduce percentage error in the calculation.
This document presents a two-stage method for solving fuzzy transportation problems where the costs, supplies, and demands are represented by symmetric trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. In the first stage, the problem is solved to satisfy minimum demand requirements. Remaining supplies are then distributed in the second stage to further minimize costs. A numerical example demonstrates using robust ranking techniques to convert the fuzzy problem into a crisp one, which is then solved using a zero suffix method. The total optimal costs from both stages provide the solution to the original fuzzy transportation problem.
The document describes improvements made to a friction testing machine. A stepper motor and PLC control system were added to automatically vary the load on friction pairs, replacing the manual method. Tests using the improved machine found that the friction coefficient decreases as the load increases, and that abrasive and adhesive wear increased with higher loads. The improved machine allows more accurate and convenient testing of friction pairs under varying load conditions.
This document summarizes an algebraic approach to proving that the complete graph on 9 vertices (K9) is non-coplanar. It begins by providing background on previous proofs that K9 is not biplanar. It then defines relevant terminology like coplanar graphs, triangulations, and minimal lower coplanar graphs. The main part of the document presents four lemmas. The lemmas show that in any triangulation on n vertices where n ≥ 6, each edge of the minimal lower coplanar graph can be mapped to a pair of vertex-disjoint triangles in the triangulation. This mapping is used to prove K9 is non-coplanar.
The document summarizes research on the use of earth air tunnels and wind towers as passive solar techniques. Key findings include:
- Earth air tunnels circulate air through underground pipes to take advantage of the stable temperature 4 meters below ground for cooling in summer and heating in winter. Testing showed the technique can reduce ambient temperatures by up to 14 degrees Celsius.
- Wind towers circulate air through tall shafts to cool air entering buildings at night and provide downward airflow of cooled air during the day.
- Experimental testing of an earth air tunnel system over multiple months found maximum temperature reductions of 33% in spring and minimum reductions of 15% in summer.
1) The document analyzes the dynamic saturation point of a deep-water channel in Shanghai port based on actual traffic data and a ship domain model.
2) A dynamic channel transit capacity model is established that considers factors like channel width, ship density, speed, and reductions due to traffic conditions.
3) Based on AIS data from the channel, the average traffic flow is calculated to be 15.7 ships per hour, resulting in a dynamic saturation of 32.5%, or 43.3% accounting for uneven day/night traffic volumes.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and implemented a dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) based GSM-controlled car security system. The system uses a DTMF decoder and GSM module to allow a car to be remotely controlled and secured from a mobile phone. It works by sending DTMF tones from the phone through calls to the GSM module in the car. The decoder interprets the tones and a microcontroller executes commands to disable the ignition or control other devices. The system was created to improve car security and accessibility through remote monitoring and control with DTMF and GSM technology.
This document introduces two new fractional integration operators associated with the H-function of two variables. The H-function of two variables is defined and some of its key properties are established. These operators generalize previous results given by other authors. The behavior of the H-function for small and large values of the variables is also described. When certain parameters are set to specific values, the H-function reduces to known cases.
The document discusses using ontologies and semantic web technologies to improve matching between learning objects and user preferences in e-learning systems like Moodle. It proposes building an ontology to semantically annotate learning objects and user profiles, then using that ontology to more effectively retrieve and customize learning content for each user. The author implemented this approach in Moodle to automatically manage course registration based on various student factors represented in the ontology. The goal is to make the learning process more personalized and improve tracking of student progress.
The document proposes improvements to the reliability and load balancing of an existing CP-ABE encryption scheme for secure data sharing in distributed networks. The existing scheme addresses key escrow and revocation issues but lacks reliability factors and load balancing. The proposed approach aims to improve security and efficiency by introducing reliability factors like multiple key generation centers and distributed data storage. It also aims to balance load across the network to avoid overloading any single node. The document reviews related work and outlines the proposed framework, including use of an access structure to define user attributes and access policies for decryption.
This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates the behavior of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) during faulty grid conditions using Matlab. It describes how a three-phase fault is created using a fault block, and the converter connected to the rotor is disconnected and the rotor is shorted by dump resistances after the fault occurs. The paper presents the normal and faulty operating equivalent circuits of the DFIG. It also describes the Matlab simulation model developed, including blocks for the DFIG and dump resistor protection. Simulation results are shown graphically for the stator current during a 0.2 to 0.3 second fault period.
This document discusses energy modeling enhancements in the OMNET++ wireless sensor network simulator. It describes how OMNET++'s modular architecture allows frameworks like MIXIM, INET, and CASTALIA to be used for energy modeling. It explains how to configure simulations in OMNET++ to set initial energy levels, track energy usage during transmissions and other events, and analyze output traces to compare energy levels over time. The document aims to guide researchers on utilizing OMNET++'s features for energy modeling studies in wireless sensor networks.
This document investigates the performance of a monopolar HVDC transmission system feeding a weak AC network using different reactive power compensators (RPCs). It analyzes the transient performance of hybrid RPC combinations including synchronous compensator (SC) + static VAR compensator (SVC), SVC + static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), and SC + STATCOM under various fault conditions. Simulation results show that the equal mix of SC and STATCOM has the steadiest and fastest response. The document also compares the performance of an optimal proportional-integral (PI) controller tuned with the firefly algorithm to a conventional PI controller. The firefly algorithm is used to minimize rectifier and inverter DC power errors to determine optimal PI gains.
Este documento presenta la asignatura de Seguridad Informática. Describe los objetivos y metodología del curso, así como el contenido programático que incluye temas como amenazas a la seguridad de redes, autenticación, firewalls, prevención de intrusiones, criptografía y redes privadas virtuales. También resume la evolución histórica de la seguridad en redes desde los primeros sistemas de detección de intrusos hasta las tecnologías actuales, y las organizaciones dedicadas a promover la seguridad como SANS
Contando e falando sobre números de 2 a 5 em 3 frases. O documento parece se referir a contar e falar sobre números entre 2 e 5, mas não fornece detalhes adicionais.
Web-Automatisierung mit WWW::MechanizeThomas Fahle
Oft sind wichtige Informationen, Daten und Dateien nur über aufwendig manuell auszufüllende Formulare zu ereichen.
Der Vortrag zeigt anhand einfacher und praktischer Beispiele auf, wie sich diese Tätigkeiten mit WWW::Mechanize schnell und kostengünstig automatisieren lassen.
Zielgruppe des Vortrags sind Einsteiger in das Thema Webscraping.
Inhalt
* Was ist Webscraping?
* Warum WWW::Mechanize?
* Erste Schritte
* Links extrahieren
* Links folgen
* Formulare
* Download von Dateien
* Passwortgeschützte Seiten
* CPAN-Module für Standardaufgaben
El documento describe varios deportes de motor como el tuning, drifting, Moto GP y F1. El tuning comenzó como una forma de personalizar coches pero se convirtió en un deporte. El drifting se basa en maniobras de derrape controlado y es popular en Japón. La Moto GP y la F1 son competiciones internacionales donde corren motociclistas y pilotos respectivamente a altas velocidades.
Effect of temperature, time, and material thickness on the dehydration proces...fstdesk.com
This research article studied the effect of temperature, time, and thickness on the dehydration process of tomatoes. Experiments were conducted drying tomato slices at different temperatures and times. Mathematical models were developed to predict mass loss during drying based on temperature and time. The optimal drying conditions were found to be 60°C, with the lowest thickness level, and shorter drying time, in order to avoid losses and maintain product quality during dehydration.
Bioactive constituents, antioxidant activity and in vitro cancerAlexander Decker
The document analyzes the antioxidant and anticancer properties of juices from nine varieties of Moroccan prickly pear fruit. It finds that the juices contain significant antioxidants like phenolics and flavonoids. Testing shows the juices have dose-dependent inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth in vitro. The results suggest the health benefits of different prickly pear varieties and provide information to make best use of them in food and medical applications.
Evaluation of Gamma Irradiation Effects on Brazilian Orange Melon (Cucumis me...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Orange flesh melons (Cucumis melo L. var. inodorus) is widely cultivated in Brazil, especially in the Northeast region. The study was carried out to determine the effects of gamma irradiation at doses 0.5 and 1.0 kGy on the carotenoids, sugars, volatile, flavor and sensory characteristics. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) were used to identify and quantify carotenoids, sugars and volatile compounds. Sensorial analysis was performed by untrained tasters using a just right scale. Were evaluated the suitability of the intensity of firmness. There were no significant changes in the parameters of pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids analyzed on samples. Determinations of total carotenoids, volatile compounds, the levels of sugar and flavor and firmness parameters indicated that the best irradiation dose was 0.5 kGy. The orange melon is good source of carotenoids (23,800μg.100g-1), being the major compound β-carotene, can be employed to combat hypovitaminosis A.
1) The study investigated the polyphenolic content of rose hip (Rosa canina L.) tea extracts obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Soxhlet extraction with different solvents.
2) The highest extract yield was obtained using UAE with water at 619.37 mg/g dried matter. The highest total phenolic content was obtained using Soxhlet extraction with a 50% methanol mixture at 59.69 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried matter.
3) UAE and Soxhlet extraction with various solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, and mixtures, were tested on three commercial brands of rose hip tea. Total phenolic content and extract yields
Effect of carotenoids levels in PEF treated Orange Juice during storage CoolWave Processing b.v.
This study examined the effects of non-thermal processing (pulsed electric fields and high hydrostatic pressure) and pasteurization on carotenoid levels in orange juice. The results showed that pasteurization significantly decreased total carotenoid concentration compared to fresh orange juice, while decreases were less for pulsed electric field and high pressure processing. During refrigerated storage, carotenoid levels declined more quickly in pasteurized orange juice than juices treated with non-thermal methods. Thus, non-thermal technologies better maintain carotenoid levels in orange juice compared to conventional thermal pasteurization.
This is a study undertaken on nutrient compositions of and processed products development from Son Tra (Docynia indica. The in-depth study of some bioactive substances of son tra fruit and its processed product development was undertaken as part of understanding existing market value chains, and identifying the necessary interventions to improve the performance of son tra.
Comparative effect of gamma irradiation, uv c and hot water on antioxidantDr Asif Ahmad
This study compared the effects of gamma irradiation, UV-C light, and hot water treatment on retaining antioxidants in mango fruit during storage. Gamma irradiation at 0.5 kGy was the most effective at retaining total polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in both the peel and pulp of two mango varieties, white and black Chaunsa, over 28 days of storage. UV-C light treatment was also better than hot water treatment. The white Chaunsa variety generally had better retention of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity compared to black Chaunsa. Overall, gamma irradiation showed potential for commercial use to extend mango shelf life while minimizing antioxidant losses during storage.
This document summarizes an experiment that optimized the ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from eggplant peels using aqueous mixtures of glycerol and ethanol as solvents. The researchers used a Box-Behnken experimental design to evaluate how solvent composition, liquid-to-solid ratio, and temperature affected the yield of total polyphenols. Their models showed that extractions with water/glycerol and water/ethanol mixtures could achieve similar maximum polyphenol yields under optimized conditions. However, the extraction kinetics and impact of the variables differed between the two solvent systems. The study suggested that glycerol may be a suitable green solvent for extracting polyphenols from food waste.
Biochemical changes in green chilli pepper fruits during storage in polymeric...researchagriculture
Biochemical changes occurring in fresh green chilli pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L. cv KA2) during storage in polymeric films at different temperatures were determined. Packaging films; Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 35μm, Polypropylene (PP) 80μm and LDPE micro perforated 31.75μm were used to store fruits at 4.3°C and 10°C for four weeks and at 26-34°C (ambient) for nine days. Biochemical analysis of the film-stored fruits for changes in ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total phenols, soluble solids and titratable acidity were carried out before and after storage. Ascorbic acid in the fruits significantly (p<0.05) decreased at both low (4.3°C and 10°C) and ambient (26-32°C) storage temperatures. Carotenoids and titratable acidity increased at all the storage temperatures while total phenols decreased at low temperature but increased at ambient temperature. Soluble solids generally increased at low temperature but remained stable at ambient temperature. These results suggest that biochemical changes occur during the storage of chilli pepper fruits in polymeric films at both low and ambient storage temperatures.
Article Citation:
Edusei VO and Ofosu-Anim J.
Biochemical changes in green chilli pepper fruits during storage in polymeric films.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 187-192.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0050.pdf
Extraction and characterization of pectin from citric waste aidicphuongchi53
The document discusses the extraction of pectin from citrus waste in Brazil. It examines the optimum extraction conditions for pectin from lime orange waste through a factorial design experiment. Higher acid concentration, temperature, and extraction time resulted in the highest pectin yield of 78% but lowest degree of esterification. Texture and compression profile analysis found the extracted pectins had similar characteristics to commercial pectin. The study aimed to add value to citrus waste through extraction and characterization of pectin.
Nutritional Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Peach Varieties in Ethi...AJSERJournal
Nutritional and functional characteristics of fruits are related to their quality and are influenced by
genotype and ripening stage, and by environmental conditions and orchard management practices. The purpose of this
research was to test nutritional profile and selected physicochemical properties of different improved and adopted
peach varieties in Ethiopia and comparative study among varieties and between study varieties and standard
reference. The result got show that improved peach varieties greater amount of ash (4.3-5.51%), protein (4.34-6.05%),
fat (0.097-1.386%) and fiber (2.87-4.611%) than standard reference (0.263, 1.423, 0.427, and 1.20%, in the
aforementioned order) but lower in carbohydrate (84.411-89.90%) than standard of (96.678%). The mineral content
higher in K (0.48-1.182%), Ca (0.162-0.565 %), Mg (0.037-0.066%), Fe (16.33-159.2%) and Zn (2.43-8.84%) than
standard reference (0.942, 0.051, 0.071, 16.32, 3.213%), respectively except Na, Mg, Cu and Sulfur while the fruit
quality was revealed low moisture content which less water and medium vitamin C (3.99-5.55%) and TSS (8.36-
14.31%). We observed variation in proximate composition and mineral content among sixteen peach varieties.
Changes in functional compounds, antioxidant capacity, sensory profile of paste, in the processing of cocoa beans, from three geographic areas
Aide Quispe1, Pedro Camasca 2, Pedro P. Peláez 1*
1 Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Carretera Central 1,21, Tingo María, Perú.
2 Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Divisoria Ltda, Caserío Mapresa km. 4.40 C.F.B. Santa Martha, Tingo María, Perú.
* Corresponding author:
Pedro Pablo Peláez Sánchez
E-mail address: pedro.pelaez@unas.edu.pe
Tel: +51 962686829
Thermosonication is a non-thermal technology that uses ultrasound combined with moderate heat to pasteurize foods like fruit and vegetable juices. It can inactivate enzymes and microorganisms faster than heating alone. This document summarizes two case studies on using thermosonication to process carrot juice and various fruit/vegetable juices. The studies found thermosonication significantly reduced enzyme activity and microorganisms, maintained vitamin C and carotenoid levels, and improved color attributes compared to heating alone. Thermosonication is a promising alternative to thermal pasteurization that can improve quality of fruit and vegetable juices.
1) Ultrasonic treatment of apple mash was investigated to optimize extraction of antioxidants from apple into juice.
2) Testing different ultrasonic powers and times found that 20 W/g power for 7.3 minutes maximized antioxidant activity in the juice, increasing it by 67.5% compared to untreated mash.
3) Response surface methodology was used to generate an equation relating ultrasonic power and time to antioxidant activity, allowing optimization of these variables to extract maximum antioxidants from the apple mash into juice.
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
The document discusses phenolic compounds extracted from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts and their antimicrobial activities. It finds that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration values for bound phenols from hearts were 63μg/ml. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated antimicrobial properties, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 204 to 206 μg/mL against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The study suggests artichoke byproducts could be used to develop nutritional supplements with antimicrobial properties.
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds extracted from different parts of artichoke plants. The researchers found that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, bound phenols from hearts had MIC values of 63μg/ml, while bound phenols from bracts ranged from 312-486μg/ml against gram-negative bacteria and 486μg/ml against gram-positive bacteria. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 204-206μg/ml against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of quality changes of blueberry juice during refrigerated storage after high-pressure and pulsed electric fields processing.
More information:
www.cwp-bv.nl
www.purepulse.eu
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document discusses the impact of data mining on business intelligence. It begins by defining business intelligence as using new technologies to quickly respond to changes in the business environment. Data mining is an important part of the business intelligence lifecycle, which includes determining requirements, collecting and analyzing data, generating reports, and measuring performance. Data mining allows businesses to access real-time, accurate data from multiple sources to improve decision making. Using business intelligence and data mining techniques can help businesses become more efficient and make better decisions to increase profits and customer satisfaction. The expected results of applying business intelligence include improved decision making through accurate, timely information to support organizational goals and strategic plans.
This document presents a novel technique for solving the transcendental equations of selective harmonics elimination pulse width modulation (SHEPWM) inverters based on the secant method. The proposed algorithm uses the secant method to simplify the numerical solution of the nonlinear equations and solve them faster compared to other methods. Simulation results validate that the proposed method accurately estimates the switching angles to eliminate specific harmonics from the output voltage waveform and achieves near sinusoidal output current for various modulation indices and numbers of harmonics eliminated.
This document presents an algorithm for imperceptibly embedding a DNA-encoded watermark into a color image for authentication purposes. It applies a multi-resolution discrete wavelet transform to decompose the image. The watermark, encoded into DNA nucleotides, is then embedded into the third-level wavelet coefficients through a quantization process. Specifically, the watermark nucleotides are complemented and used to quantize coefficients in the middle frequency band, modifying the coefficients. The watermarked image is reconstructed through inverse wavelet transform. Extraction reverses these steps to recover the watermark without the original image. The algorithm aims to balance imperceptibility and robustness through this wavelet-based, blind watermarking scheme.
The document compares the mechanical and physical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) thin films and sheets reinforced with graphene nanoparticles. LDPE/graphene thin films were produced via solution casting, while sheets were made by compression molding. Testing showed that the thin films had enhanced tensile strength, lower melt flow index, and higher thermal stability compared to sheets. The tensile strength of thin films increased by up to 160% with 1% graphene, while sheets increased by 70%. Melt flow index decreased more for thin films, indicating higher viscosity. Thin films also showed greater improvement in glass transition temperature. These results demonstrate that processing technique affects the properties of LDPE/graphene nanocomposites.
This document summarizes a research article that investigates the steady, two-dimensional Falkner-Skan boundary layer flow over a stationary wedge with momentum and thermal slip boundary conditions. The flow considers a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity in the presence of a porous medium and viscous dissipation. Governing partial differential equations are non-dimensionalized and transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The equations are highly nonlinear and cannot be solved analytically, so a numerical solver is used. Numerical results are presented for the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, velocity and temperature profiles for varying parameters like the Falkner-Skan parameter and Eckert number.
An improvised white board compass was designed and developed to enhance the teaching of geometrical construction concepts in basic technology courses. The compass allows teachers to visually demonstrate geometric concepts and constructions on a white board in an engaging, hands-on manner. It supports constructivist learning principles by enabling students to observe and emulate the teacher. The design process utilized design and development research methodology to test educational theories and validate the practical application of the compass. The improvised compass was found to effectively engage students and improve their performance in learning geometric constructions.
1) The document proposes using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller for a Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) to improve voltage regulation and power quality in a transmission system.
2) A DPFC is placed at a load bus in an IEEE 4 bus system and its performance is compared using a PI controller and ANFIS controller.
3) Simulation results show the ANFIS controller provides faster convergence and better voltage profile maintenance during voltage sags and swells compared to the PI controller.
The document describes an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve vehicle routing problems. It introduces concepts of leptons and hadrons to particles in the algorithm. Leptons interact weakly based on individual and neighborhood best positions, while hadrons (local best particles) undergo strong interactions by colliding with the global best particle. When stagnation occurs, particle decay is used to increase diversity. Simulations show the improved algorithm avoids premature convergence and finds better solutions compared to the basic particle swarm optimization.
This document presents a method for analyzing photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals using correlative analysis. The method involves calculating the autocorrelation function of the PPG signal, extracting the envelope of the autocorrelation function using a low pass filter, and approximating the envelope by determining attenuation coefficients. Ten PPG signals were collected from volunteers and analyzed using this method. The attenuation coefficients were found to have similar values around 0.46, providing a potentially useful parameter for medical diagnosis.
This document describes the simulation and design of a process to recover monoethylene glycol (MEG) from effluent waste streams of a petrochemical company in Iran. Aspen Plus simulation software was used to model the process, which involves separating water, salts, and various glycols (MEG, DEG, TEG, TTEG) using a series of distillation columns. Sensitivity analyses were performed to optimize column parameters such as pressure, reflux ratio, and boilup ratio. The results showed that MEG, DEG, TEG, and TTEG could be recovered at rates of 5.01, 2.039, 0.062, and 0.089 kg/hr, respectively.
This document presents a numerical analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of ventilated disc brake rotors using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Two types of rotor configurations are considered: circular pillared (CP) and diamond pillared radial vane (DP). A 20° sector of each rotor is modeled and meshed. Governing equations for mass, momentum, and energy are solved using ANSYS CFX. Boundary conditions include 900K and 1500K isothermal rotor walls for different speeds. Results show the DP rotor has 70% higher mass flow and 24% higher heat dissipation than the CP rotor. Velocity and pressure distributions are more uniform for the DP rotor at higher speeds, ensuring more uniform cooling. The
This document describes the design and testing of an automated cocoa drying house prototype in Trinidad and Tobago. The prototype included automated features like a retractable roof, automatic heaters, and remote control. It aims to address issues with the traditional manual sun drying process, which is time-consuming and relies on human monitoring of changing weather conditions. Initial testing with farmers showed interest in the automated system as a potential solution.
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A0490106
1. International Journal of Engineering Inventions
e-ISSN: 2278-7461, p-ISSN: 2319-6491
Volume 4, Issue 9 [May 2015] PP: 01-06
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 1
Alternative sanitation techniques applied to minimally fresh
industrially processed cherry and plum salad
A.M. Fernández-León1
, F. Cañada-Cañada1
, S. Nogales-Delgado1
, J. Delgado-
Adámez1
, D. Bohoyo-Gil1
, M.F. Fernández-León2
1
CICYTEX-Instituto Tecnológico Agroalimentario (INTAEX), Gobierno de Extremadura, Avda Adolfo Suarez,
S/N, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
2
Centro para la Calidad de los Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y
Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Universitario Duques de Soria, c/José Tudela s/n, 42004 Soria, Spain.
Abstract: A comparative study on different sanitation methods on the quality decay of fresh industrially
processed cherry (‘Ambrunés’) and plum (‘Suplum eleven’) salad is presented. The fruit was processed in a
cleaning room, under usual and controlled conditions in a fresh cut industrial plant, using the following steps:
reception, cutting, washing, draining and packaging. Processed salad was packaged in thermally sealed
polypropylene basket using passive modified atmosphere. During a storage period of 10 days at 4 ºC, sensory
attributes, functional content and microbial counts analysis were performed. It was concluded that the
combinated use of UV-C radiation and 10.0 g/l ascorbic acid was effective in reducing the microbial counts,
maintaining the antioxidant compounds and the sensorial quality of the product during the 10 days at 4 ºC.
Keywords: antioxidant compounds, fresh-cut, industrial practices, quality attributes salad, UV-C radiation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Ready to eat fresh fruit has become an important area of potential growth in the fast expanding produce
industry [1] presumably due, in part, to their characteristics of freshness, low caloric contents, commodity to be
used and an active promotion of fruits and vegetables as basic components of a healthy diet. Nevertheless, it is
well known that minimal processing alters the integrity of the fruit and induce surface damages increasing
lightly the tissue respiration and leading biochemical deteriorations [2, 3].
In order to decrease microbial contamination, the fresh-cut industry commonly uses sodium hypochlorite as
disinfection agent but by-products such as trihalometanes and chloramines are potentially harmful for humans,
so must be studied alternative disinfectant agents [4]. One alternative disinfectant agents is ultraviolet-C (UV-C)
light, is easy to use and lethal to most types of microorganisms [5].
Fruits are considered a natural source of antioxidants, including anthocyanins and polyphenols [6], compounds
that can reduce the risk of degenerative diseases caused by oxidative stress, such as cancer, cardiovascular
disease and stroke [7]. Red fruits, including sweet cherries and plum, are rich in these types of compounds.
The main purpose of this work was to evaluate whether cherries and plums salad could make an acceptable
fresh-cut product. It was considered interesting to determine how the production chain, and the alternative
sanitation techniques used, affect the microbial growth, sensory and functional quality of fresh fruit salad.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material
The samples of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) „Ambrunés‟ were obtained of Valle del Jerte (Cáceres,
Spain) and the cultivar of plum (Prunus salicina Lindl), „Sumplum eleven‟, a red flesh variety, was harvested in
Finca La Orden-Valdesequera (Badajoz, Spain) were carefully selected for uniform size and colour as well the
absence of damage and defects. Samples were taken and transported to INTAEX under refrigeration conditions.
Minimal processing
The processing was realized in the clean room (Temperature 8 ºC). The steps of processing were: a)
Reception; b) Cutting: plums were sliced manually and cherries are mechanically; c) Washing: industrial
washing equipment, model Camel (Turatti, Italy) coupled with an ultraviolet system of six lamps (Montagna,
Italy). The following treatments (Ti) were applied: T0- water (control), T1- the ascorbic acid concentration used
in the water was 10.0 g/l and T2- 10.0 g/1 ascorbic acid and UV-C radiation; d) Draining: the slice plums and
cherries were drained using an industrial drying tunnel (Domino Junior Laboratorio, Turatti, Italy); e)
Packaging: the same number of pieces of cherries and plums were placed in a polypropylene (PP) basket and
thermally sealed with the PP film to generate a passive modified atmosphere (MAP) with the respiration of the
2. Alternative sanitation techniques applied to minimally fresh industrially processed cherry and plum
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 2
product. An industrial packaging, model Verpakungs-Systeme (Western, Germany) was used; f) Storage:
Packaged samples were stored at 4 ºC in refrigeration for up to 10 days to simulate shelf life conditions.
Total soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH
Total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and pH were measured for each independent
homogenate (n = 4), obtained from fresh salad fruit and homogenized. TSS were measured by refractometry
using an RE40 refractometer (Mettler Toledo, S.A.E., Spain), results are expressed as ºBrix. TA and pH were
determined using DL50 Graphix automatic titrator (Mettler Toledo, S.A.E., Spain). The maduration index was
calculated as the ratio between TSS and TA. Results were expressed as g malic acid/100g fresh weight (fw).
Colour
The flesh colour of cherries and plums were measured using a CR-200 tristimulus colorimeter
(Minolta, Japan). Chromatic analyses were conducted in accordance with the CIE (Commission Internationale
de l‟Eclairage) system. Values of L*, a* and b* were used to define a three-dimensional colour space. The hue
angle (h*), calculated as arctg (b*/a*), expresses the colour nuance. Each datum represents the average of 4
measures taken at equidistant points on the equatorial region of the respective fruit. The colorimeter was
calibrated on a standar white tile.
Total phenolic content, anthocyanin pigments and antioxidant activity
Total phenolic content (TPC) was extracted from 5 g of homogenate (n=4). The colorimetric reaction
was developed by using Folin-Ciocalteau reactive. After one-hour reaction, absorbance was measured at 760 nm
with a UV-2401 PC spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, USA). TPC was quantified by an
external standard method using gallic acid and expressed as mg galic acid/100 g fresh weight [8].
Anthocyanins were extracted from 10 g of homogenate in 50 ml acidic methanol solution (0.2% HCl)
(n=4) and evaluated by chromatography [9]. The quantification was carried out by the external standard
calibration method, using cyaniding 3-O-rutinoside as standard and expressed as mg cyaniding 3-O-
rutinoside/100 g fresh weight.
For determining the total antioxidant activity (TAA) 20 µl of salad juice obtained from salad
homogenate was placed in a spectrophotometric cuvette, and 1 ml of the radical cation ABTS (2-2‟-azinobis(3-
ethylbenzoithiazolone 6-sulphonate) was added (n=4). The initial absorbance value at 730 nm was then
compared with the absorbance obtained after 20 min of reaction. The TAA was expressed as mg Trolox/100 g
fresh weight [10].
Microbiological analyses
Microbiological analysis was carried out following ISO 4833 and ISO 7954 international standards
(ISO 7954 1988; ISO 4833 1991). All samples were done in triplicate and their results were expressed as log
CFU/g.
Sensory evaluation
Sensory quality was evaluated by a semi-trained panel consisting of eight members. Each panellist was
given several pieces from each basket. The samples were coded with random three-digit numbers to mask the
treatment identity in order to minimize subjectivity and to ensure test accuracy. All quality evaluations were
performed in a sensory room.
Statistical analysis
For statistical studies, SPSS 18.0 software was used (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Correlations were
estimated with the Pearson test at p<0.05 significance level. Data are expressed as means ± S.D. and were
analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). When ANOVA detected significant differences
between mean values, means were compared using Tukey‟s test.
III. RESUSLTS AND DICUSSION
Total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH and maturation
The results for total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, and maturation index are
presented in Table 1.
3. Alternative sanitation techniques applied to minimally fresh industrially processed cherry and plum
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Table 1: Total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH and maturation index (TSS/TA) of fresh cut
salad fruit.
(1) ºBrix; (2) g mallic acid/100 g fresh weight. In each column, for each storage date, the same letter in
superscript indicates that there is no significant difference (p 0.05). Mean of 4 independent replicates.
There were some significant differences in TSS between the treatments applied. The control sample
(T0) showed higher values with respect to T1 and T2. Values are slightly lower for the two treatments applied,
and they increase slightly with storage days.
TA ranged with levels fluctuating from one storage day to the next and pH varied between the limits
pH 3 to 5. Organic acids play an important role in the flavour of fruit, a sensory attribute that is determined by
the ratio of sugar to acid, maturation index (TSS/TA) increased. There were some significant differences and a
clear tendency to greater values with increasing maturity, agree that found values for TSS and TA. The values
for TSS and acidity found in this study are similar to others given for those cultivars of fruit, not cut [11, 12].
Colour
In the fresh-cut fruit the consumer detects principally the tonality of the pulp of the fruit rather than the
solid colours (a* and b* values) and hue angle (h*) is the parameter that determines acceptance or rejection of
the produce.
The value obtained for the hue angle parameter (h*) of the flesh of plum and cherry are given in Figure
1. In general, hue angle (h*) showed increase from day 0 to day 10 of storage, for all applied treatments, but the
greatest increase was from day 7, especially for T0 and T1, so we can conclude that for T2 the pigments
conservation is better. This can be because ascorbic acid is a widely used antioxidant whose reductory action
against quinones and diphenols prevents browning of minimally processed fruit as it produces only colourless
derivatives [13].
The great increase in the hue angle (h*), possibly indicating a reduction of anthocyanins, as we can see
in Table 2. In the case of cherry, there were not some significant differences in h* between the treatments
applied and storage days. The values for h* found in this study are similar to others given for this cultivars of
fruit, at 4-5th ripening stages [12].
Total phenolic content, anthocyanin pigments and antioxidant activity
Phenolic and anthocyanin contents and total antioxidant activity (TAA) are shown in Table 2. The
phenolic content is high in all days of storage studied, but from day 7, a great decrease in this content was
observed. Similar behaviour was found for anthocyanin content and TAA. Maybe this decrease during storage
period at 4 ºC using passive modified atmosphere, is due to an increasing surface area contact with oxygen as a
result of cutting and this had an effect on the activity of the major enzymes involves in the functional
compounds degradation.
The values for phenolic and anthocyanin content found in this study are similar to values of others
authors [11, 12]. The TAA values are lower than those obtained for the same whole cultivars by the same
authors.
4. Alternative sanitation techniques applied to minimally fresh industrially processed cherry and plum
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WATER ( )
ASCORBIC ACID ( )
ASCORBIC ACID + UV-C RADIATION ( )
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1 3 7 10
Storage (days)
hueangle(h*)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1 3 7 10
Storage (days)
hueangle(h*)
Figure 1: Evolution in hue angle (h*) of plum (A) and cherry (B) separately, using different washing
treatments.
Table 2: Total phenolic content (TPC), anthocyanin pigments and antioxidant activity (TAA) of fresh cut fruit
salad throughout the storage.
(1) mg gallic acid /100 g fresh weight; (2) mg cyaniding-3-O-rutinoside/100 g fresh weight; (3) mg Trolox/100
g fresh weight. In each column, for each storage date, the same letter in superscript indicates that there is no
significant difference (p 0.05). Mean of 4 independent replicates.
B
A
5. Alternative sanitation techniques applied to minimally fresh industrially processed cherry and plum
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Microbiological assessment
The effects of the different sanitizing treatments on microbial growth from fresh cut salad fruit was
carried out. In all treatments, microbial growth increased when time of storage extended. However, the T2
treatment reduced the microbial count more than T0 y T1. For the mesophilic growth, after 10 days of storage,
T2 reduced the mesophilic growth by 1.15 log CFU/g compared with the control (T0). At day 0, psychrotrophic
counts of fresh-cut plum and cherry washed with ascorbic acid + UV were less than 2 log CFU/g. This initial
value provided a lower phychrotropic load at day 10. After 10 days of storage at 4 ºC, psychrotrophic growth in
T2 was 2.60 log CFU/g and in the control (T0) 3.59 log CFU/g (i.e. a 1.0 log CFU/g reduction using T2). For
the moulds and yeast growth after 10 days of storage, there were not some significant differences in between the
treatments applied. The values in this study are similar to others given for fresh processed lettuce [14] where
they applied directly UV radiation on the product and concluded that UV-C effect not depends on the dose.
To evaluate the effect of UV radiation on microbial growth of washing water, with the objective to see
the possibility of reusing this water, the analysis of this water before and after washing the fruit was carried out.
The Figure 2 shows how to use UV radiation (T2) produces lower microbial load that T1 at beginning and at
end of the process, so that it can be concluded that the use of UV causes a microbial reduction in washing water,
with possibility of reuse this water with the consequent minimization of water consumption and decrease in the
wastewater discharge rates in the food industry, producing a good environmental impact.
Figure 2: Effects of sanitizing treatment (T1 and T2) on microbial growth of washing water, before (initial) and
after (ultimate) the processing of fruit salad.
Effect of washing treatment on sensory quality
The visual quality was excellent after washing for all treatments, and promotion of browning was not
observed for any washing solutions. No significant differences in the initial visual quality were observed among
the treatments. These samples maintained the full typical aroma, which was not affected by the different
washings. Off-odors were not detected in washed samples with different solutions at any storage time. Sample
textures slightly decreased during storage, but no differences were observed between the applied treatments.
IV. CONCLUSION
The present study suggest that whether cherries and plums salad could make an acceptable fresh-cut product
and determine how the production chain and the alternative sanitation techniques used, affect the microbial growth,
functional and sensory quality of fresh processed fruit salad, in order to find environmentally alternatives to the
chlorine traditionally used in the food industry. Samples were directly processed in our fresh-cut processing line and
cleaning room, which gives more accurate and realistic information about the quality of these commercial products. It
was concluded that the combinated use of UV-C radiation and 10.0 g/l ascorbic acid was effective in reducing the
microbial counts, maintaining the antioxidant compounds and the sensorial quality of the product during the 10 days
at 4 ºC. This treatment could be a good substitute of use of sodium hypochlorite and alternative technique for
minimizing water consumption in the food industry.
6. Alternative sanitation techniques applied to minimally fresh industrially processed cherry and plum
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 6
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was funded by the project “Obtención de alimentos mínimamente procesados y saludables”
(Expediente proyecto: 1904542, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación”, Spanish Government). The authors want
to thank the Consejería de Economía, Comercio e Innovación and the European Social Found. Dra. Fernández-
León and Dr. Bohoyo Gil thank the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria
(INIA) for their research contracts. The authors thank to Finca la Orden-Valdesequera for providing the plums.
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